A produção de jogadores de futebol em Guaianases e outros bairros periféricos da zona leste de São Paulo é o foco desta tese. Com base em descrições das relações que permeiam o sistema futebolístico (amador e profissional) tais como o engajamento de familiares, agentes de futebol, professores e diretores do clube varzeano Botafogo de Guaianases, desvela-se os processos de constituição de jovens futebolistas engendrados por projetos familiares. Voltados à efetivação da carreira profissional, os projetos têm início com a revelação de um dom reconhecido na prática cotidiana pelo próprio futebolista e por outros atores: familiares, professores, agentes, espectadores etc. A primeira parte desta tese destaca a centralidade da várzea paulistana na constituição dos jovens, implicando discussões sobre o futebol de várzea, a cidade, o bairro e a circulação pelos espaços urbanos. A segunda parte apresenta a constituição de jovens futebolistas por meio de análises sobre o aprendizado de futebol em uma escolinha imersa no ambiente varzeano, a elaboração de projetos familiares centrados em investimentos específicos no filho/irmão futebolista, as atuações dos agentes de futebol enquanto mediadores com o campo profissional, e, por fim, sobre a composição de famílias esportivas a partir de trajetórias familiares. Os jovens futebolistas são constituídos e constituidores de relações e práticas de fazer família no sistema futebolístico. O conjunto de tais relacionalidades é o que chamo de família esportiva, ou seja, a objetificação das relações que produzem jovens futebolistas. / The production of football players in Guaianases and other São Paulo city east outskirts is the focus of this thesis. From descriptions of the relations that permeate the football system (amateur and professional), such as the engagement of family, football agents, teachers and directors of the amateur club Botafogo de Guaianases, unveiling the processes of formation of young footballers engendered by family projects. Focused on the effectiveness of career, projects start with the revelation of a gift recognized in everyday practice by footballer himself and by other social actors: family, football teachers, players agents, spectators etc. The first part of this thesis attempts to highlight the centrality of the amateur universe (várzea) in the constitution of young people crossing the discussions about amateur football, the city, the neighborhood and the circulation through urban spaces. The second presentes the constitution of young footballers through analyzes on learning in a football scholl immersed in the amateur environment, the development of family projects focused on specific investments in the son/brother footballer, the performances of players agents as mediators with the professional, and, finally, on the composition of sports families from the description of familiar trajectories. The young footballers are both constituted by and producers of relations and practices of making family in the football system. The set of such relatedness is what is called here sports family, i.e., the objectification of relations that produce young footballers.

O futebol é um dos esportes mais praticados no Brasil, mas apesar da importância que se dá a esse esporte no alto rendimento, há outros significados que o futebol pode representar para os seus praticantes, sobretudo nos momentos de lazer. O futebol de várzea representa uma configuração do futebol, sendo notado a existência de diversos praticantes e de campeonatos organizados em várias cidades do país. Em Porto Alegre há uma competição chamada Campeonato Municipal de Futebol de Várzea de Porto Alegre, no qual em um estudo já foram observadas divergências e mudanças durante um período a respeito de sua organização e da lógica esportiva. Levando em consideração esses aspectos referentes às controvérsias na administração do “Municipal da várzea”, o objetivo desse estudo é compreender de que forma o Campeonato Municipal de Várzea de Porto Alegre, em um processo histórico, vem se desenvolvendo através da cadeia de interdependências entre os seus participantes, assim como analisar as mudanças ocasionadas por essa cadeia. Também tenho como objetivo entender como os participantes do Campeonato vêm lidando com as divergências nas lógicas esportivas adotadas desde o seu surgimento, em 1993, até os dias atuais. Para desenvolver a investigação, efetuei um ‘olhar configuracional’ à competição e utilizei a pesquisa histórica como metodologia: realizei entrevistas semiestruturadas e consulta em documentos. Através de capítulos divididos em ordem cronológica, apresento os resultados encontrados, iniciando com o relato do surgimento do Campeonato. Desde o princípio, nas relações de interdependências da configuração houve interesses e disputas entre os envolvidos com a competição, principalmente entre a Prefeitura e as Ligas Amadoras de Futebol. Nos anos iniciais não houve grandes oscilações no equilíbrio de poder entre estas duas instituições. A cadeia de interdependências foi aumentando ao passar dos anos, sendo ampliada através de mais ‘atores’. Esse aumento na cadeia de interdependências além de ocasionar mudanças na estrutura do Campeonato, também provocou ambição entre os participantes. Dessa forma, os presidentes das Ligas solicitaram participar da organização da segunda fase da competição, iniciando uma oscilação no equilíbrio de poder entre elas e a SME. Na mudança de Governo Municipal e, assim, do Gerente de Futebol, há a inserção das Ligas na coordenação da segunda fase, na qual aquelas ‘mais organizadas’ aumentam o seu nível de poder. Somente quando o primeiro Gerente de Futebol retorna à administração da competição é que há novamente a oscilação no equilíbrio de poder entre ambas as instituições. A lógica esportiva também é alterada quando há essa troca na Prefeitura, se antes havia flexibilidade no cumprimento das regras, para abranger os mais diversos participantes, nesse período o Campeonato é conduzido com uma rigidez nas normas e uma similaridade ao futebol profissional, causando a exclusão de vários participantes. Esses resultados me possibilitaram concluir que, mesmo com uma limitação no ‘olhar’ sob a cadeia de interdependências, foi possível demonstrar a sua influência nas mudanças na organização do Municipal e na lógica do esporte. Através deste trabalho, também foi possível observar que a heterogeneidade no futebol de várzea pode existir inclusive no interior de uma única competição, o que acaba por trazer reflexos no que se refere às políticas públicas de esporte e de lazer. / Football is one of the most popular sport in Brazil but despite the importance given to this sport in high performance, football can also have a different meaning for its practitioners, especially in times of leisure. The amateur football represents a football configuration; and the existence of many practitioners and organized championships in cities across the country can be noted. In Porto Alegre there is a competition called “Campeonato Municipal de Futebol de Várzea de Porto Alegre” or simply “Municipal da Várzea”, where in a study shows that divergences and changes have been observed over a period during their organization and the sports logic. Taking into consideration aspects related to the controversies in the administration of the "Municipal da várzea", the aim of this study is to understand how the Campeonato Municipal de Várzea de Porto Alegre, in a historical process, has been developed through the interdependencies chain between its participants, as well as analysing the changes caused by this chain. It is also my aim to explain how the participants of this competition have been dealing with the divergencies at the sports logic adopted since its inception, in 1993, until today. To develop this research, I used a "configurational look” to the competition and I used historical research as a methodology: I conducted semi-structured interviews and I consulted documents. By means of chapters divided into chronological order, I present the results found, starting with a report of the competition appearance. From the beginning, at the interdependencies relationships of this configuration, there were interests and disputes among those involved in the competition, especially between the City Hall and the Amateur Football Leagues. In the early years there were no major fluctuations in the balance of power between these two institutions. The interdependencies chain has been increasing over the years, being expanded with more ‘actors'. This increase in interdependencies chain in addition to causing changes in the championship structure also caused ambition among participants. Thereby, the presidents of the Leagues have requested to participate in the organization of the second stage of the competition, initiating a swing in the balance of power between them and the SME (Municipal Secretary of Sports). With the change of Municipal Government and therefore the Football Manager, there is an insertion of the Leagues into the coordination of the second phase, in which those 'more organized' increase their levels of power. Only when the first Football Manager returns to the administration of the competition once more there is an oscillation of the balance of power between the two institutions. Sport logic is also modified when there is this exchange at the City Hall, if before there was flexibility in compliance with the rules to embrace the most diverse participants, in this period the Championship is conducted with a rigidity in the rules and similarity to professional football, causing exclusion of several participants. These results allowed me to conclude that even with a limitation on the 'look' of the interdependencies chain, it was possible to demonstrate its influence to the changes in the organization of the Municipal and of the sport logic. Through this work, it was also possible to observe that the heterogeneity in the amateur football can exist even within a single competition, which ultimately bring reflections with regard to public policies of sport and leisure.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a cultura amadora fotográfica na virada do século XIX, tendo como contexto Petrópolis e Rio de Janeiro e tomando como fio condutor a produção e atuação de Alberto de Sampaio, um advogado e apaixonado fotógrafo amador, pertencente à elite da cidade serrana. São examinados os integrantes dessas atividades, suas qualificações sociais e culturais, práticas e objetivos, competência (econômica, material, técnica e outras), seus produtos, usos e funções, referenciais (critérios, normas, valores e seus veículos), suas formas de associação e interação. Três séries de fotografias tematizando a natureza, a família e a cidade permitem concluir que fotografar não era um registro documental mas uma prática comunicacional, completada pela circulação familiar e entre amigos, homens cultivados e refinados, sedimentando laços e garantindo solidariedade, tudo alimentado pelo afeto, pela diversão, pelo lúdico e pelo humor. Era um propósito que não poderia assentar-se em outros fundamentos, como os de natureza política, econômica e profissional. / This piece of work aims to analize the amateur photographic culture in the turning of the Nineteenth century, using as context Petropolis and Rio de Janeiro and taking as guiding principles Alberto Sampaio\'s production and performance, a lawyer and passionate amateur photographer, who was part of the mountain range city\'s elite. It will be examined the components of such activities, their social and cultural qualifications, practices and objectives, competence (economical, material, technical and others), their products, uses and functions, frames of reference(criteria, rules, values and their vehicles), their forms of association and interaction. Three series of photographies using as a theme, the nature, the family, and the city allow to conclude that photographing was not a documentation recording, but a communication practice, completed by the circulation in family and among friends, refined and educated men, settling bonds and assuring solidarity, everything powered by affection, by enjoyment, by the ludic, by humour. It was a purpose that could not be settled in other basic rules as of political, economical or professional natures.

La présente thèse est basée sur une enquête socio-ethnographique menée sur trois clubs de football de niveaux fédéraux contrastés : l'un est composé d'équipes évoluant à un niveau départemental (District), l'autre à un niveau régional (Ligue) et le dernier à un niveau national (Fédéral). Toutes ces associations sportives sont amateurs, affiliées à la F.F.F. et situées autour d'une ville française moyenne. Ce doctorat s'appuie sur une enquête quantitative, menée par questionnaire, sur les joueurs en formation dans ces trois clubs (de 6 à 18 ans, n=397). Une enquête de type qualitative, composée de 91 entretiens, 71 observations et 18 tests d'aptitudes gestuelles et physiques, complète et pondère les résultats obtenus par le questionnaire. L'objet de la thèse est l'étude de la sociogenèse du goût, des dispositions et des savoir-faire footballistique des joueurs amateurs de ces trois clubs. L'analyse des pratiques, des représentations de ces footballeurs en formation, de leurs éducateurs et de leurs parents, dévoile de quelle manière la socialisation footballistique de ces joueurs se focalise progressivement sur la pratique du club. Le désengagement des joueurs vis-à-vis des autres contextes de pratique s'accompagne d'un investissement intense et durable des joueurs dans la culture et la pratique fédérale, et se traduit par l'acquisition de savoir-faire individuels et collectifs variés quantitativement et qualitativement, produits de cette longue socialisation.

Amateur Packet Radio Networking presently uses the NET/ROM protocol to establish the network. NET/ROM is considered to be insufficient to support the expected growth of the network. This research work proposes to use the TCP/IP protocol suite instead to build the network. A comparison between features of both protocols supports this proposal. A new and simple hardware platform is introduced. This will provide adequate support for initial experiments. Design considerations for both hardware architecture and software architecture are discussed in detail. Implementation of the IP protocol used for routing is discussed. / Graduation date: 1992

From the middle to the late eighteenth century, England prospered due to growing number of industries and revenues from foreign trade. Being economically available, people valued quality of lifestyle, including having amateur musical performances in social gatherings. Popular musical productions at the time, other than solo music, included also chamber music, such as accompanied keyboard sonatas. In these types of works, the performers could invite the guests to join in the performance, yet also demonstrating his or her own tastes and skills. František Kocžwara¡¦s (1750-1791) The Battle of Prague was one of the most favored piece of works by the English amateur musicians. Due to its moderate level of required performance skills and magnificent effect of the sounds, the amateur musicians were able to perform well in front of their guests, while bring the atmosphere of musical gathering to a high peak. This paper consists of three sections. The first section discusses the development of English music, its influences from local social factors, ands the rise of amateur musicians. The following section discusses the musical form which is mostly favored by amateur pianist in the late eighteenth century - accompanied keyboard sonatas - with depth into its historical background, social functions, and music arrangement. The final section discusses the life of Czech musician, František Kocžwara, and his accompanied keyboard sonatas published in 1788 The Battle of Prague. Through detailed description of the musical style and relationship between the main and the accompanying parts, a better understanding may be formed regarding the non main-trend composers and the elegant lifestyle of the English amateur musical life.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka och jämföra motivationen hos amatör- och elitfotbollsspelare mot bakgrund av ålder, prestationsnivå och attribuering. Följande frågeställningar har besvarats: (1) Skiljer sig motivationen åt mellan elitidrottare och amatöridrottare? (2) Attribuerar elitidrottare och amatöridrottare olika? (3) Påverkar ålder motivationen? Försökspersoner (n=32) i ett amatörlag (n=16) och ett elitlag (n=16) fick fylla i en enkät, uppbyggd av Sport Motivation Scale och Attribution Theory. Ett oberoende t-test och ett korrelationstest utfördes. En signifikant skillnad upptäcktes mellan amatör och elit på kategorierna Inre Motivation och Amotivation. Elitspelare upplever en högre inre motivation och en högre amotivation än amatörspelare. Ett negativt signifikant samband mellan ålder och inre motivation, samt amotivation upptäcktes. Yngre individer upplever en högre grad av inre motivation, men de känner också en större amotivation till sitt deltagande.  Resultatet visar på viktiga faktorer för individens utveckling och deltagande i fotboll. / The purpose of this study was to compare motivation on amateur and elite football players regarding age, achievement level and attribution. The question of the study was to examine: (1) If motivation differ between amateur and elite players? (2) If the attribution technique is different? (3) Does age affect motivation? Respondents (n=32) from one amateur team (n=16) and one elite team (n=16) filled out a questionnaire constructed of Sport Motivation Scale and Attribution Theory. An independent t-test and a correlation test were performed. A significant difference was discovered between elite and amateur players Inner Motivation and Amotivation. Elite players experience a higher degree of inner motivation and also a higher degree of amotivation than amateurs, to why they play football. A negative correlation between age and inner motivation, and amotivation was discovered. Younger individuals experience a higher degree of inner motivation, but they also feel a higher amotivation to their participation. The result show important factors for the individual development and participation in football.

Santrauka Magistro darbe nagrinėjamos naujos pianistų ugdymo paradigmos galimybės. Nustatyta, kad iš visų šiandieninę vaikų muzikos mokyklą baigusių mokinių tik 5% renkasi tolesnį būsimo muziko profesionalo kelią – pratęsia mokslus formalaus muzikinio ugdymo įstaigose (konservatorijose, menų mokyklose, LMTA). Taigi 95% moksleivių, neketinančių muzikos mokslus pratęsti toliau, yra taikomi nedidelio procento ugdytinių poreikius atitinkantys ugdymo metodai –- aukšti, profesionaliam ugdymui reikalingi mokymosi standartai. Tokie kontrastingi šiuolaikinėse muzikinio, taip pat ir fortepijono mokymo procentiniai rodikliai įrodo akivaizdų nuostatų diferencijavimo stygių. Šiame darbe modeliuojamas skirtingo ugdymosi alternatyvų vaikų muzikos mokyklų fortepijono skyriuose radimasis – naujas, įvairius moksleivių ugdymosi tikslus ir galimybes atspindintis reiškinys. Empirinio tyrimo, atlikto vaikų muzikos mokyklose, tikslas – nustatyti mokymo/si skambinti fortepijonu muzikos mokyklose ypatumus. Tyrimo objektas – mokymas/is skambinti fortepijonu muzikos mokyklose. Tyrimo metu atlikti šie uždaviniai: mokytojų anketine apklausa išsiaiškinta, kaip vaikai mokomi skambinti fortepijonu, nustatytas mokytojų požiūris į diferencijuoto ugdymosi radimąsi ir galimus tokio mokymo kriterijus fortepijono skyriuje. Anketine apklausa ištirtas mokinių požiūris į fortepijono mokymą/si. Tyrimo metodas – anketinė apklausa, interviu. Apklausti 64 fortepijono specialybės mokytojai ir 90 fortepijono specialybės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Master thesis analyses new possibilities of pianist teaching paradigms. The conducted research has shown that only 5 % of all contemporary music school graduates choose to be professional musicians by studying at schools of formal music education (conservatoires, art schools, LAMT). Therefore, teaching methods (high teaching standards necessary for professional education) corresponding the needs to a small number of students are applied to 95 % of students who do not intend to continue their studies as professionals. A big contrast in percentage points to an evident lack of attitude differentiation in contemporary music and piano teaching issues. This work modulates different educational alternatives in children‘s music schools and piano departments; a new phenomenon, reflecting different students educational objectives and possibilities. The objective of empirical research conducted at children’s music schools was to identify the peculiarities of teaching/learning playing the piano at music schools. The object of the research is teaching and learning playing the piano at music schools. During the research the several tasks were accomplished; teachers‘ questionnaires pointed out how children are taught to play the piano, teachers‘ attitude towards differentiating education and possible criterion of such education at piano departments was determined. Questionnaires established students‘ attitude to teaching and learning the piano. The research method applied was a... [to full text]

The thesis covers the history of the Vancouver Little Theatre Association (VLTA), one of the oldest amateur theatre groups in Canada. The subject was chosen partly because of the shortage of informative papers written on the histories of amateur theatre in Vancouver. As there has been very little written on this subject, the majority of the research was done with primary sources, most of which were in the VLTA archival collection at the City of Vancouver Archives. The VLTA was founded in 1921 by a group of people inspired by the art theatre movement in Europe. The Association proved to be very popular from its inception, and was able to buy a theatre building by its third season. The building was its home base until 1978. The Depression at the end of the 1920s dramatically affected the VLTA, and the company, once financially successful and widely accepted, lost much of its stability and following. From then on, most of the history of the VLTA is a struggle for survival. During the Second World War, the Association helped with the war effort, either by raising money for war charities or by giving performances for servicemen. At the end of the war, professional theatre began to emerge in Vancouver, and the VLTA had much competition. This early professionalism led to the building of Vancouver’s civic theatres in the late 1950s and early 1960s, as well as the founding of smaller, alternative, professional theatre companies of the 1970s. The Little Theatre found that it could not compete with these new movements. The Association’s position in the Vancouver theatre scene was forced to change. The Introduction presents a brief overview of the theatrical ongoings in Vancouver before the inception of VLTA, as well as the reasons behind the creation of the Little Theatre. Chapters Two to Five cover the main part of VLTA’s history, from its inception in 1921 to the selling of the York Theatre building in 1978. Chapter Six brings up to date the rest of VLTA’s history and discusses whether the VLTA succeeded in its original mandates. It also considers why VLTA remained amateur, while other little theatres in Canada turned professional. The thesis will cover the internal workings of VLTA as a company, and its position in the Vancouver Theatre scene in comparison to other theatrical happenings in the city.

The aim of the master paper `Interaction of pedagogical and social functions of the instructor of an art amateur association is to reveal the pedagogical and social factions of the instructor of an art amateurs association. The object of investigation in qualitative evaluation of the interrelation between an art amateur association and it’s instructor. The author of the paper analyses qualitative evaluation of the interrelation between the participants of an art amateur association and their instructor reveals the interaction of pedagogical and social functions of the instructor of an art amateur association. She also analyses the motivation of the existence of an art amateurs association – the activities of an art amateur association – means of education and artistic development. Besides, the author investigates the functions (training, teaching, education) of the instructor of an association, educating the participants. Social functions – developing skills of full value modern social communication – are also analyzed. Investigating pedagogical and social functions of the instructor of an art amateur association and their interrelation, the author interrogated 200 participants of art amateur associations and presented the results in tables and diagrams. The conclusion is that the aim of the pedagogical (training, teaching, education) and social (training) functions of the instructor of an art amateur association is one – to help a persona s a personality to realize his... [to full text]