In this study, acoustic noise radiation through a duct in frequency domain is analyzed. Frequency domain linearized Euler equations are solved for turbofan exhaust noise propagation and radiation. The geometry in studied cases is assumed as axisymmetric. The acoustic waves are decomposed into periodic azimuthal modes. Characteristic boundary conditions, and buffer zone boundary conditions are employed. Iterative type pseudo time integration is employed. Nonuniform background flow effect on the radiation pattern is experienced. All computations are performed in parallel using MPI library routines in computer cluster. Results proved that the one with the buffer zone has a better radiation characteristic than the characteristic one because of absorbtion of spurious waves. It is seen that the efficiency of the buffer zone is frequency dependent.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3435.pdf: 3741033 bytes, checksum: e8f3bbf807beccc6207c1579e0e86833 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-15 / Protected Areas represent a fundamental strategy for biodiversity conservation, yet it is essential to consider the inclusion of each in its regional context. The support and participation of society are very important to the conservation of these areas, especially with regard to their buffer zones. The aim of the present study was to develop a proposal for limits and management for the buffer zone of Itirapina protected areas, according to technical parameters and with the participation and integration of various groups of social actors, to support its effective implementation and maintenance of social and environmental functions provided by it. The research was based on the methodological principles of action research and was conducted in three stages:in the first of them was performed a dynamic analysis of the use and occupation of land in the study area and identification of groups of social actors from around the Itirapina protected areas; the second stage examined through semistructured qualitative interviews, the meaning of Itirapina protected areas and the role of the buffer zone from the perspective of groups of social actors from around these areas. The third stage brought together the people interviewed in the second step, in a planning workshop for a proposed definition of boundaries and zoning for the buffer zone of Itirapina protected areas.The surrounding population identified the goods and services provided by natural ecosystems, related them to the maintenance of environmental functions with the presence of protected areas in the region, reported changes in environmental functions due to human activities in the surrounding, and also are able to participate in decision-making processes that involve the protected areas and its buffer zone. / Unidades de conservação representam uma estratégia fundamental para a conservação da biodiversidade, entretanto é essencial considerar a inserção de cada uma delas em seu contexto regional, pois o apoio e a participação da sociedade são indispensáveis para a conservação dessas áreas, especialmente no que se refere às suaszonas de amortecimento. Tendo como objetivo elaborar uma proposta de limites e manejo para a zona de amortecimento das Estações Ecológica e Experimental de Itirapina, de acordo com parâmetros técnicos e com a participação dos diversos grupos de atores sociais interatuantes, visando subsidiar sua efetiva implantação bem como a manutenção das funções ambientais e sociais proporcionadas pelas mesmas, seguindo a orientação metodológica dos princípios da pesquisa-ação, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas: na primeira etapa foi realizada uma analise da dinâmica do uso e ocupação da terra na área de estudo e identificação dos grupos de atores sociais do entorno das áreas protegidas;a segunda etapa analisou, por meio de entrevistas qualitativas semiestruturadas, o significado das Estações Ecológica e Experimental de Itirapina e o papel da zona de amortecimento, na perspectiva dos grupos de atores sociais de seu entorno; a terceira etapa reuniu as pessoas, entrevistadas na segunda etapa, em uma oficina de planejamento para definição de uma proposta de limites e zoneamento para a zona de amortecimento das áreas protegidas de Itirapina. A população do entorno dessas áreas protegidas, identifica os bens e serviços proporcionados pelos ecossistemas naturais, relaciona a manutenção das funções ambientais com a presença das áreas protegidas na região, percebe alterações nas funções ambientais e as relaciona com as atividades humanas no entorno e está apta a participar de processos decisórios que envolvem as Estações Ecológica e Experimental e sua zona de amortecimento.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAS.pdf: 1169927 bytes, checksum: 6183f668fbb98ca0b2eab21f04500fb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-12-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The cocoa production region of southern Bahia harbors the largest fragments of Atlantic Forest in the State of Bahia, possessing a high frequency of endemics and species richness, and being presently considered a priority area for biodiversity conservation. Nevertheless, the process of implementing Conservation Units in the region is not keeping up with the rate of change in local land use. Among the strategies of non-governmental organizations to help in the conservation of the Una Biological Reserve (the largest forest fragment in the cocoa production region) is the creation of Private Nature Reserves. In the present work, the process of implementation of the Ecoparque do Una Private Nature Reserve was assessed. The Ecoparque do Una is a 383 ha area contiguous to the Una Biological Reserve (UBR), and is intended to be a model for sustainable development and natural resource utilization. The analysis of the social and economic relations between the Ecoparque and its neighboring properties indicated that both areas lack economic integration. However, employees at the Ecoparque are all native to the region, a situation that contributes for the Ecoparque to be more easily accepted by the local community. The number of visitors to the area is increasing monthly from 1998 to present, but the public is constituted typically by people coming from other regions. This limits the process of comprehension, by people from the cocoa production region, of the importance of the Ecoparque for conservation of natural resources. The cost of the entry ticket to the Ecoparque was pointed by tourism operators as the greatest barrier for marketing the Ecoparque as a product, restricting the aggregate value of tourism in the region. In spite not being yet an economically sustainable touristic product, because its expenditures are higher than the direct incomes from public visitation, this model of development is in process of becoming sustainable. All the environmental factors considered, the Ecoparque is meeting the requisites of a sustainable enterprise with social responsibility, environmental conservation and economic development. / A região cacaueira do Sul da Bahia abriga hoje os maiores fragmentos de Floresta Atlântica no Estado, com elevado endemismo e grande riqueza de espécies, sendo considerada atualmente como uma das áreas prioritárias para a conservação da biodiversidade. Entretanto a implantação de Unidades de Conservação na região não está acompanhando as mudanças atuais na dinâmica do uso da terra. Uma das estratégias utilizadas por organizações não-governamentais para auxiliar a conservação da Reserva Biológica de Una (maior fragmento florestal da região cacaueira) está sendo a criação de reservas privadas em seu entorno. Este trabalho avaliou a dinâmica da implantação de uma Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural, o Ecoparque de Una, área com 383 ha, contígua à Reserva Biológica de Una e que tem por objetivo servir como modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável para a utilização dos recursos naturais. As relações sociais e econômicas entre a Reserva e as propriedades lindeiras foram analisadas, mostrando que ainda não há integração econômica entre estas; porém, todos os funcionários são nativos da região, o que colabora para a aceitação da Reserva pela comunidade local. A visitação pública na área está aumentando em todos os meses, desde 1998 até o momento, porém, ainda com público caracterizado por visitantes de outras regiões, o que limita o processo de compreensão, pelos habitantes da região cacaueira, da importância da conservação de seus recursos naturais. O valor cobrado para ingressar na área da Reserva foi apontado pelas operadoras de turismo como o grande obstáculo para a comercialização do produto Ecoparque , o que restringe a agregação de valor ao turismo da região. Apesar de ainda não ser um produto turístico economicamente sustentável, pois suas despesas não são cobertas pela receita direta da visitação pública, pode-se afirmar que este modelo de desenvolvimento está caminhando para sua sustentabilidade econômica. Considerando-se todos os fatores ambientais analisados, a Reserva está cumprindo as premissas de uma atividade sustentável, com responsabilidade social, conservação ambiental e desenvolvimento econômico.

As áreas protegidas, tanto públicas quanto privadas, e suas áreas de entorno têm desempenhado um papel relevante na sobrevivência de diversas espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte. Por essa razão, este estudo teve como primeiro objetivo estimar a riqueza de espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte no interior de três áreas de estudo com diferentes níveis de proteção, assim como nas suas respectivas áreas de entorno. Em segundo, e como principal objetivo deste trabalho, foi estimar as probabilidades de ocupação () e detecção (p) de uma espécie ameaçada, o tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), assim como avaliar se a ocorrência e o período de atividade dessa espécie são afetados pela presença humana. Todos os dados foram coletados por armadilhas fotográficas em três áreas de estudo no nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. A riqueza de mamíferos de médio e grande porte na região de estudo não é diferente entre as áreas com diferentes níveis de proteção ou entre interior e entorno. Quanto às análises de ocupação (uso), todas as covariáveis que influenciaram foram associadas com atividades humanas, positivamente para estradas e para áreas protegidas, e negativamente para proporção de área urbana. A relação positiva com estradas não pavimentadas é inesperada e pode sugerir que a espécie prefere mover-se ao longo da paisagem usando estradas para minimizar o tempo de viagem ou maximizar o forrageamento em paisagens alteradas. A presença humana não afetou positivamente ou negativamente o uso do espaço pelo tamanduá-bandeira, já que ambos ocorreram de maneira independente um do outro ( = 1). Este achado sugere que a falta de influência resulta em parte das características da paisagem de estudo (pressão de caça aparentemente baixa e uma razoável proporção de habitats nativos ainda presentes e protegidos), do desenho amostral empregado (concentrado em áreas protegidas e nas suas zonas de amortecimento) e, provavelmente, da baixa sobreposição nos períodos de atividades encontrada entre ambas espécies. Portanto, esses resultados indicam que tanto a sobrevivência da comunidade de mamíferos como, especificamente, do tamanduá-bandeira na região de estudo é fortemente dependente tanto das unidades de conservação (UC) como das áreas de vegetação nativas existentes em propriedades privadas protegidas pelo Código Florestal Brasileiro, além dos habitats perturbados no entorno dos grandes remanescentes. Todos os resultados encontrados são importantes para embasar a criação de novas áreas protegidas, assim como para o estabelecimento e manejo de zonas de amortecimento, pois indicam que estas têm papel chave na redução dos efeitos das atividades humanas sobre as UCs e na manutenção de populações viáveis das espécies presentes na região. / Protected areas, both public and private areas, and their surroundings have played an important role in the survival of several species of medium and large mammals. For this reason, this study aimed firstly to estimate the species richness of medium and large mammals within three study areas with different levels of protection, as well as their respective surrounding areas. Second, as the main goal of this study, it was to estimate occupancy () and detection (p) probability of an endangered species, the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), also assess if the occurrence and activity period of this species are affected by human presence. All data were collected by camera traps in three study areas in the northeast of São Paulo state. The species richness is not different between areas with different levels of protection or between interior and surroundings. Regarding occupancy analysis (use), all covariates that influenced giant anteater use were associated with human activities, positively to unpaved roads and protected areas, and negatively to proportion of urban area. The positive relationship with unpaved roads is unexpected and may suggest that giant anteater prefers to move along landscape using roads, perhaps to minimize travelling time or maximize foraging in altered landscapes. The human presence did not affect positively or negatively the use of space by giant anteater, since both species occurred independently of each other ( = 1). This finding suggests that lack of influence results in part from the landscape features of study area (apparently low hunting pressure and a reasonable proportion of native habitats still present and protected), the sampling design applied (focused on protected areas and their buffer zones) and probably due to low overlap between activity periods of both two species. Overall, results indicate that both mammals community and, specifically, giant anteater survivorship in the study region are strongly dependent upon the existence of nature reserves and areas of native vegetation existing in private properties which area protected by the Brazilian Forest Code, as well as the disturbed surrounding. All findings are important to support the creation of new protected areas, as well as the establishment and management of buffer zones, because they indicate that these zones have a key role in reducing the effects of human activities on protected areas and in the maintenance of viable species populations in the region.

As Unidades de Conservação (UCs) foram criadas para proteger e manter os remanescentes de ecossistemas naturais a fim de reduzir a perda da biodiversidade e garantir sua manutenção em longo prazo. Atualmente, muitas UCs se encontram na forma de pequenos fragmentos isolados e sob forte pressão antrópica, exigindo um manejo na forma de uma rede de fragmentos, visando reduzir as pressões das atividades do entorno. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo gerar subsídios para a criação de uma zona de amortecimento (ZA) comum para o Parque Estadual de Vassununga e para a Estação Ecológica de Jataí, visando reduzir as pressões antrópicas sobre as UCs e facilitar o fluxo biológico entre os fragmentos. Foi realizado o mapeamento da paisagem para identificar as principais formas de uso, as fontes de impactos ambientais e verificar o cumprimento da legislação de áreas de preservação permanente. Foram utilizadas métricas de paisagens para analisar a configuração espacial dos remanescentes de vegetação arbórea e selecionar fragmentos importantes para a facilitação do fluxo biológico. Foram utilizados modelos de previsão de riqueza e probabilidade de ocorrência de espécies-alvo de aves para selecionar áreas potencialmente importantes para a manutenção da biodiversidade. A paisagem da área de estudo apresenta menos de 30% de remanescentes de vegetação natural, distribuídos em pequenos fragmentos, imersos em uma matriz de cana-de-açúcar e eucalipto. O desrespeito à legislação e numerosas fontes de impacto ambiental contribuem para aumentar a pressão sobre os recursos naturais. O incremento da conectividade dos fragmentos, principalmente com a restauração das florestas ribeirinhas mostrou ser uma estratégia importante para restabelecer a conectividade funcional entre as UCs e entre os remanescentes da paisagem. Na região existem fragmentos com potencial para facilitar os fluxos biológicos, atuando como uma rede de fragmentos, e auxiliar na manutenção da biodiversidade. Porém, grande parte deles está localizada no interior de propriedades particulares, exigindo esforços para conscientização dos proprietários para proteção e incremento da conectividade destes fragmentos. / Natural reserves have been created to protect and maintain natural ecosystems remnants in order to reduce biodiversity loss and to ensure their maintenance in the long run. Nowadays, most of these reserves are small and isolated fragments under anthropogenic pressure. Such small remnants must be managed and protected as a fragment network to reduce the human pressure and to promote biological fluxes among fragments. This study aimed at producing information to help on the process of designing a common buffer zone for three public natural reserves: Vassununga State Park, Jataí Ecological Station and Luís Antônio Experimental Station. An up to date land cover/land use map was generated to identify the main activities and sources of anthropogenic impacts in the study area, their possible consequences to the environment, and also if and how much the environmental legislation is being followed. To select the most important natural fragments which could facilitate biological fluxes and maintain the regional biodiversity, two approaches were used: analysis of the spatial arrangement of the fragments in the landscape applying landscape metrics, and the use of models to predict bird species richness and occurrence. The studied area presently has less than 30% of remnant natural vegetation, spread as small fragments in a sugar cane and eucalyptus matrix. Environmental legislation is not being obeyed and, together with several sources of impact, produce negative pressures on the natural resources. The restoration of riparian forests would be a good strategy to reestablish the landscape functional connectivity. Fragments able to facilitate biological fluxes and to maintain biological diversity still exist in the region, but a great deal of them are located in private properties. Therefore, efforts to warn and educate the owners are needed to increase the landscape connectivity and to conserve the regional biodiversity.

The impacts of tropical deforestation and forest degradation are felt at multiple levels, bringing about local ecosystem degradation, regional biome fragmentation and global contributions of 12-15% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In response to this, markets and payments for ecosystem services have emerged to financially value the services forests provide, most notably in the form of mechanisms to reduce deforestation and enhance forest conservation (REDD+). REDD+ has received much attention at the international level, but the pressing contemporary challenge is its engagement at the local scale. This thesis examines the potential local-level engagement of REDD+ on the Amazon frontier as an approach to altering patterns of anthropogenic encroachment on the world's greatest expanse of tropical forest. Case studies are taken from the buffer zones of protected areas along Peru's Amazonian frontier, Yanachaga-Chemillen National Park (YChNP) in central Peru and Manu National Park (MNP) in the SE of the country. A political ecology approach is taken to examine the influences and implications of existing land use governance structures, local livelihoods and preferences, and smallholder production and land economy, in the context of REDD+. Adopting mixed methods comprising semi-structured interviewing and land user surveys, data were collected between July 2008 and September 2009. I show that the two sites' histories and geographies have shaped distinct challenges for REDD+. The proximity of YChNP to Lima has fuelled agricultural expansion and higher land use incomes, yet institutions – particularly those belonging to the state – are exceedingly weak. The pace of land use change here obliges certain urgency for REDD+ interventions to provide livelihood alternatives, divert the current development path and restore the landscape. MNP’s rurality has protected it to date from expansive deforestation, yet weak institutions, poverty and increasing threats from national development processes highlight the importance of REDD+ interventions. In an analysis of land economy, an innovative conceptual framework is presented, the '3Rs' (rewarding, regulating and reshaping) to tackle local heterogeneity in REDD+ engagement. This thesis contributes knowledge to the practical and theoretical advancement of REDD+, and proposes the mechanism as an important new arena for academic investigation.

R É S U M É I. Actuellement, en Afrique sub-saharienne, les acteurs de la conservation considèrent que la survie à long terme de la faune sauvage ne peut être assurée que par le maintien de son habitat en dehors des aires de conservation intégrale. Dans cette optique, les projets de conservation tentent de préserver des étendues de végétation naturelle au sein de « zones tampons » ou de « corridors de migration » dans la périphérie des aires protégées. Cette thèse s’est intéressée aux possibilités de conserver de tels espaces en concertation avec les populations riveraines du parc national de Zakouma, une aire protégée du Sud-est du Tchad. Notre objectif a été de rechercher des solutions aux problèmes que rencontrent généralement les aménagistes dans cette action. Notre hypothèse est que l’aménagement des périphéries d’aires protégées doit s’appuyer sur une meilleure identification des déterminants locaux de l’exploitation des espaces de végétation naturelle, et que leur analyse doit s’appuyer sur une approche spatiale. II. Plusieurs étapes de recherches ont permis d’alimenter notre réflexion : Une première phase de terrain a été tout d’abord été menée à Am Choka, un village représentatif de la zone la plus densément peuplée de la périphérie est du PNZ. Les objectifs visés étaient i.) d’une part, de déterminer les activités humaines affectant le plus le paysage végétal naturel de la périphérie du parc, et donc susceptibles d’annihiler son rôle de « zone tampon », et ii) d’autre part, d’identifier les savoir-faire et les facteurs socioéconomiques et politiques qui régissent l’exploitation des espaces de végétation naturelle. Outre l’observation participante au village, des cartographies fines du terroir et des zones d’exploitation, ainsi que des entretiens semi-structurés ont été réalisés sur le terrain. La seconde phase de recherche a été consacrée à la réalisation d’un outil cartographique dans le but (i) d’évaluer l’état de la zone périphérique en terme de répartition et d’occupation relative des diverses formations végétales naturelles par rapport à l’emprise agricole, et ii.) d’en déduire les zones de la périphérie les plus susceptibles de faire l’objet d’un processus de gestion des espaces de végétation naturelle. A cet effet, quatre images satellites récentes ont été acquises. Les opérations de terrain ont donné lieu à 234 relevés sur ligneux et 2440 relevés qualitatifs d’autres types d’occupation du sol. Ces relevés ont été utilisés pour l’interprétation des scènes satellites en unités cartographiques. La troisième phase de recherche a porté sur une analyse du dispositif d’aménagement récemment proposé pour la zone périphérique du PNZ par le projet gestionnaire du parc. Notre objectif était de mettre en évidence, les modalités réelles de prise en compte de l’organisation locale de l’exploitation ou de la gestion des espaces de végétation naturelle, et de les confronter avec les connaissances acquises lors de la première phase de recherche. III. La recherche aboutit aux résultats suivants : Les populations rurales ont une bonne connaissance du milieu physique et utilisent une typologie qui leur permet de localiser les différentes composantes de leur terroir et de leur finage, et d’en évaluer le potentiel. La défriche des espaces de végétation naturelle à des fins agricoles est régie par des instances coutumières villageoises et cantonale qui exercent un fort pouvoir en matière de gestion du foncier et de planifications agricoles. La culture du sorgho repiqué (berbéré - Sorghum bicolor) constitue la principale source de réduction des espaces de végétation naturelle. Elle modifie le paysage sur de grandes portions de territoire car sa mise en place nécessite un essartage intégral des savanes à Acacia seyal. L’accès et l’usage des espaces de végétation naturelle pour la collecte de produits forestiers ligneux et non-ligneux sont libres et non liés à la propriété foncière. L’exploitation de ces produits n’entraîne pas de coupe à blanc mais les contraintes d’exploitation conditionne l’étendue spatiale du finage autour d’un village donné. Certaines zones du finage sont cependant l’objet de bornages fonciers en vue de projets agricoles à plus ou moins long terme. Les travaux cartographiques ont abouti à l’appréciation de l’étendue et de répartition des formations végétales naturelles. Le sorgho de décrue occupe un peu moins de 5% de la totalité de la superficie de zone périphérique. Les zones de cultures sont concentrées pour l’essentiel à l’est et au nord de l’aire protégée. Un dixième de la superficie d’origine des savanes à Acacia seyal a déjà été exploité à des fins agricoles. Cette carte peut être exploitée pour localiser les zones d’enjeux entre conservation et développement économique. Cet exercice permet de reconsidérer la délimitation en zones de protection de la périphérie. Dans sa formulation, le « plan de gestion » témoigne largement d’une volonté d’associer les populations riveraines à l’aménagement de la périphérie du parc. Cette collaboration sera certainement entravée par l’absence de compensation en contrepartie de la limitation du développement agricole au profit de l’habitat de la faune sauvage. Par contre, elle pourrait être favorisée si le zonage proposé correspondait aux limites des terroirs et des finages. Un préliminaire à tout processus de gestion concertée des espaces de végétation naturelle est aussi l’identification des décideurs qui ont autorité sur ces espaces. L’étude débouche sur suggestions permettant aux aménagistes leurs permettant d’atteindre leurs objectifs de conservation de la faune et de son habitat en concertation avec les populations riveraines. Ces recommandations peuvent certainement être adaptées à d’autres contextes d’aménagement des périphéries d’aires protégées. ABSTRACT I. Nowadays, in Sub-Saharan Africa, conservation actors believe that the long-term survival of wild animals can be ensured only through the maintenance of their habitat outside areas of total conservation. Accordingly, conservation projects seek to preserve areas of natural vegetation in “buffer zones” or “migration corridors” on the periphery of protected areas. The present doctoral thesis studies the possibilities of conservating such areas in concertation with the populations living around Zakouma National Park (ZNP), a protected area in southeast Chad. Our aim has been to find solutions to the problems generally encountered by forest managers working towards this goal. Our hypothesis is that the management of surroundings of protected areas must be grounded on a better identification of the local factors determining the exploitation of natural vegetation areas, and that any analysis must be based on a spatial approach. II. Several steps in the research provided grounds for reflection: As a first phase, a survey was conducted in Am Choka, a village representative of the most densely populated zone of the eastern periphery of ZNP. The objectives were (i) to determine which human activities most affect the natural vegetal landscape of the periphery of the park and hence are likely to annul its role of “buffer zone”, and (ii) to identify which know-how and socio-economic or political factors govern the exploitation of natural vegetation areas. In addition to participatory observation in the village, detailed maps were made of the ‘terroir’ and the ‘finage’ (the total area exploited by a village), and semi-structured interviews were conducted on the spot. The second phase of research was dedicated to the creation of a cartographic tool with the intention of (i) assessing the state of the peripheral zone in terms of where and to what extent the natural vegetal formations are situated in comparison with the land under cultivation, and (ii) pinpointing the peripheral zones best suited to a process of management of natural vegetation areas. To that end, four recent satellite pictures were acquired. Operations on the ground yielded 234 plottings over wood stands and 2 440 qualitative plottings of other types of land occupation. These plottings were used to convert the satellite images into cartographic units. The third phase of research was concerned with an analysis of the management mechanism recently proposed for the peripheral zone of ZNP by the park management project. Our aim was to bring to the fore the actual methods by which the local organisation of exploitation or management of the natural vegetation areas is taken into account and to compare them with the knowledge acquired under the first phase of research. III. The research produced the following results: The rural populations have a good knowledge of the physical environment and use a typology which enables them to localise the different components of the terroir and of the finage, and to assess their potential. The clearing of areas of natural vegetation for agricultural purposes is governed by traditional village or canton authorities, which exert a powerful influence over land management and agricultural planning. The cultivation of transplanted sorghum (berbéré - Sorghum bicolor) is the main source of reduction of areas with natural vegetation. It modifies the landscape over large swathes of territory inasmuch as this cultivation method leads to a total clearing of the Acacia seyal savannas. Access to and use of areas of natural vegetation for collecting wood and non-wood forest products are free and not linked to land ownership. Exploiting these products does not lead to clear-cutting of the forest, but the constraints of exploitation influence the spatial extent of the finage around a given village. Some zones of finage are nevertheless subjected to land boundary markings when agricultural projects are planned in the shorter or longer term. The cartographic findings led to an assessment of the area covered by, and the distribution of, natural vegetal formations. Flood-irrigated sorghum occupies just under 5% of the total area of the periphery. The cultivation zones are mostly concentrated east and north of the protected area. One tenth of the original area of Acacia seyal savannas has already been exploited for agriculture. The map can also be used to identify areas caught between conservation and economic development. This exercise makes its possible to reconsider the delimitation of the periphery into protection zones. In its formulation, the “management plan” largely reveals the will to involve local populations in the management of the periphery of the park. This collaboration will certainly be hampered by the absence of compensation to offset any limitation of agricultural development to the benefit of the wild animal habitat. It could, however, be promoted if the proposed zoning were to correspond to the limits of the terroirs and finages. A preliminary to any process of concerted management of the areas of natural vegetation would also be to identify the decision-makers who have authority over these expanses. The present study throws up suggestions as to how forest managers might attain their objectives for the conservation of fauna and their habitat in concertation with the local populations. These recommendations can certainly also be extrapolated to other contexts of management of the peripheries of protected areas.

A pesquisa abordou o processo de uso e ocupação das terras nos municípios de Bodoquena, Bonito e Jardim, situados na borda leste do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena (PNSB), região sudoeste de Mato Grosso do Sul. Além disso, foi estudado o estado de conservação, em termos de estrutura e configuração da paisagem, dos remanescentes de cerrado e floresta contidos no interior do PNSB e em sua zona de amortecimento. O objetivo foi o de analisar a dinâmica de ocupaçao das terras nos municípios mencionados nos últimos 18 anos, com vistas à subsidiar estratégias de planejamento do uso e ocupação das terras ideal para a região. Objetivou-se também analisar a dinâmica espacial e temporal da paisagem que compõe o PNSB e sua zona de amortecimento, visando à conservação da biodiversidade local. Para isso, foi utilizado um sistema de informação geográfica (SIG) para elaboração de mapas temáticos e de um banco de dados georreferenciado. A determinação do grau de conservação do PNSB e da sua zona de amortecimento se deu mediante a utilização de métricas de paisagem, e da adoção dos preceitos da Teoria dos Grafos. O capítulo 1 demonstrou, por meio dos mapas gerados para os municípios de Bodoquena, Jardim e Bonito, dos anos de 1986 e 2004, que ocorreu uma perda de área nativa e um conseqüente crescimento da matriz antrópica composta por pastagens (principalmente) e culturas agrícolas. Apenas em Bodoquena os remanescentes vegetais tiveram maior porcentual que as áreas de pastagens e lavouras. Pode-se observar que a região estudada, passa por um processo de conversão de habitats naturais, outrora contínuos, para uma paisagem composta por fragmentos de cerrados, campos e florestas. O capítulo 2 mostrou que as fisionomias florestais e de cerrado, apresentaram-se em melhor estado de conservação em 1986 que em 2004. Além disso, foi possível observar que os remanescentes das formações vegetais acima citadas, apresentaram-se em melhor estado de conservação no interior do PNSB, que em sua zona de amortecimento. O mapa de relevância dos remanescentes de floresta, considerando as notas combinadas das métricas de forma e área das manchas indicou, quais são as áreas prioritárias para serem protegidas, por possuírem características adequadas para a persistência da biodiversidade florestal presente no PNSB e em sua zona de amortecimento. O setor norte se destacou por apresentar remanescentes com valores alto e extremamente alto com relação à relevância. O mesmo setor norte possui um maior número de pontos de sensibilidade à quebra de conectividade entre as manchas de floresta. Nesta região pode-se observar que a maior parte dos pontos com alta sensibilidade, merece alguma estratégia que retarde ou mesmo cesse o processo de conversão da floresta para pastagem ou agricultura. Com relação ao padrão de fragmentação dos remanescentes vegetais, conclui-se o seguinte: os remanescentes de cerrado e floresta, no intervalo de dezoito anos, ficaram menores, mais irregulares, mais distantes e mais numerosos, indicando uma piora no estado de conservação da paisagem entre 1986 e 2004. Isso compromete a manutenção da biodiversidade, a persistência de espécies, diminuindo suas populações mínimas viáveis. A diversificação das formas de uso das terras na matriz é recomendada, com a introdução da silvicultura (principalmente composta por espécies nativas), por exemplo, também poderá auxiliar na manutenção/surgimento da heterogeneidade espacial e da complexidade estrutural da paisagem. A Teoria dos Grafos, avaliada neste trabalho, apresentou-se como ferramenta eficiente para se calcular a conectividade em paisagens heterogêneas. / The research approached the process of use and occupation of lands in the cities of Bonito, Bodoquena and Jardim, situated in the edge east of the National Park of the Serra da Bodoquena (NPSB), southwestern region of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Moreover, the conservation state was studied, in terms of structure and configuration of the landscape, of the contained remainders of cerrado and forest in the interior of the NPSB and its buffer zone. The objective was to analyze the dynamics of occupation of lands in the cities mentioned in last the 18 years, with sights to subsidizing strategies of planning of the use and ideal occupation for the region. Also, it was objectified to analyze the space-temporal dynamics of the landscape that composes the PNSB and its buffer zone, aiming at to the conservation of local biodiversity. For this, geographic information system (GIS) for the classification of images of satellite and elaboration of thematic maps was used. The determination of the NPSB conservation degree and its buffer zone occurred by means of the use and of metrics of landscape ecology and the adoption of Graph Theory. Chapter 1 demonstrated, by the maps generated for the cities of Bonito, Bodoquena and Jardim, of the years of 1986 and 2004, that it occurred a loss of native area and a consequent growth of the composed matrix for pastures (mainly) and agriculture. Only in Bodoquena the vegetal remainders had percentual had been bigger than the areas of pastures and agriculture. It can be observed that the studied region passes for a process of conversion of natural habitats, long ago continuous, for a composed landscape for patches of cerrado and forests in a matrix predominantly represented by planted pasture and agriculture. Chapter 2 showed that the forest and cerrado physiognomy, had been presented in better conservation in 1986 that in 2004. Moreover, it was possible to observe that the remainders of the vegetal formations above cited, had been presented in better conservation in the interior of the NPSB, that in its buffer zone. The map of relevance of the remainders of forest, considering the agreed area and shape notes metric of the spots, had indicated which the priority areas to be protecting, for possessing characteristics adjusted for the persistence of present forest biodiversity in the NPSB and its buffer zone. The north sector had detached for presenting remainders with high and extremely high values to the relevance. The same north sector posses a bigger number of points of sensitivity to the break of connectivity between the forest spots. In this region it can be observed that most of the points with high sensitivity deserves some strategy that delays or stop the conversion process of the forest for pasture or agriculture. Regard the standard of spelling of the vegetal remainders, had been concluded that: the remainders of cerrado and forest, in the interval of eighteen years, had been lesser, more irregular, more distant and more numerous, indicating a worsening in the state of conservation of the landscape between 1986 and 2004. This compromises the maintenance of biodiversity, the species persistence, diminishing its viable minimum populations. The diversification of the forms of use of lands in the matrix is recommended, with the introduction of forestry (mainly composed for native species), for example, also it will be able to assist in the maintenance/sprouting of the space heterogeneity and the structural complexity of the landscape. The Graph Theory, evaluated in this work, was presented as efficient tool to calculate the connectivity in heterogeneous landscapes.

Convencido que el desconocimiento de la historia y de nuestro entorno, nos conduce a resolver por caminos que restan y no aportan; olvidando que la naturaleza provee; más no castiga. El siguiente proyecto de tesis; ``Museo de los Fenómenos Naturales – Malecón Rivera Monserrate``, es una investigación arquitectónica que pretende unir las tipologías de museo y malecón. El proyecto busca ser un ejemplo de la prevención del ``desastre``, tanto por las exposiciones que no pretenden una falsa ecología, zonas de investigación y por sobretodo la volumetría. Esta última, contempla relacionarse conteniendo las crecidas del río Rímac, sin imponerse ni al entorno natural ni al contexto urbanístico histórico de la ciudad de Lima. Para ello utilizará elementos constructivos, como la tajamar, techos caminables y equipamientos como huertos inundables. La idea de utilizar elementos y conceptos constructivos, hoy olvidados; se basa en el uso de tres énfasis; Determinismo ambiental, Edificaciones calendario y Ciclos de retroalimentación. El solar para desarrollar el proyecto, está ubicado en la zona abandonada de la estación Monserrate, Cercado de Lima. La selección del terreno se fortalece con dos planes Municipales; La iniciativa de recuperación de la plaza Monserrate y la restauración de viviendas patrimoniales Lima 2035. El proyecto pretende ser una opción viable tras el desarrollo de Lima 2035. / Convinced that the ignorance of history and our environment, leads us to resolve by paths that remain and do not contribute; forgetting that nature provides; more does not punish. The following thesis project; `` Museum of Natural Phenomena - Malecón Rivera Monserrate '', is an architectural investigation that aims to unite the typologies of museum and boardwalk. The project seeks to be an example of the prevention of the `` disaster '', both for the exhibitions that do not pretend a false ecology, research areas and above all the volumetry. The latter, contemplates relating by containing the floods of the Rímac river, without imposing either the natural environment or the historical urban context of the city of Lima. For this, it will use construction elements, such as the cutwater, walkable roofs and equipment such as flooded orchards. The idea of using elements and constructive concepts, today forgotten; it is based on the use of three emphases; Environmental determinism, Calendar buildings and Feedback loops. The site to develop the project is located in the abandoned area of the Monserrate station, Cercado de Lima. The selection of the land is strengthened with two Municipal plans; The initiative for the recovery of Plaza Monserrate and the restoration of Lima 2035 heritage homes. The project aims to be a viable option after the development of Lima 2035. / Tesis

Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) related to protected areas (PAs) originated in the 1980’s in Zimbabwe, Africa, in the buffer zone communities of Africa’s National Parks. CBNRM attempted to address the problems associated with colonial, protectionist style ‘fence and guns’ conservation management approaches, which excluded resource-based communities from conservation areas. CBNRM attempts to meet the biodiversity conservation objectives of conservation areas, and the sustainable development and livelihood objectives of neighbouring communities. While CBNRM initiatives have been well documented internationally over the past decades, little is known about the status of CBNRM within Canada. In order to bridge this knowledge gap and to link trends in conservation and protected areas management internationally to Canada and to British Columbia (BC), this thesis examines the potential for community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) affiliated with BC's Protected Area System. “Potential” is determined by comparing the situation in BC to the international CBNRM experience. The study draws on a sample of Conservancies from the categories of the BC Protected Area (PA) System, focusing particularly on the nine Sea-to-Sky Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP) Area Conservancies and neighbouring First Nations communities: Squamish, L’il’wat and In-SHUCK-ch. Information has been obtained through interviews (guided by semi-structured questionnaires) conducted with BC government informants and First Nations representatives, supplemented by key documents. The questionnaire examined the potential for CBNRM according to a.) the community's perspective: potential (costs and) benefits of the protected area, including goods and services, cultural and social benefits and sustainable economic development opportunities provided by the protected area; and benefits of community involvement in natural resource management and protected area governance; and b.) the conservation perspective: benefits through community cooperation in biodiversity conservation within the targeted protected area. Other factors that have been identified through the international experience to affect CBNRM initiatives, such as use regulation; tenure; policies and legislation; awareness of and support for the protected area; and community capacity were thoroughly examined across all sources of information. This study finds that there is potential for CBNRM affiliated with the BC PA system in protected area designations such as ‘Conservancies’. Potential relates to the role of CBNRM in biodiversity conservation, meeting the aspirations of BC’s First Nations communities, and in recognizing First Nations as legitimate stakeholders in protected areas and conservation management. As in the international experience, numerous social, political, economic and other factors present opportunities and challenges to the adoption of CBNRM in BC. This thesis concludes with key recommendations for protected areas and conservation management in BC and Canada and identifies opportunities to further explore key topic areas that arose from the research findings.