Les clients des missions de drones sont demandeurs de systèmes d'information et de décision dans lesquels l'humain joue un rôle clé avec sa capacité unique d'analyse. Nous avons présenté comme première contribution un référentiel des niveaux d'automatisation qui interroge systématiquement sur le rôle de l'humain, et ce en rupture avec les référentiels précédents. Nous avons proposé comme seconde contribution un système décisionnel qui laisse les systèmes automatisés être incertains quant à l'ordre de certaines options de telle sorte que l'opérateur/superviseur puisse trancher. Afin d'augmenter le ratio nombre de drones / nombre d'humains, nous avons restreint l'usage de la décision humaine à l'arbitrage des conflits entre objectifs majeurs. Nous avons finalement expérimenté le sacrifice d'objectifs mineurs pour donner plus de temps à ces arbitrages. En conclusion nous rappellerons les mérites de nos deux contributions. LOA4 est un référentiel des niveaux d'autonomie centré sur l'humain, attentif à l'adaptation et compatible avec UML/PACT. Le système décisionnel que nous proposons est également centré sur l'humain et lui permet de jouer - même avec parcimonie et parfois au prix du sacrifice d'objectifs mineurs - un rôle clé basé sur sa capacité unique d'analyse. / Humans are still vital after years of automation and the clients of UAV mission systems want to preserve the human user’s key role because human knowledge, experience and judgment provide unique capability to analyze safety risks and to think ahead in uncertain and novel situations. Our first contribution is LOA4, a set of tree levels of automation in four dimensions to assess human involvement in partially automated systems. Previous sets focus too much attention on the computer rather than on the collaboration between the computer and its operator/supervisor. Unlike previous sets, our set systematically assess human involvement: is there none; some sometime; or some anytime. Its simplicity allow to recursively assess the situation of automation of a system based on the situation of automation of its parts. These information can be part of an IHM to increase the situation awareness in real time. Our second contribution is a mission system in which automated systems decide to delegate some decisions to humans. In order to increase the ratio number of “uavs / number of humans”, decisions that are untrusted to humans are mostly both ambivalent and critical. Some minor goals may be discarded to provide humans with more time to make their decisions. We implemented our approach and we report some results.

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Human errors are common in the contemporary cyber ecosystem, and in an organization’s cybersecurity chain, humans are considered the weakest link. Cybercriminals exploit human vulnerabilities using sophisticated attacks such as phishing. Human susceptibility to phishing is a persistent threat, and has a devastating effect on organizational and personal security. Previous researchers found that human susceptibility to phishing increases in presence of some factors such as organizational, individual, and environmental. Various studies highlight time pressure as one of the influencing factors that can negatively or positively impact human behavior. This research study aimed to investigate the effect of time pressure on human cybersecurity behavior regarding the ability to detect phishing. The study used quantitative research and developed a questionnaire comprising interactive phishing emails distributed online to 03 random groups having different time limits to complete the questionnaire. The study received 356 complete responses. The study's result shows a slight change in user behavior under time pressure, and the impact of time pressure can be positive or negative. However, the results are not statistically significant for all demographic groups to accept this slight change in variance. Moreover, this study's results validate previous studies on human susceptibility to phishing and found more than 50 % of respondents vulnerable to phishing. Thus, the results of this study indicate that the factor of time pressure itself does not significantly impact the human ability to detect phishing. However, it is essential to note that other work-related tasks or stress associated with time pressure can influence human behavior in detecting phishing attempts. In conclusion, the author also proposes further testing and some methodology tweaking by modifying the time given to each tested group and adding more elements to the questionnaire. Finally, the study also suggested conducting the same analysis on physically controlled groups in an organizational or institutional setting.

The mater’s thesis focuses on the issue of the reliability and efficiency performance of the human factor, identifying the risks of potential causes of failure of the chosen company. Based on the theoretical knowledge referred to in the first part thesis is designed procedures useful as a tool to prevent individual failures, focusing on solutions to the adverse conditions of stress or crisis when exposed to the human factor. The final section suggests the motivation of employees by proactively identifying risks.

In our society with its aging population, the design and implementation of a highperformance distributed multi-sensor and information system for autonomous physical services become more and more important. In line with this, this thesis proposes an Intelligent Multi-Sensor System, IMSS, that surveys a human activities space to detect and identify a target for a specific service. The subject of this thesis covers three main aspects related to the set-up of an IMSS: an improved depth measurement and reconstruction method and its related uncertainty, a surveillance and tracking algorithm and finally a way to validate and evaluate the proposed methods and algorithms. The thesis discusses how a model of the depth spatial quantisation uncertainty can be implemented to optimize the configuration of a sensor system to capture information of the target objects and their environment with required specifications. The thesis introduces the dithering algorithm which significantly reduces the depth reconstruction uncertainty. Furthermore, the dithering algorithm is implemented on a sensor-shifted stereo camera, thus simplifying depth reconstruction without compromising the common stereo field of view. To track multiple targets continuously, the Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density, GM-PHD, algorithm is implemented with the help of vision and Radio Frequency Identification, RFID, technologies. The performance of the tracking algorithm in a vision system is evaluated by a circular motion test signal. The thesis introduces constraints to the target space, the stereo pair characteristics and the depth reconstruction accuracy to optimize the vision system and to control the performance of surveillance and 3D reconstruction through integer linear programming. The human being within the activity space is modelled as a tetrahedron, and a field of view in spherical coordinates are used in the control algorithms. In order to integrate human behaviour and perception into a technical system, the proposed adaptive measurement method makes use of the Fuzzily Defined Variable, FDV. The FDV approach enables an estimation of the quality index based on qualitative and quantitative factors for image quality evaluation using a neural network. The thesis consists of two parts, where Part I gives an overview of the applied theory and research methods used, and Part II comprises the eight papers included in the thesis.

Este trabalho apresenta os métodos consensuais como uma proposta para reduzir as insatisfações das pessoas envolvidas no processo de levantamento de requisitos e respeitar as dimensões humanas e sociais já no inicio do ciclo de vida de um sistema sociotécnico, considerando a aderência desses métodos às demais fases do ciclo de vida. / This text proposes the use of consensual methods to reduce people dissatisfaction in take part of requirement elicitation process and indentify, and respect, the human and social dimensions since the beginning of a sociotechnical system life cycle, evaluating the adhesion of these methods to the other phases of the lifecycle.

Este trabalho apresenta os métodos consensuais como uma proposta para reduzir as insatisfações das pessoas envolvidas no processo de levantamento de requisitos e respeitar as dimensões humanas e sociais já no inicio do ciclo de vida de um sistema sociotécnico, considerando a aderência desses métodos às demais fases do ciclo de vida. / This text proposes the use of consensual methods to reduce people dissatisfaction in take part of requirement elicitation process and indentify, and respect, the human and social dimensions since the beginning of a sociotechnical system life cycle, evaluating the adhesion of these methods to the other phases of the lifecycle.

[pt] A acessibilidade é uma qualidade ainda pouco considerada na prática de projetos em Design, porém, cada vez mais necessária na nos diversos modos de interação entre o ser humano e os sistemas diversos. Existem nos dias atuais, muitas abordagens intencionadas a universalizar métodos para a produção de produtos, sistemas e ambientes que sejam acessíveis às pessoas com deficiências. A existência de tantas abordagens culmina, na mesma proporção, em frustrações no desenvolvimento de projetos em Design que objetivam o desenvolvimento produtos que sejam de fato eficazes, eficientes e que tragam satisfação aos usuários, no escopo da diversidade humana. Isto pode ser confirmado na rotina da pessoa com deficiência visual, que pode apresentar diferentes necessidade funcionais de acordo com o componente do olho que foi acometido. Essa dissertação se apresenta em uma pesquisa qualitativa, a partir de observação participante em campo, de caráter exploratório e experimental; fundamentada pela análise documental das leis relacionadas com a deficiência visual, acessibilidade, e com Educação Superior. Para investigar o usuário, foram utilizados questionários e entrevistas, que revelaram lacunas para as quais a Ergonomia apresenta métodos para a melhorar a qualidade na interação do usuário com deficiência visual, para as questões de Usabilidade e Interação Humano Computador; do Design Universal e do Design Universal para a Aprendizagem para as questões de acessibilidade. / [en] The accessibility is a quality that is still under-considered in Design projects, but increasingly necessary in different ways of interaction between humans and systems. There are many approaches at present intended to universalize methods to design accessible products, systems, and environments for people with disability. The existence of so many procedures culminates, in the same proportion, in frustration in the development of Design projects that aim to develop products to be really effective, efficient, and bring satisfaction to users, in human diversity scope. It is possible to verify this fact by the routine of people with visual impairment that can present different functional necessities, according to the component of the eye that was affected. This dissertation presents qualitative research, outlined from participatory field observation, wich character is exploratory and experimental, substantiated by the documentary analysis of the laws related to visual impairment, accessibility and also to Higher Education. Questionnaires and enquiries were used to investigate the users. This data showed up gaps where the Ergonomics features methods to improve quality in user interaction to usability issues and Human-computer interaction; and Universal Design and Universal Design for Learning can improve Accessibility issues.

This research focuses on the development of a new methodology for creating effective websites, especially those used for marketing. It was found that existing methodologies were missing some key stages - user participation and “real interaction” (i.e. monitoring of user interaction with a prototype site). This has led to users being frustrated and lacking loyalty to the website. There is great potential for combining aspects of methodologies from different disciplines; however, these need to be integrated in a coherent way. To address these problems, a new integrated methodology was developed in this research. The new methodology was created from basic concepts derived from: lifecycle models; Information Systems development methodologies; methodologies with explicit human factors aspects; websites methodologies; marketing methodologies; and additional techniques such as task analysis and detailed website design and implementation. After studying the lifecycle model, the researcher identified four key principles, which were the foundation of the research: user participation; iteration; usability and “real interaction”. The way in which these four principles were incorporated in each methodology was evaluated in order to choose the strongest stages to utilize in the new combined methodology. After reviewing techniques for methodology integration, a new draft methodology was produced. To assess the new methodology, two research phases were used - interviews and a questionnaire. In the former phase, the researcher interviewed representatives from nine website development companies in Western Australia to discuss their current methodologies and compared these with the new methodology. / Most of the industry participants were pleased with the structure of the new methodology, as most agreed that it incorporates the necessary requirements to develop a successful website. The interviews generated some recommendations for revisions to the methodology, which assisted the researcher to improve the new methodology. In the latter phase, an online questionnaire was completed by a total of website industry participant andInformation Systems Professionals, in order to assess the revised methodology. Results from the interviews and questionnaire supported the research hypothesis – i.e. that the new integrated methodology can provide a more effective way of developing websites, utilizing the four key principles. This thesis points to the need for further research, including the development of a website describing the new methodology. This website will incorporate a software tool to facilitate selection of particular stages, steps and techniques from theintegrated methodology to produce a tailored methodology for any specific project, thereby implementing the concept of “contingency”.

The present study aims to verify how outsourced (contracted) sale teams are managed by commercial banks which operate in credit on consignation competitive business in Ceara State, in order to assure a continuous, qualified and increasing business tide. First, were done teorethical approaches as âthirdâ and âfourthâ outsourcing, strategic administration, human capital management, financial market and credit on consignation negotiation. After bibliographical review, an exploratory and descriptive field research was done with commercial banks placed in Ceara which operate with lending on consignation product. Were administered four semi-structured quetionnaires to banks managers, banks correspondents, internal collaborators and collectors. After, collected iformations were tabulated and received qualitative and quantitative treatment, detecting that the outsourcing of selling activities by banks are motivated by margin, funding, decentralization of sale points and by operational simplicity, as well as was identified as a disadvantage of this outsourcing process the low managing and technical capacity of its correspondent (contracted).This operational simplicity setting, as well as low managing and technical capacity, roughly contribute towards the fragility of staff employee in third and fourth outsourcing sales team management techniques by contracted companies. We believe that the lack of human resources management practices within outsourcing work endangers strategic results of action of both companies involved on this process. / O presente trabalho objetiva verificar como as equipes de vendas terceirizadas (contratadas) sÃo geridas por bancos comerciais que operam no competitivo mercado de crÃdito consignado no Estado do Cearà para garantir um fluxo contÃnuo, qualificado e crescente de negÃcios. Primeiramente, foram feitas abordagens teÃricas tais como: terceirizaÃÃo; quarteirizaÃÃo; administraÃÃo estratÃgica; gestÃo do capital humano; mercado financeiro e o negÃcio crÃdito em consignaÃÃo. ApÃs a revisÃo bibliogrÃfica, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratÃria, descritiva e de campo junto a bancos comerciais instalados no Cearà e operando com o produto emprÃstimo consignado, para a aplicaÃÃo de quatro questionÃrios semi-estruturados junto aos gestores dos bancos, correspondentes bancÃrios, colaboradores internos e angariadores. Em seguida, as informaÃÃes coletadas foram tabuladas e tratadas quantitativa e qualitativamente, constatando que a terceirizaÃÃo das atividades fins de vendas pelos bancos sÃo motivadas pela margem, funding, descentralizaÃÃo de pontos de vendas e pela simplicidade operacional, como tambÃm. Identificou-se como desvantagem desse processo de terceirizaÃÃo a baixa capacitaÃÃo gerencial e tÃcnica do correspondente (contratado). Esse cenÃrio de simplicidade operacional e baixa capacitaÃÃo gerencial e tÃcnica da gestÃo contribuem fortemente para a fragilidade das tÃcnicas da gestÃo de pessoal empregadas nas equipes de vendas terceirizadas e âquarteirizadasâ, pelas empresas contratadas. Acredita-se que a ausÃncia das prÃticas da gestÃo de recursos humanos no trabalho terceirizado compromete resultados estratÃgicos de atuaÃÃo das duas empresas envolvidas nesse processo.