Most intensified competitions among international markets are accompanied with free trade and economic globalization. Enterprises have created a business style of ordering and manufacturing in large scale, global purchasing, zero inventory and real time producing, anticipating the Customs in response to strengthen scientific management and promote clearance facilitation. The Customs¡¦ enforcing and advancing customs-related affairs, focuses its two main functions on anti-smuggling and tax levying. As competitions among international markets grow more and more fierce, and global trade continues to boom¡Athe business volume dealt with by the Customs increases significantly. Furthermore, to feed the state-need of international cooperation and self-development, the Customs has broadened its administrative sphere from traditional fields of anti-smuggling and tax levying to environmental protection, social security, information resources and strategic weapon proliferation. Business load as well as scope of customs custody expands, however with relatively limited and inadequate human resource. The contradictory problem has drawn a phenomenon that managing resources, executive regulations and officers¡¦ intellectual structure extremely do not accommodate. International organization codes require the customs provide proprietors with a clearance environment of transparency, facilitation and simplification, and cut down customs-barriers which aren¡¦t necessary. Additionally, some rules in Kyoto Convention were revised to define the essence of risk management. The Customs takes the advantage of extracted information to locate the potential problem-links and then makes priority scrutiny, encouraging enterprises to comply with laws and get rewards of facilitation. To deal with the mentioned contradictory, the Customs introduce the risk-management measure to elevate efficiency in terms of physical custody under the customs. Since Taiwan owns the membership of WTO and APEC, frequently participating global-trade activities, she is obliged to abide by all the codes and agreements stipulated by international organizations, and dedicated to world trade security and facilitation. This study suggests Taiwan customs take the following approaches to facilitate clearance procedures¡GFirstly, make timely reviews of all regulations to determine if improper. Secondly, negotiate with concerned authorities to loosen or simplify related regulations. Thirdly, put the risk management into practice, develop scientific equipment actively, cultivate the personnel of specialty, and practice internal integrity and ethic of all the officers to decrease possible risk. With all these done, customs clearance could be more facilitated, and the purpose of risk management to efficiently execute customs custody and anti-smuggling achieved.

The thesis concentrated on studying Shanghai¡¦s transformation of industrial and business environment since 1990. Here, the researcher used China's entry into the WTO as the demarcation in this research. Moreover, the research reviewed major policies and foreign investors¡¦ arrangements in Shanghai, and then applied the ¡§PEST¡¨ model to foreigners¡¦ commentaries about Shanghai business environment. By casting correlative data, the researcher found that ¡§human governing¡¨ in bureaucracy, a risk would not be estimated, probably played the most important role in foreign investment environment. According to this finding, the researcher argued that the innovation would help the investors to decrease the risk.

<p>There are many Swedish companies active on the Chinese market, since China’s accession to the WTO the year 2001 China has gotten even more interesting. China’s WTO accession does not only make it easier for Swedish companies to be present in China, it also provides Chinese companies an increased opportunity to access the Swedish market. Currently Chinese companies active in Sweden only counts for a small share of the total amount of the foreign companies present in Sweden, while there are several Swedish companies present in China.</p><p>The Chinese legislation for the various entities is extensive. Just as in Sweden, China applies a civil law system with a written constitution. While China is a communistic one-party state Sweden is democratic nation with several parties. The communistic legacy is reflected in the Chinese legislation. There are several types of entities that appeals to a foreign investor in the Chinese legislation while there in the Swedish legislation only exist one kind of entity that counts as a legal person with limited liability. In both nations there exists the possibility of establishing a Representative Office however it is not allowed to conduct any kind of profit making business. There is in neither state any severe obstacles from establishing a company, there is only a demand for residency within the EEA in the Swedish legislation. According to many Swedish companies present in China it seems that bureaucracy in China is the major difficulty, it is perceived as complicated and time-consuming</p><p>For foreign companies it is important to respect the culture in the foreign country. The Chinese culture is different from the western and there are some concepts that are valuable to be familiar with. Guanxi can be compared to having a powerful network which may perform miracle with the time-consuming Chinese bureaucracy and mianzi which is more than just having a good reputation. How the company is perceived is highly important in China.</p>

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to examine if there is a problem with compliance in the World Trade Organization, to investigate the validity of the managerial and the political economy approaches to compliance and to analyze reform proposals that tackle the issue of compliance, pursuing improvement of the system.</p><p>Drawing on the scenario of increasing legalization and cooperation in trade, the first question is examined by way of interviewing trade experts and officials as well as analyzing case studies that are pertinent to the research at hand. The second question – if management is preferred to enforcement as to induce compliance – is answered by analyzing official WTO Dispute Settlement reports, interviews, case reviews and articles on retaliation and compliance written by different authors. The third question is answered as a reflection of the findings of the first two questions.</p><p>Analysis on the managerial theory of compliance examine whether enforcement plays a minor role in inducing compliance in the WTO, if there is a propensity to comply amongst states and if noncompliance is inadvertent rather than a result of calculation of interests. In the other hand, tests conducted on the enforcement approach to compliance investigate the importance of retaliation in WTO Dispute Settlement, the necessity of an enforcement tool and the claim that noncompliance is a political decision.</p><p>Tests conducted suggest that the enforcement school of compliance is correct when stating that noncompliance is a political decision, resulted from careful calculation of interests. The research indicates that the WTO Dispute Settlement presents a dual facet of compliance, in which the enforcement tool is responsible for allowing the managerial effects to take place. In this regard, the enforcement tool alone is seen as inappropriate, especially if economic asymmetries are present. An approach that accommodates both enforcement and managerial aspects is prescribed.</p><p>The research has indicated that successful reform proposals should aim at increasing the credibility of the threat of retaliation as to follow the diagnosis verified by the tests conducted.</p>

<p>Background: After 15 years of negotiations and diplomatic struggle, China was finally given the formal approval to join the World Trade Organization as the 143rd member. China has been driving for years to join the WTO since that is a crucial part of its plan to reform its economy and to build the economic modernization. </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to gain a general knowledge of China’s economic development, analysis advantages and disadvantages associated with China’s WTO membership as well as to answer the questions addressed. </p><p>Methodology: This thesis is based on qualitative method, and the information is gathered through the secondary data. Plenty of statistical data is involved in this research, especially economical information, such as market share, rate of economic growth and percentage of foreign investment. </p><p>Key findings: China's entry into the World Trade Organization is a historic step in the country's process of reform, and it marks a new phase in China's opening up to the outside world. It will encourage China to move in the direction of meeting the demands of the Chinese people for openness, modernization, and healthy development of the national economy. Moreover, it will also contribute to other countries’ economic social, scientific, intellectual, and political life.</p>

Many globalization theorists make the claim that the state, in its current Westphalian context, is no longer a viable unit of analysis in comparative politics or international relations. Globalists claim that in the wake of unprecedented, global integration, the state is either in retreat or on the verge of full scale extinction. In a general sense, this paper explores whether there is a sufficient amount of evidence to supports the claims of globalists that the state is dying. Moreover, the paper looks at the specific issue areas of international trade, multilateralism and the environment to determine what effects globalization has had there and if traditional state activity and autonomy have been replaced or eroded by the forces of globalization. The paper takes a realist view and therefore seeks evidence that globalists are incorrect in their assumptions. Through the use of primary and secondary sources this thesis seeks evidence of state autonomy and state centered strength relative to the force of globalization. Additionally, the paper reviews the principalglobalization literature and juxtaposes the globalist thesis with what is actually happening in the world, i.e., current trends and events. Ultimately, the goal of this paper is to address the question of whether realist or globalization theory best represents the state of world events. The major conclusion presented here is that, particularly in the west, realism and state sovereignty continue to prevail in the issue specific areas of trade, multilateralism, and the environment.

Agriculture remains one of the most contentious issues in the ongoing negotiations of the World Trade Organization, with serious implications for food security and the livelihood of farmers in the developing world. This dissertation examines the formation of agricultural trade policy and the politics and arguments surrounding it within the context of India’s position in the World Trade Organization (WTO). The research has two components. A set of archival documents relating to India’s participation in a WTO institution called the Trade Policy Review (TPR) was analyzed. In addition, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with a number of Indian experts and officials involved in agricultural trade policy. This project suggests a number of tentative conclusions with implications for political geography and particularly for the literature on policy transfer, neoliberalism, and Neo-Gramscian models of international relations. First, it finds that the WTO Secretariat plays a key role in promoting neoliberal ideas within the TPR institution and that the forms of argumentation used here can help to explain the resiliency of neoliberalism in the face of policy failure. Second, it shows that the Indian government has not accepted neoliberal policy models wholesale, but has exercised autonomy, selectivity, and adaptation in its liberalization programs. Third, it demonstrates that neoliberal ideas do not always favor the positions of developed countries. Finally, it supports the narrative of increasing developing country bargaining in the WTO and shows that the Indian representatives bolster their arguments by articulating them as being in the interest of the developing world in general.

There are many Swedish companies active on the Chinese market, since China’s accession to the WTO the year 2001 China has gotten even more interesting. China’s WTO accession does not only make it easier for Swedish companies to be present in China, it also provides Chinese companies an increased opportunity to access the Swedish market. Currently Chinese companies active in Sweden only counts for a small share of the total amount of the foreign companies present in Sweden, while there are several Swedish companies present in China. The Chinese legislation for the various entities is extensive. Just as in Sweden, China applies a civil law system with a written constitution. While China is a communistic one-party state Sweden is democratic nation with several parties. The communistic legacy is reflected in the Chinese legislation. There are several types of entities that appeals to a foreign investor in the Chinese legislation while there in the Swedish legislation only exist one kind of entity that counts as a legal person with limited liability. In both nations there exists the possibility of establishing a Representative Office however it is not allowed to conduct any kind of profit making business. There is in neither state any severe obstacles from establishing a company, there is only a demand for residency within the EEA in the Swedish legislation. According to many Swedish companies present in China it seems that bureaucracy in China is the major difficulty, it is perceived as complicated and time-consuming For foreign companies it is important to respect the culture in the foreign country. The Chinese culture is different from the western and there are some concepts that are valuable to be familiar with. Guanxi can be compared to having a powerful network which may perform miracle with the time-consuming Chinese bureaucracy and mianzi which is more than just having a good reputation. How the company is perceived is highly important in China.

<p>The aim of this work is to analyse the current provisions on domestic regulation contained in the GATS, as well as to examine the negotiations on future disciplines currently being worked on by WTO members. In particular it aims to see what impact these rules will have on the licensing of telecoms services. In addition the study seeks to investigate whether, on a proper analysis and understanding of the legal texts on domestic regulation, the claims made by some civil society organisations and NGOs are valid.59<br /> &nbsp / </p>

This thesis examines the Surrogate Country System adopted by WTO members in their antidumping investigations against non-market-economy (NME) countries. In this paper, the Author points out that the existing relevant WTO regulations can easily become importing countries' tool of protectionism. Meanwhile, the obvious legal gap in the WTO laws helps the protectionism by leaving large discretion to importing countries. To reveal the irrationalities of the Surrogate Country System, this paper uses China, a typical NME country, as a sample to display how the system is applied in practice. Then, the paper examines the irrationalities of existing regulations. Towards above issues, the Author puts forward several proposals in Chapter 4. The Author argues for distinguishing transformational countries from NME countries. In cases involving transformational countries, the Author proposes a three-step methodology to calculate the normal value. The Author also provides several strategies for Chinese Government and exporters.