This thesis deals with the action and impact of the credit rating agencies in the capital markets during the financial crisis. The work is divided into two parts; the first part stresses the importance of a proper understanding of the rating, its characteristics, functions, users and the rating process. The emphasis is put on the market analysis of ratings and rating agencies in the U.S. and European market. The second part of this work is devoted to examining the issue of rating agencies during the crisis, which contributed to the spread of the financial crisis, criticism relevant issues and regulatory arrangements.

This thesis closely examines the utilisation of dramatic characters’ comments on matters of literary and theatrical criticism. This phenomenon shaped a trend in European theatre during the first half of the twentieth century, and Egyptian theatre in the second half of the century. My main hypotheses are, firstly, that dramatic characters’ comments on literary and theatrical matters of criticism respond to specific problems that challenge theatre practice. Thus, my reading of literary and theatrical criticism within the dramatic texts studied in my thesis focuses on this criticism’s reformative function to rectify the crisis that faces theatre practice in general, rather than playwrights’ individual motives, such as responding to their critics. Secondly, socio-political, economic, and cultural aspects shape historical circumstances, which influence the current state of the theatre industry. Therefore, although Egyptian plays are noticeably influenced by European metatheatre, Egyptian playwrights utilise these borrowed techniques to highlight specific problems of Egyptian theatre such as the corrupt administration of governmental theatre and censorship. Finally, while Egyptian plays exploit European metatheatrical techniques, Egyptian playwrights claimed their works as a revival of intrinsically anti-illusionist traditional forms of entertainment such as the shadow play and Karagöz. This claim reflected increasing calls for pure Egyptian theatre, as part of the anti-Western jingoistic discourse of the political regime of the 1950s. In order to examine these assumptions, my theoretical approach draws from the fields of metatheatrical studies; literary and performance studies of parody and intertextuality; the history of European and Egyptian theatre; sociological, political and cultural studies; theories of modern criticism, and critical reviews. My contribution to the field of metatheatrical studies is in highlighting the reformative function of literary and theatrical criticism, whether as a discourse or a metatheatrical device, within a group of European plays that belong to different movements of the avant-garde during the first half of the twentieth century. More significantly, my study investigates the same phenomenon in Egyptian plays that, since the 1980s, have gradually been marginalised as fringe theatre and neglected by academic studies.

Muzio Clementi's symphonies were first performed in London between 1786 and 1796. After an extended hiatus from 1796 to 1813, his symphonic works appeared on programs again from 1813 to 1824. Clementi's career as a symphonist corresponds closely with trends in London's concert life. The reception of Clementi's symphonies during his lifetime has frequently been misinterpreted by scholars who oversimplify the use of "science" in musical discourse of the day and fail to consider the positive connotations of this adjective, so frequently applied to Clementi. Musical discourse at the time addressed the science and art of music emphasizing a composition, or its composer's, science, harmony, effects, genius, and the audience's response. Though an unstated ideal, reviews evince a preference for balancing scientific and artistic display. Reviews of Clementi's symphonies suggest he initially struggled to balance the technical and artistic qualities of his compositions but succeeded, according to reviews, in finally doing so in 1796. After his early efforts, Clementi was consistently praised as worthy to stand among the current and most prestigious composers of the continent: Haydn and Mozart initially, and Beethoven and Rossini later.

Cette recherche porte sur l'évolution de la critique poétique arabe moderne, elle combine deux volets, l'un diachronique et l'autre analytique. D'une part, elle exAmīne l'histoire de cette évolution qui en l'espace d'un siècle a été impressionnante et d'autre part elle analyse ce phénomène qui dans l'histoire littéraire mondiale ne s'est jamais produit sur une durée aussi courte. La période de la nahḍa a commencé durant la deuxième moitié du XIXème siècle et a duré jusqu'aux années trente du XXème siècle. La littérature arabe a été ébranlée par une multitude de mouvements à la fois conservateurs et modernistes , mouvements qui ont tantôt cohabité et tantôt se sont opposés ; la poésie, en particulier a comblé un retard de cinq siècles, comme en témoignent le nombre de poèmes et de recueils publiés et la multiplication des styles et des écoles littéraires.Durant un siècle et souvent pendant la même période, nous pouvons découvrir des poètes classiques, néoclassiques, romantiques, symboliques et réalistes. La production poétique a aussi été très variée et a respecté les règles classiques relatives à la mesure et aux rimes tout en affichant un retour vers la forme classique pour affirmer la maîtrise. Puis, l'inspiration du "muwaššaḥ" a fait son apparition et s'est détourné de l'exigence de la forme traditionnelle avec quelques tentatives pour écrire de la poésie libre et en prose avec de nouvelles mesures et enfin l'arrivée de la poésie blanche...etc.Toutes ces tentatives pour se rattacher à un courant n'ont pas échappé à la critique qui a parfois ouvert la voix aux poètes et a parfois précédé la production poétique et qui a subi la pression moderniste en essayant de la rejoindre; la critique a puisé dans les écrits anciens et en même temps une ouverture sur la critique occidentale. La révolution contre le traditionalisme est lancée avec des écoles qui ont revendiqué une coupure avec l'héritage des classiques. D'autres courants vont résister à l'influence européenne en prenant pour prétexte le combat contre le colonialisme occidental. Ces courants très résolus ont défendu l'attachement à l'ancienne école en invoquant la pureté de la langue du Coran, la richesse de cet héritage et le fait que cette modernisation peut susciter des théories inadaptées à la réalité sociale et culturelle. Nous tentons dans cette étude de présenter et d'analyser les quatre étapes que la poésie et la critique poétique ont traversées durant cette période :- L'étape de l'imitation médiocre. - L'étape de l'imitation cohérente et éloquente.- L'étape de l'innovation liée à la ferveur nationaliste.- L'étape de l'innovation liée à un sentiment de liberté individuelle. / The research work presented in this manuscript focuses on the evolution of the modern Arab poetry critic. The work is two fold: one diachronic and the other analytical. We detail on one hand the history of such evolution, which, in the space of a century, has been quite impressive, and on the other hand,we analyze this phenomenon, which has never occurred in the world literacy history over such a short time span. The period of the nahda started in the second half of the XIXth century and lasted up to the last years of the XXth century. The history of the Arab literature has been shattered by numerous events, at the same time conservative and modernist. Those events were at times contiguous and at times opposite: poetry in particular, has caught up with a major delayof nearly five centuries, as witnessed by the number of poems and collections published,and as well asby the multiplication of styles and literacy schools.Over the span of a century, and often within the same period, one may discoverand study classical, neoclassical, romantic, symbolic as well as realist poets. Furthermore, the poetry production has also been diversein styles, but at the same time addressed the classical rules related to the measure and the rhymes, while displaying a reversal movement towards the classical form, mainly to show and prove mastering skills. Then, the inspiration of the "muwaššaḥ" appeared and has strayed away from the requirements of the traditional form, with a few attempts to write free poetry as well as prose with new measures, and eventually came to the birth of white poetry,… etc.All those various efforts attempting atreclaiming a main historic literacy flow has definitely not been overlooked by the critic, which at times has brought forward poets, and at times has even preceded the poetic production which has undergone through the modernistic pressure by trying to join that same flow; the critique has drawn in the ancient scripts and at the same time in the opening into the occidental critic. The revolution against traditionalism has been launched with various schools who have claimed a split with the inheritance of the classics.Other currents have resisted to the European influence by pretexting a fight against occidental colonialism. These very resolute currents have defended the attachment to the ancient school by invoking the purity of the language of the Koran, the richness of this heritage and the fact that this modernization can produce ill-adapted theories to the social and cultural reality.We attempt in this work to present and analyze the four stages, through which poetry and the poetry critic have gone through during the past century:1) The stage of mediocre imitation 2) The stage of coherent and eloquent imitation, 3) The stage of innovation linked to a nationalist fervor4) And eventually the stage of innovation linked to a feeling of individual freedom.

The aim of submitted thesis is to bring a selection of journal texts by Růžena Jesenská, focused on period 1910-1930. This thesis includes, next to the edition of selected texts, edition note and commentary. The thesis reflects historical context and context of Růžena Jesenská's artworks, relates selected texts to significant artistic texts by Růžena Jesenská (Mimo svět, Z nepřístupných zahrad etc.)

In recent decades, the traditional budget has come under heavy criticism with researchers and practitioners calling it a "relic of the past" as it hinders the ability of organizations to respond to and keep up with changing market conditions. As a result, alternative approaches to budgeting have been developed:beyond budgeting, activity-based budgeting and rolling forecasting. However, at the same time, traditional budgeting continues to be widely used. Therefore, the aim of the study is to understand and assess the reasons for the persistence of traditional budgeting, as well as to explore the ways traditional budgeting can be improved in repsonse to the criticism leveled at it. To achieve the aim, the study was carried out in the form of a case study. The case chosen was Värmlandstrafik, an organization responsible for organizing public transport in Värmland, Sweden. Research data was collected through interviews with the case study`s employees. A total of 10 interviews were conducted from different departments including Finance, Bus, Trail, Service, and IT. The results indicated that traditinoal budgeting is far from dead and remains valuable tool mainly for its planning, control, and performance management functions. Another finding was that traditional budgeting criticism can be addressed by incorporating already existing management tools (e.g. forecasting) rather than taking an "either-or" approach to the alternatives and budgeting. However, the study´s findings also suggest that budgeting approaches are context-specific, making it difficult to draw generalizable conclusions about their strengths and weaknesses.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:58:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Liniane Haag Brum.pdf: 6383423 bytes, checksum: 6702515acecea6ffb93b0307da91ddbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation is inscribed into a zone of interval between critics and literary creation, that is, between the critical discourse about a work, Before the past: silence comes from Araguaia (2012), by my authorship, and the potential creation of another work - Stone house. Its objective is to speculate possible points of view for the narrator of a potential narration stablished around what is to be said by another one, already published: the novel Before the past, inscribed in the post-dictatorial Brazilian literature. Our methodological strategy is structured around two cores. The first one embraces the analysis of Before the past: the silence which comes from Araguaia, which was based on the concepts of narrator, vestige and threshold according to Wayne Booth and Walter Benjamin studies. The second one is centered on the work in progress - Stone house and has as conceptual axis the notions of archive, act and potency came from Michel Foucault e Giorgio Agamben studies. From this context, emerges the proposition of giving ear and trying to identify, describe and analyze Before the past narrative voice procedures, departing from a site where we are settled simultaneously as a researcher and a reader who scrutinizes her own work. In Part II, the architectural mechanisms of Stone house are investigated by a reflexive voice, which mixes first and third persons that narrate the creation research construction in the form of a writer s book , in the light of the book Passages, by Walter Benjamin. As a result, we delineated a sort of literary cartography of proto-book, which is Stone house, based on collecting and organizing archives made of documental vestiges, memories, audiovisual interviews, photographs, written and oral narratives about Brazilian military dictatorship, and the disappearing and death through a fragile narration which tries to keep itself in a threshold between said and non said, creation and (un)creation / Esta dissertação inscreve-se numa zona intervalar entre a crítica e a criação literária, ou seja, entre o discurso crítico sobre uma obra, Antes do Passado o silêncio que vem do Araguaia (2012), de minha autoria, e a criação potencial de outra Casa de Pedra. O objetivo é o de especular possíveis pontos de vista para o narrador de um relato potencial cujo esteio está naquilo que ficou por dizer em outro, já publicado: o do romance Antes do Passado inscrito na literatura brasileira do período pós-ditatorial. A estratégia metodológica se estruturou em dois núcleos. O primeiro abrange a análise da narração de Antes do Passado o silêncio que vem do Araguaia, tendo como fundamentos os conceitos de narrador, rastro e limiar a partir dos estudos de Wayne Booth e Walter Benjamin. O segundo centra-se na obra em processo de criação - Casa de Pedra - e tem como eixo conceitual as noções de arquivo, ato e potência, a partir de Michel Foucault e Giorgio Agamben. Surge, deste contexto, a proposição de uma escuta que procura identificar, descrever e analisar procedimentos da voz narrativa de Antes do Passado, partindo de um lugar onde nos colocamos, simultaneamente, como pesquisadora e leitora que perscruta a própria obra. Já na Parte II, são investigados os mecanismos arquitetônicos de Casa de Pedra, por meio de uma voz reflexiva que mescla primeira e terceira pessoas, a narrar a construção da pesquisa de criação na forma de um Livro do Escritor , à luz do livro das Passagens de Walter Benjamin. Como resultado, delineamos uma espécie de cartografia literária de um proto-livro , que é Casa de Pedra, a partir da recolha e da organização de arquivos feitos de rastros de documentos, memórias, entrevistas audiovisuais, fotografias, narrativas verbais e escritas sobre a ditadura militar brasileira, o desaparecimento e a morte por meio de uma frágil narração que busca se manter no limiar entre o dito e o não dito, entre criação e des-criação

Ce travail arpente le domaine de ce qu’Albert Thibaudet nommait « la critique des artistes » pour montrer que, au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, ce genre de critique a constitué un véritable laboratoire permettant de sortir des impasses auxquelles avait conduit la vision autotélique de l’œuvre proposée par la critique formaliste et par la néo-avant-garde. Dans la première partie de l’étude on s’interroge sur l’évolution de la critique formaliste, en envisageant le tournant linguistique des années 1960 comme l’aboutissement naturel d’une révolution culturelle qui a eu lieu à la fin du XIXe siècle. En menant une analyse comparée entre la France et l’Italie, on observe les deux critiques formalistes en-dehors de leur rapport de filiation, et on brosse un modèle transnational qui montre qu’elles partagent la même conception de la littérature postulée par la néo-avant-garde. La deuxième partie du travail est consacrée à l’analyse d’une tendance relevable dans la critique des écrivains à partir de l’après-guerre, où une étude purement intrinsèque de l’œuvre d’art est mise en discussion. On propose une analyse comparée de la critique littéraire de Georges Perec, Michel Tournier, Philippe Muray, Tommaso Landolfi, Pier Paolo Pasolini et Pier Vittorio Tondelli, afin de souligner que leur pratique critique ne s’est pas limitée à une déclaration personnelle de poétique, mais elle a ouvert une voie alternative à l’exaspération des positions théoriques formalistes, en anticipant ou en prônant le dépassement d’une vision autoréférentielle de l’œuvre qui a caractérisé la littérature de la fin du XXe siècle aussi bien en France qu’en Italie. / My dissertation covers the field of what Albert Thibaudet called “the critique of artists” in order to show that, throughout the second half of the twentieth century, this form of criticism has given readers a different perspective on literature in comparison to that of the formalists and the neo-avant-garde. In the first part of my study, I examine the evolution of formalist criticism in the twentieth century, considering the linguistic turn of the 1960s as the natural outcome of a cultural revolution which took place at the end of the nineteenth century. By conducting a comparative study between France and Italy, I attempt to outline a transnational model which shows that the two formalist critiques share the same understanding of the literature postulated by the neo-avant-garde. The second part of my thesis is devoted to the study of one of the main tendencies in the critique of the writers since the Second World War, a tendency that called into question a purely intrinsic study of the work of art. Here, I propose a comparative study of the literary critique of Georges Perec, Michel Tournier, Philippe Muray, Tommaso Landolfi, Pier Paolo Pasolini and Pier Vittorio Tondelli, in order to underline that their critical practice has not limited itself to a personal declaration of their poetic views, but it has truly opened up an alternative approach to formalist theoretical positions. They refused to speak of literature as a secluded world, and by doing so they anticipated one of the most important features of the literature of the end of the twentieth century, both in France and in Italy.

Esta pesquisa procura desenvolver uma leitura da produção literária de duas mulheres a russo-ucraniana naturalizada brasileira Clarice Lispector e a colombiana Marvel Moreno. Da primeira, foram selecionados contos publicados no volume Laços de família (1960). Da segunda, contos publicados no volume Oriane, tía Oriane (1980). Vale-se, para tanto, de metodologias do comparativismo e de teorias sobre a literatura feminina. E procura problematizar questões referentes a esse universo em que mulheres escrevem sobre o ser feminino, aí considerado num sistema que inclui experiências existenciais, relações sociais e que considera também o campo mais amplo da própria condição humana. Entre os vários aspectos estudados, considerou-se o modo como as autoras comparadas estruturam as personagens femininas, nos seus diversos estágios de desenvolvimento: enquanto crianças e adolescentes em formação, na sua primeira juventude como mulher, na vida de casada e no seu papel de mãe. A análise comparativista dos contos está fundamentada em alguns elementos considerados pela crítica feminista como determinantes do conjunto de obras produzidas por mulheres, ressaltando-se, dentre eles, o uso frequente do discurso indireto livre e da narração em primeira pessoa, recursos que, mediante a mobilização da lembrança do passado, da auto-análise e da auto-descoberta, colaboram para uma problematização da identidade feminina e do significado da existência. / This research aims to develop a reading of the literary work of two women russianucranian naturalized brazilian Clarice Lispector and Colombian Marvel Moreno. Significant stories of both authors were selected for this study; from the first, were chosen some stories published on volume entitled Laços de família (1960), and from the Colombian writer, some stories on volume Oriane, tía Oriane (1980). To do this, methodologies as comparatism and female literature theories are the principal theoretical elements. It also tries to problematize questions related to that universe within women write about female being, thought as a part of a system including being experiences, social relationships, and with regards to the wider field of human condition itself. Among the diverse aspects, the way both authors organize female characters on their different levels of growing was considered: from childhood, teenage years, the first youth as a woman and the life as a wife, until they assume their mother roles. Comparative analysis of the stories is supported by some elements that feminist critic consider as deciding factors to be inserted into the group of writings produced by women, and between them those whose relevancy rests on the frequent use of free indirect speech and first-person narrator; this sources, mediated by past memories, selfexamination and the self-discovery strengthen the complexity of female identity and the meaning of existence.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Silvia Bigareli.pdf: 6401288 bytes, checksum: 1977235d771a65a7d97821bbd8f4cda6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis has as its main objective to investigate Italo Calvino´s creative mechanism analyzing its process, giving emphasis to the procedures called combinatory games, presented as rules and ludic strategies which apply to other games with the reader's interpretation, allowing through semiosis that the communicational principles move in an unlimited and multiple way. The research wanted to understand if those combinatory operations had a very big influence in the author's Poetic Project and if those rules, used on purpose, were fundamental to his concepts about multiplicity. Denominated by the author hyperromances, the hypertextual procedures of these combinatory games are related to the new creative process in the medias, because the attributes used (non-linearity, virtual possibilities, mobility, multiplicity etc) find in the digital means´ features the appropriate support model to the translation of these procedures. The main objects of the research's corpus are: the author's reflexive texts about his own creative process and the books The Castle of Crossed Destinies, Invisible Cities, If on a Winter s Night a Traveler (in which the author metaliteralily talks about the reader's issue), and the short-story The Count of Montecristo. As for Calvino´s communicative process, our focus is on the variants´ ways, in the multiple paths possibilities. We were instigated by the rules of each combinatory game, we wanted to go through the diagrammatic draw implicit in each text, observe his choices, the selection among so many possible configurations and afterwards relate the similarities and the generalizations of his project as a whole (understanding whole as integrations and not completion. The research, with an analytical character, is based on the Process Critics, supported by the Peirce's Semiotics and it analyses the communicative phenomena studying the process of the artistic creation. In addition, we also used theoretical perspectives related to the studies about complexity, about the ludic and the potential space and about the new medias. According to the nature of the research, the methodology used includes mostly the bibliographical research and the use of objects taken as references by the author while creating his games, such as tarot cards, and it contemplates comparative analysis of the combinatory associations used and their possible interpretations / Esta tese tem como principal objetivo investigar os mecanismos de criação de Italo Calvino sob uma perspectiva processual, enfaticamente os procedimentos denominados jogos combinatórios, apresentados como regras e estratégias lúdicas que se ampliam em outros jogos com a interpretação do leitor, permitindo através da semiose que os princípios comunicacionais se movimentem de forma ilimitada e multíplice. A problemática da pesquisa buscava compreender se tais operações combinatórias ocupavam predominante interesse no Projeto Poético do autor e se tais regras, intencionalmente utilizadas, foram fundamentais para sua conceituação sobre multiplicidade. Denominados pelo autor de hiper-romances, os procedimentos hipertextuais desses jogos combinatórios se relacionam com os novos processos de criação nas mídias, pois os atributos utilizados (não-linearidade, possibilidades virtuais, mobilidade, multiplicidade etc) encontram nas características dos meios digitais o modelo de suporte apropriado para a tradução desses procedimentos. Como principais objetos do corpus da pesquisa estão os textos reflexivos do autor sobre seu próprio processo de criação e as obras O Castelo dos Destinos Cruzados , Cidades Invisíveis e Se um Viajante numa Noite de Inverno (em que o escritor metaliterariamente se pauta na questão do leitor), além do conto O Conde de Monte Cristo . No âmbito do processo comunicativo de Calvino, o nosso foco localiza-se nos caminhos das variantes, nas possibilidades múltiplas de trajetórias. Instiga-nos entender as regras de cada jogo combinatório criado, percorrer o desenho diagramático implícito em cada texto, observar as escolhas, as seleções dentre tantas configurações potenciais, e relacionar posteriormente as similaridades e generalizações do seu projeto como um todo (entendendo todo como integração e não completude). A pesquisa de caráter analítico é fundamentada na Crítica de Processo sustentada pela Semiótica Peirceana e analisa os fenômenos comunicativos a partir de uma perspectiva processual da criação artística. Em complemento, foram utilizadas perspectivas teóricas atinentes ao âmbito de estudos sobre complexidade, sobre o lúdico e o espaço potencial e sobre as novas mídias. Em consonância com a natureza da pesquisa, a metodologia adotada inclui predominantemente a pesquisa bibliográfica e o uso de objetos materiais tomados como referência pelo autor na estruturação de seus jogos, tais como baralhos de tarô, e contempla análises comparativas das associações combinatórias utilizadas e as possibilidades interpretativas das mesmas