Within maintenance activities and industrial operations, human is subjected to different kind of stresses and situation that could result in mistakes and accidents. The human errors in maintenance and manufacturing are an unexplored latter such that a little focusis invested in this area. The report aims to widen up the understanding of the human error in maintenance and manufacturing area. Aviation and marine operations are the most sectors that are subjected to human errors according tothe literature. There aredifferent types of human error that have effect on quality and overall effectivity. Human reliability models are one method to quantify human errors and usually used for the identification of human errors and HEP calculation. The most common reliability measurement methods are HEART, THERP and SLIM which are used depending on application and industry. As a part of efforts to define differences between those reliability models, literature including different industries is used and itis found that expert judgement influences the success and accuracy of such methods. There are many causes for human errors depending on the application but, communication and procedures followed are the most contributing factors. There is always a probability of existence of human errors as the mistake done by workers are inevitable. Industry 4.0 can help in decreasing human errors through the introduction of operator 4.0 as well as other approaches like training and upgrading organizational standards.

Quality of care is important in health care systems, and reducing medication errors is an effective approach to improve health care quality because medication errors are not rare and can cause adverse patient outcomes. Current researchers have adopted contextual, macro level methods to study the medication administration process, but the association between cognitive factors and nurses’ abilities to identify medication errors during this process remains unclear. In this research, I tested whether methods for analyzing visual scanning patterns are applicable to the study of health care processes, specifically how nurses complete the medication administration process. The data used in this study was collected during three experiments wherein nurse participants wore an eye tracking device to record their eye movements while they performed a medication administration process, with some trials containing an embedded patient identification error. The three experiments included: Nurses administering medications in a simulated setting Nurses using barcoding technology to administer medication in a simulated setting Nurses using barcoding technology to administer medication in a real clinical setting I focused on four types of visual scanning patterns when analyzing the eye tracking data: 1) nurses’ eye fixation distributions, 2) nurses’ maximum consecutive eye fixations, 3) nurses’ eye gaze transition ratios, and 4) nurses’ two gaze scanpaths. By using the aforementioned methods, I was able to distinguish visual scanning patterns between groups of nurses who identified and did not identify a patient identity error, assessed how barcode technology influenced nurses’ visual scanning patterns, and assessed how nurses’ visual scanning patterns differed in simulated and real clinical environments. These findings may have implications for the design of medication administration protocols, nurse training, and technology design.

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In our aging society, the design and implementation of a high-performance autonomous distributed vision information system for autonomous physical services become ever more important. In line with this development, the proposed Intelligent Vision Agent System, IVAS, is able to automatically detect and identify a target for a specific task by surveying a human activities space. The main subject of this thesis is the optimal configuration of a sensor system meant to capture the target objects and their environment within certain required specifications. The thesis thus discusses how a discrete sensor causes a depth spatial quantisation uncertainty, which significantly contributes to the 3D depth reconstruction accuracy. For a sensor stereo pair, the quantisation uncertainty is represented by the intervals between the iso-disparity surfaces. A mathematical geometry model is then proposed to analyse the iso-disparity surfaces and optimise the sensors’ configurations according to the required constrains. The thesis also introduces the dithering algorithm which significantly reduces the depth reconstruction uncertainty. This algorithm assures high depth reconstruction accuracy from a few images captured by low-resolution sensors. To ensure the visibility needed for surveillance, tracking, and 3D reconstruction, the thesis introduces constraints of the target space, the stereo pair characteristics, and the depth reconstruction accuracy. The target space, the space in which human activity takes place, is modelled as a tetrahedron, and a field of view in spherical coordinates is proposed. The minimum number of stereo pairs necessary to cover the entire target space and the arrangement of the stereo pairs’ movement is optimised through integer linear programming. In order to better understand human behaviour and perception, the proposed adaptive measurement method makes use of a fuzzily defined variable, FDV. The FDV approach enables an estimation of a quality index based on qualitative and quantitative factors. The suggested method uses a neural network as a tool that contains a learning function that allows the integration of the human factor into a quantitative quality index. The thesis consists of two parts, where Part I gives a brief overview of the applied theory and research methods used, and Part II contains the five papers included in the thesis.

L'agrégation d'activités pour l'identification de catégories de comportements est un enjeu majeur de tous les systèmes socio-techniques complexes actuels. La question clé consiste à réaliser une synthèse de façons de faire (ou praxies) intégrant la variabilité des opérateurs humains impliqués. Dans un cadre aéronautique, l'agrégation d'activités de pilotage vise à accélérer la détermination de procédures améliorant la sécurité des vols et l'efficacité des missions ; elle repose sur les données objectives des paramètres enregistrés des phases de vol significatives et se structure grâce à une interprétation experte. Un modèle d’Agrégation Supervisée : - décomposition, - maïeutique, - reconstruction, est ainsi établi dans cette thèse. Le cœur en est la 2e étape qui généralise et enrichit le concept de « moyenne » classique des approches probabilistes : une base d'apprentissage, constituée d'activités déterminées et caractérisées par l'interprétation experte, est utilisée pour identifier les motifs significatifs de paramètres enregistrés, c'est à dire les praxies qui agrègent donc les éléments essentiels des activités. Ceux-ci sont choisis au sein d'un ensemble de motifs paramétrables génériques, dont les divers seuils sont ajustés de manière incrémentale. Les motifs sont alors évalués selon les deux critères intrinsèques de cohérence et de pertinence de leurs seuils, ainsi que le critère extrinsèque de la conformité des résultats obtenus par leur utilisation aux vols de la base d'apprentissage. Peuvent à ce niveau se faire jour des groupements parmi les éléments de la base d'apprentissage, selon les motifs rendant compte des activités particulières. L'expertise doit également être généralisable pour permettre l'étude de plusieurs points-clé dans cette étape maïeutique.Ce modèle générique définit une activité comme une structure formelle de praxies, et ouvre la voie à un enrichissement de la 3e étape intégrant la multiplicité des rôles des opérateurs. / Aggregating activities in order to identify categories of behaviour is a major topic of actual complex socio-technical systems. The key issue lies in incorporating the variability of implied human operators in the synthesis of ways of doing (or praxis). Aggregation of piloting activities is directed to allow a faster and more secure determination of procedures enhancing flight security and mission efficiency; it is based on the objective data of flight parameters recorded during significant flight phases, and is carried under thorough expert interpretation.A Supervised Aggregation model, consisting in the 3 steps of 1) decomposition, 2) maieutics, and 3) reconstruction, is thus devised in the present PhD. At the heart of this aggregation process, the 2nd maieutic step generalizes and enriches the usual concept of ''mean'', deeply related to probabilistic approaches: a set of activities analyzed and characterized by the expert, the learning basis, is related to significant patterns in the lot of recorded flight parameter values, in other words the praxis resulting of the aggregation of the activities. The patterns are selected from a collection of customizable generic patterns, whose thresholds are incrementally adjusted using the learning basis. The obtained patterns are then assessed according to the three criteria of 1) coherence and 2) likelihood of the thresholds, as well as the 3) conformity of these patterns used on the learning basis. At this stage, groups among the studied behaviours might emerge, gathering those for which an activity would be depicted by similar patterns. Expert-knowledge must be generalized in order to perform the joint analysis of several key points in this maieutic step.This generic model defines an activity as a formal structure of praxis, paving the way towards the further developments of the process, through the enrichment of the 3rd step, incorporating the multiplicity of operating roles.

[pt] A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo explorar as diferentes possibilidades de aplicação de Digital Human Models em projetos para as áreas do Design, Arquitetura, Arte e Engenharia. A partir da construção de um panorama temporal das culturas antigas, com a redescoberta de valores o período do Renascimento e culminando na Revolução Industrial, seguindo com o fator humano sendo agregado aos requisitos de projeto na Revolução Industrial. Do contexto histórico da curiosidade humana por replicar sua imagem até a implementação da representação da forma humana como parâmetro projetual para o setor produtivo. Espera-se com a pesquisa um melhor entendimento dos Digital Human Models como ferramenta para o desenvolvimento de projetos, sua aplicabilidade e perspectivas futuras, possibilitando assim a consequente disseminação de seu uso e maior acessibilidade ao usuário final, bem como um mapeamento das etapas e tecnologias de criação dos modelos. / [en] The present research intends to explore the different possibilities on the application of Digital Human Models on projects for Design, Architecture, Arts and Engineering. Building a panorama over the time starting on ancient cultures, rediscovering values from the antiquity on the period of Renascence, and culminating on the Industrial Revolution, following with the human factor been adopted as a project requirement during the Industrial Revolution. From a historical panorama of the human curiosity for replicating its own image until the implementation of human representation as project parameters into the productive sector. The main goal of this research is to obtain a better understanding of Digital Human Models as a tool to be used on projects development, its applicability and future perspectives, allowing with it a consequent dissemination of its use and a bigger accessibility to the final user, as well as a mapping of the stages and technologies on creating those models.

L'analyse des accidents aériens fait ressortir ces dernières années le rôle crucial desopérateurs humains, et leurs erreurs qui peuvent avoir des conséquences dramatiques. Uncas particulier d’erreur humaine reste cependant peu abordé : la surdité inattentionnelle,c’est-à-dire l’incapacité temporaire à entendre, à prendre conscience d’une informationauditive. Dans le domaine de l’aéronautique, cette défaillance cognitive est évidementcritique, car elle signifie l’omission d’alarmes auditives. Le premier enjeu de ce projet derecherche est de définir des métriques comportementales et physiologiquescaractéristiques de la surdité inattentionnelle. Pour cela, nous nous sommes intéressés enparticulier à deux postes de travail fondamentaux de la sécurité aérienne et soumis à desalarmes auditives : le pilotage et le contrôle aérien. Nous avons cherché à mettre enévidence les conditions contextuelles favorisant l’apparition de la surdité inattentionnelle,notamment la charge de travail des opérateurs. Un second enjeu était d’identifier despistes d’adaptation des interfaces avec les pilotes et les contrôleurs aériens, permettant deprévenir ou limiter la surdité inattentionnelle à ces postes spécifiques. Pour répondre àcette problématique, 3 expériences ont été menées. La première a étudié l’impact de lacharge de travail sur le traitement des alarmes auditives lors d’une tâche d’atterrissage.Elle a permis de déterminer que la P300 était un indicateur de la surdité. La secondeexpérimentation a porté sur l’impact du design des alarmes visuelles sur les capacités detraitement cognitif des alarmes auditives, dans le cadre du contrôle aérien. Les résultatsnous ont montré une restauration de la P3b auditive avec le design visuel amélioré. Enfinla dernière expérience a testé la pertinence de mesures oculaires pour détecter lescontextes favorisant la surdité inattentionnelle. Ces résultats ouvrent des pistesprometteuses de prévention et de détection de la surdité inattentionnelle aux postescritiques de la sécurité aérienne. / The analysis of airplane accidents has recently highlighted the crucial role of humanoperators, their mistakes having potential dramatic consequences. A specific type ofhuman error remains little discussed: inattentional deafness, which is defined as thetemporary inability to hear or to become aware of auditory information. In aeronautics,this cognitive failure is obviously critical because it can lead to the omission of auditoryalarms. The first challenge of this research project is to define behavioral and physiologicalcharacteristics of inattentional deafness. For this purpose, we focused on the twofundamental jobs in aviation safety and subjected to auditory alarms: piloting and airtraffic control. We planned to highlight the contextual conditions favoring the appearanceof inattentional deafness, in particular the operators' workload. A second challenge was toidentify potential adaptation in the interfaces with pilots and air traffic controllers toprevent or limit the apparition inattentional deafness. To address these issues, threeexperiments were conducted. The first experiment studied the impact of workload on thetreatment of auditory alarms during a landing task. It was determined that P3b was anindicator of deafness. The second experiment focused on the impact of design visualalarms on cognitive processing abilities auditory alarms, as part of air traffic control. Theresults showed a restoration of auditory P300 with the enhanced visual design us. Finally,the last experiment tested the relevance of eye measurements to detect contexts favoringinattentional deafness. These results open promising possibilities for prevention anddetection of inattentional deafness in critical positions of aviation safety.

Alla SOLAS-fartyg har ett krav på att vara utrustade med ECDIS ombord fartygsbryggorna senast 1:a juli 2018 och de nya kraven blir en utmaning i kompetens för sjöfarten. Idag är ungefär 80% av alla olyckor som sker till sjöss orsakade av den mänskliga faktorn. Denna kvalitativa studie är fokuserad på hur operatören upplever handhavandet och ECDIS användarvänlighet ombord fartygsbryggorna. Resultaten av studien visar att det finns kunskapsklyftor mellan befälen till sjöss samt att det finns behov för utveckling av utbildningar och kraven för certifiering på ECDIS. Studien baseras på avgångsklassen på Sjökaptensprogrammet i Kalmar 2019 och aktiva sjöbefäls perspektiv och åsikter om användarvänlighet, utbildning, kompetens och säkerhet angående ECDIS. Studien tar även upp haverirapporter och belyser farorna med okunskap och felaktigt användande som direkt kan resultera i onödiga olyckor. / All ships regulated by SOLAS were required to have ECDIS onboard by 1st of July 2018, these new requirements pose a challenge in competence for the maritime industry. Today approximately 80% of accidents at sea are caused by the human factor. This qualitative study focuses on the operators experiences and the user-friendliness of ECDIS on the bridge. The results of the study indicates that knowledge gaps regarding ECDIS exists varying between officers and that improvement of the education can be done as well as revising the requirements for certification of ECDIS. The study is based on the graduating class of master mariners of 2019 in Kalmar and active officers’ perspective and opinions on user-friendliness, education, competency and safety regarding ECDIS. The study also entails maritime accidents and highlights the dangers of lack of knowledge and how the faulty use of ECDIS can lead to unnecessary accidents.

Based on the limited outcomes and often failed implementation processes of annual employee surveys a new phenomenon for collecting people data has risen; the pulsed employee survey. This survey and its continuous way of measuring are by many providers and consultants stated to be an important tool that increases employee engagement. The phenomenon of the pulsed employee survey has so far received limited academic attention, despite its growing importance as a potential institutionalized practice. Therefore, this study aims at broadening the understanding of the phenomenon of the pulsed employee survey. How is it transformed into organizations during an implementation process and can the process be seen as coupled or decoupled from the institutionalized practice? Further, what explains the potential coupling or decoupling? To investigate this, a model based on decoupling theories by Bromley & Powell(2012) has been used through a qualitative case study. The result shows that, even though the surveys are implemented into the organizations, means-ends decoupling can be found, whichmay be explained by the complexity of what is measured as well as the multifaceted expectations and perceptions at different organizational levels.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / nÃo hà / Esta dissertaÃÃo se propÃe a analisar a organizaÃÃo social do trabalho na ordem burguesa, enfocando a relaÃÃo histÃrica entre os modelos produtivos e as formas de organizaÃÃo do trabalho humano e destacando os processos de melhoria da qualidade de vida no trabalho e as nuanÃas do trabalho alienado. Esta anÃlise parte de um levantamento sobre as transformaÃÃes socioeconÃmicas iniciadas com o Fordismo e segue o percurso histÃrico atà a ReestruturaÃÃo Produtiva, destacando, neste Ãltimo, o papel desempenhado pelo Estado Neoliberal. No segundo momento, fizemos um resgate histÃrico da organizaÃÃo do trabalho salientando as formas de inserÃÃo da classe trabalhadora atravÃs da exploraÃÃo de sua forÃa de trabalho e as formas de resistÃncias possÃveis em cada momento, percebendo os caminhos traÃados e conquistados para a melhoria das condiÃÃes de vida no trabalho. Depois de toda explanaÃÃo, refletimos sobre a apropriaÃÃo das teorias motivacionais e dos processos de melhoria da vida do trabalhador como uma estratÃgia para beneficiar o capital. No terceiro momento, partindo do pressuposto que a alienaÃÃo à parte constituinte do capitalismo e que tem um papel fundamental na desumanizaÃÃo do trabalhador, fizemos uma exposiÃÃo categorial e analisamos como os processos de qualidade de vida no trabalho e alienaÃÃo coexistem. Na anÃlise final, constatamos que nÃo podemos negar a importÃncia das melhorias das condiÃÃes fÃsicas, humanas e sociais do trabalho, entretanto, somente em uma outra forma de sociabilidade, com a organizaÃÃo social do trabalho livremente associada, o trabalhador irà superar a condiÃÃo de explorado, atravÃs da emancipaÃÃo de sua classe e de toda a humanidade em que todos poderÃo experimentar e vivenciar a autonomia plena. / This paper considers analyzing the social organization of the work in the bourgeois order, focusing the historical relation between the productive models and the forms of organization of the human work and detaching the processes of improvement of the quality of life in the work and nuances of the mentally ill work. This analysis originates from a survey on the social-economic transformations initiates with the Industrial Revolution and follows the historical passage analyzing the Fordismo and the Productive Reorganization, detaching in this last, the role played for the Neoliberal State. In the second moment, a historical rescue of the organization of the work was made pointing out the forms of insertion of the proletariat through the exploration of its force of work and the forms of possible resistance at each moment, perceiving the ways conquered tracings and for the improvement of the conditions of life in the work. After all explanation, we reflect on the appropriation of the motivation theories and the processes of improvement of the life of the worker as a strategy to benefit the capital. At the third moment, leaving of the estimated one that the alienation is part of the capitalism and that has a basic role in the negation of the humanity of the worker, we made a categorical exposition and we analyze as the processes of quality of life in the work and alienation walks side by side. In the final analysis, we evidence that we cannot deny the importance of the improvements of the physical conditions and the conditions of social and human of the worker, however, only in another form of sociability, with the social organization of the work freely associated, the worker will go to surpass the explored condition of, through the emancipation of the proletariat and all the humanity where everybody will be able to try and to live deeply the happiness to be free.