Os gliomas são tumores do sistema nervoso central (SNC) que evoluem a partir das células da glia. O tipo mais frequente e mais agressivo destes tumores é conhecido como glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) e entre as características biológicas de agressividade associadas a esse tumor estão o seu rápido crescimento e ausência de apoptose. O seu prognóstico desfavorável está associado à dificuldade de tratamento dessas células, pois possuem resistência à quimioterapia e a radioterapia. A expressão gênica das enzimas ciclooxigenase-1 (COX-1), ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandina E sintase-1 microssomal (mPGES-1), prostaglandina E sintase-2 microssomal (mPGES-2), prostaglandina E sintase citosólica (cPGES) e os produtos da síntese destas enzimas, incluindo a prostaglandina E1 (PGE1) e a prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) estão diretamente relacionados com a malignidade dos gliomas. A PGE1 e a PGE2 podem atuar de modo autócrino e parácrino, interagindo com suas células alvos através de ligação aos receptores da superfície celular que estão ligados a proteína G. Estes receptores são conhecidos como receptores EPs e dividem-se em quatro subtipos: EP-1, EP-2, EP-3 e EP-4 sendo que cada um deles ativa vias distintas de sinalização intracelular. Desta forma, este estudo teve por objetivo analisar in vitro o papel da PGE1, PGE2 e seus receptores na proliferação e apoptose em glioma humano, e a expressão das enzimas COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, mPGES-2 e cPGES. / Gliomas are tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) that evolve from glial cells. The most common and most aggressive form of these tumors is known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The biological aggressiveness of GBM is associated with its rapid growth and lack of apoptosis. Its poor prognosis is strongly associated with the difficulty of treating these cells as they are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The gene expression of the enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2 (mPGES-2), cytosolic prostaglandin E synthase (cPGES) and the products of the activity of these enzymes, including prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), are directly related to the malignancy of gliomas. PGE1 and PGE2 can act in an autocrine and paracrine manner, by interacting with their target cells via binding to cell surface receptors that are linked to G-proteins. These receptors are known as EP receptors and are divided into four subtypes: EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4; each of which activates distinct intracellular signaling pathways. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze, in vitro, the role of PGE1, PGE2 and their receptors in the proliferation and apoptosis of human glioma and the expression of COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, mPGES-2 and cPGES.

To determine the characteristics, treatments and outcomes of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) or gliosarcoma (GS) and metastases outside of the central nervous system (CNS).

Introduction: Pulmonary Surfactant reduces surface tension in the terminal airways thus facilitating breathing and contributes to host''s innate immunity. Surfactant Proteins (SP) A, B, C and D were recently identified as inherent proteins of the CNS. Aim of the study was to investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) SP levels in hydrocephalus patients compared to normal subjects. Patients and methods: CSF SP A-D levels were quantified using commercially available ELISA kits in 126 patients (0±84 years, mean 39 years). 60 patients without CNS pathologies served as a control group. Hydrocephalus patients were separated in aqueductal stenosis (AQS, n = 24), acute hydrocephalus without aqueductal stenosis (acute HC w/o AQS, n = 16) and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH, n = 20). Furthermore, six patients with pseudotumor cerebri were investigated. Results: SP AÐD are present under physiological conditions in human CSF. SP-A is elevated in diseases accompanied by ventricular enlargement (AQS, acute HC w/o AQS) in a significant manner (0.67, 1.21 vs 0.38 ng/ml in control, p<0.001). SP-C is also elevated in hydrocephalic conditions (AQS, acute HC w/o AQS; 0.87, 1.71 vs. 0.48 ng/ml in controls, p<0.001) and in Pseudotumor cerebri (1.26 vs. 0.48 ng/ml in controls, p<0.01). SP-B and SP-D did not show significant alterations. Conclusion: The present study confirms the presence of SPs in human CSF. There are significant changes of SP-A and SP-C levels in diseases affecting brain water circulation and elevation of intracranial pressure. Cause of the alterations, underlying regulatory mechanisms, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic consequences of cerebral SP''s requires further thorough investigations.

Neonatal quinpirole treatment has been shown to produce an increase in dopamine D2-like receptor sensitivity that persists throughout the subject's lifetime. The objective was to analyze the effects of neonatal quinpirole treatment on effects of amphetamine in adolescent rats using locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference procedures. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with quinpirole (1 mg/kg) or saline from postnatal days (P)1 to P11 and raised to adolescence. For locomotor sensitization, subjects were given amphetamine (1 mg/kg) or saline every second day from P35 to P47 and were placed into a locomotor arena. In female rats, neonatal quinpirole treatment enhanced amphetamine locomotor sensitization compared with quinpirole-free controls sensitized to amphetamine. Male rats demonstrated sensitization to amphetamine, although this was muted compared with female rats, and were unaffected by neonatal quinpirole. For conditioned place preference, subjects were conditioned for 8 consecutive days (P32-39) with amphetamine (1 mg/kg) or saline and a drug-free preference test was conducted at P40. Rats treated with neonatal quinpirole enhanced time spent in the amphetamine-paired context compared with quinpirole-free controls conditioned with amphetamine, but only female controls conditioned with amphetamine spent more time in the drug-paired context compared with saline-treated controls. Increased D₂-like receptor sensitivity appears to have enhanced the behavioral effects of amphetamine, but these effects were more prevalent in adolescent female rats compared with male rats.

No description available.

This review provides a short historical background to the field of axonal regeneration and discusses the advances made in over 100 studies between 2007 and 2012 in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the conditioning lesion and regeneration of primary sensory axons in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. Treatment strategies to stimulate axon growth and reinnervation of the spinal cord through the dorsal root entry zone and of the dorsal column nuclei in the medulla are highlighted. Major breakthroughs have been made, e.g., reinnervating the nucleus gracilis in the medulla using neurotrophic factor gradients and grafts as relays and identifying chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan receptors. The experimental accessibility of the dorsal column axons has also resulted in new technological advances, including live imaging. Last, future directions are discussed, including some challenges of translation to humans.

Les connections synaptiques entre les cellules nerveuses (appelées synapses) sont essentielles à l’établissement de l’architecture du système nerveux. La modification de ces synapses est un des mécanismes par lequel l’apprentissage et la mémoire fonctionnent. On sait depuis plusieurs années déjà que la consommation de cannabis exerce une profonde influence sur l’apprentissage et la mémoire, et que sa consommation chez la femme durant la grossesse ou l’allaitement peut causer des déficits cognitifs chez l’enfant qui perdureront à l’âge adulte. Pour le moment, on ne sait toujours pas si ces effets sont médiés par les récepteurs aux cannabinoïdes classiques (CB1 et CB2) ou par d’autres récepteurs tel le GPR55. Des études récentes du laboratoire du Pr. Bouchard ont démontré un rôle important du système endocannabinoïde dans le développement du système nerveux notamment par la présence du récepteur GPR55 et son implication dans la modulation du guidage et de la croissance des axones durant les périodes foetale et périnatale. Comme certaines molécules et mécanismes cellulaires impliqués dans ces processus peuvent aussi jouer un rôle dans la formation de synapses (synaptogenèse), l’objectif de la présente étude est de déterminer la contribution du GPR55 dans la formation de contacts synaptiques. À partir de cortex d’embryons de souris, nous avons cultivé puis traité des neurones corticaux soit avec un agoniste sélectif de GPR55 (O-1602) ou son antagoniste sélectif (ML-193), soit avec un phytocannabinoïde (cannabidiol) pendant 24 heures au 9e jour in vitro. En immunocytochimie, les neurones traités avec le ML-193 ont démontré une réduction significative du nombre de contacts synaptiques et une augmentation significative avec l’O-1602 et le cannabidiol. Ces changements anatomiques sont corrélés avec des modifications de l’expression des protéines synaptiques GluR1 et synaptophysine au niveau du cortex. En plus de fournir d’importantes informations sur le développement du système nerveux, les résultats de cette étude contribuent à l’amélioration de nos connaissances sur les anomalies du développement induites par la consommation périnatale de cannabis. / Functional connections between nerve cells (called synapses) are essential to establish the architecture of the nervous system. The modification of synapses is thought to be one of the mechanisms by which learning and memory occur. It has been known for decades that cannabis consumption has a profound influence on learning and memory, and that maternal marijuana smoking during perinatal period causes cognitive deficits that last in the adulthood of the offspring. For the moment, we do not know if these effects are mediated by the classic CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors or by other receptors such as GPR55. Recent studies by Pr. Bouchard have demonstrated an important role for the endocannabinoid system in the development of the nervous system, including the presence of GPR55 and its involvement in axon growth and target innervation during the fetal and early postnatal periods. As certain molecules and cellular mechanisms involved in these processes may also regulate synapse formation (synaptogenesis), the objective of the present study is to determine the contribution of GPR55 in the formation of new synaptic contacts. Primary cortical neurons isolated from embryonic mice were cultivated and then treated either with a selective agonist of GPR55 (O-1602) or his selective antagonist (ML-193), or with a phytocannabinoid (cannabidiol) for 24h at the ninth day in vitro (DIV9). In immunocytochemistry, neurons treated with ML-193 have shown a decrease in synaptic density, while the treatment with O-1602 or cannabidiol increased it. These anatomical changes were correlated with changes in the expression of synaptic proteins GluR1 and synaptophysin. Results from this study provide important insight on the development of the nervous system and contribute to improving our knowledge on developmental abnormalities induced by perinatal cannabis use.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of the Witwatersrand, for the degree of Master of Science, Johannesburg, 2012 / HIV continues to affect thousands of children in South Africa. HIV not only has a negative impact on growth, morbidity and mortality but also adversely affects neurodevelopment. The virus is able to enter the central nervous system and cause damage which results in encephalopathy. A high percentage of infants infected with HIV are delayed. The roll out of HAART in South Africa was started in 2004 and in 2010 new guidelines to improve access were implemented. Although HAART is effective in improving growth, decreasing morbidity and mortality its effects on neurodevelopment are generally unknown. Very little high quality research has been done on the effects of HAART on neurodevelopment especially in developing countries and on infants.

Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is an RNA binding protein involved in DNA repair and RNA metabolism, including mRNA transcription, splicing, transport and translation. FUS is genetically and pathologically associated with rare and aggressive forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). To explore the mechanisms by which pathogenic mutations in FUS cause neurodegeneration in ALS-FUS, we generated a series of FUS knock-in mouse lines that express the equivalent of the ALS-associated mutant proteins FUSP525L and FUSΔEX14 at physiological levels from the FUS locus. We demonstrate that heterozygous mutant FUS mice show progressive, age-dependent loss of vulnerable subpopulations of spinal motor neurons. While ALS-associated mutations in FUS lead to partial loss of function, we provide genetic evidence that the motor neuron phenotype observed is a consequence of a dose-dependent gain of function, associated with the insolubility of FUS and related RNA binding proteins (RBPs). Furthermore, we show that motor neuron degeneration is driven by cell autonomous mechanisms, associated with mutant FUS-independent inflammatory changes. In this faithful mouse model of ALS-FUS, we demonstrate that an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting the FUS transcript (ION363) results in the efficient silencing of both wild type and mutant FUS alleles, and that postnatal reduction of FUS protein levels in the brain and spinal cord delays disease onset in this mouse model of ALS-FUS. In a first-in-human trial of ION363, we demonstrate that repeated, intrathecal injections of this candidate therapeutic in an ALS patient with a FUSP525L mutation leads to the efficient silencing of both wild type and mutant FUS in the central nervous system, and a reduction in the burden of FUS aggregates that are a pathological hallmark of ALS-FUS. In mouse genetic and human clinical studies, we provide evidence in support of a therapeutic strategy by which silencing of the FUS gene may be used to prevent or delay disease onset in pre-symptomatic carriers of pathogenic FUS mutations, or to slow disease progression in symptomatic ALS- and FTD-FUS patients. In addition, we use this newly generated model to investigate the role of potential modifiers of FUS toxicity, including hnRNP U and UPF1, and study the role of chronic neuroinflammation in the disease progression that could lead to the development of novel therapeutics to provide immediate clinical benefit to patients with ALS-FUS.

Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) is known to impact negatively on patients' quality of life. It has been reported that these patients tend to have sensitivity thresholds to stimuli, such as pain and temperature, that are different from those of normal subjects. The effect of chemotherapeutic agents on the central nervous system (CNS) has been observed; however, most of the mechanisms involved are not exactly understood. A quantitative investigation into the temperature sensitivity changes in the spinal cords and brains of chemotherapy patients would provide important information in understanding the side effects of this treatment modality. In the first part of the project, the temperature perceptional changes in terms of brain activation patterns of the chemotherapy patients with CIPN are studied using brain function MRI. In the second part of the project, the structural changes of the brain and spinal cord of chemotherapy patients with CIPN are studied using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). High b-value (b = 1500 s/mm2) and low b-value (b=650 s/mm2) settings will be use during the spinal cord DTI scans. Due to the sample size limitation, no comparison between healthy volunteers and CIPN patients can be done based on the existing temperature fMRI data. However, the developed temperature fMRI protocol shows good reliability in detecting temperature response. Based on the spinal cord DTI result using b = 1500 s/mm2, decrease in FA value has been observed. The corresponding FA values of CIPN patient and healthy volunteers are 0.28±0.10 and 0.41±0.02 , respectively. (t-test = 2.63 >2.447, p=0.05 level of significant) However, no significant difference is observed in other diffusion parameters. This results also suggests that application of high b-value setting is more suitable as it is better at detecting diffusion at microstructure. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)