Modelling of laminar multiphase flow is extremely important in a wide range of engineering and scientific applications. The particle phases are often difficult to model, especially when particles display a range of sizes and velocities at each location in space. Lagrangian methods can be too expensive and many Eulerian methods, though often computationally more affordable, suffer from model deficiencies and mathematical artifacts that lead to non-physical results. For example, efficient Eulerian models that can accurately predict the crossing of multiple streams of non-interacting particles in laminar flow have traditionally been lacking. The predictive capabilities of modern techniques from the kinetic theory of gases to the treatment of disperse multiphase flows are investigated. In particular, several moment-methods, including a recently proposed fourteen-moment approximation to the underlying kinetic equation describing particle motion, are considered and their abilities to predict particle-stream crossing are assessed. Furthermore, a new polydisperse model has been proposed for treatment of flows that display a range of particles sizes. The proposed model is an extension of the well-known maximum-entropy ten-moment model from rarefied gas dynamics with an addition for the treatment of a range of particle diameters. This model allows for anisotropic variance of particle velocities in phase space and directly treats correlations between particle diameter and velocity. The derivation and mathematical structure, of the proposed models are presented. A fine-volume discretization solution procedure for the resulting moment equations is described and used for performing numerical experiments. Results for flow problems that are designed to demonstrate the fundamental behaviour of each model are presented. It is shown that the new models offer clear advantages in terms of accuracy as compared to traditional Eulerian models for multiphase flows.

An investigation into an adaptable morphing concept for enhancing aircraft control and performance is described in this thesis. The impetus for the work was multi-legend. Initially, the work involved identifying and optimizing winglets on a swept wing baseline configuration to enhance the controllability and aerodynamic efficiency of unmanned aerial vehicles. Moreover, the other objective was to develop a realistic skin for a morphing aircraft concept that would allow subtle, more efficient shape changes to improve aircraft efficiency. In this regard, preliminary computations were performed with Athena Vortex Lattice modelling in which varying degrees of twist, swept and dihedral angle were considered. The results from this work indicated that if adaptable winglets were employed on small scale UAVs improvements in both aircraft control and performance could be achieved. Subsequent to this computational study, novel morphing wing and/or winglet mechanisms were developed to provide efficient shape changing as well as to develop a novel alternative method for a morphing skin. This new technique was numerically optimized in ANSYS Mechanical, experimentally investigated in a wind tunnel, and also compared with a baseline aileron configuration. Afterwards, flight testing was performed with an Extra 300 78 inch remote controller aircraft with the results being compared against existing fixed wing configurations. After evaluating numerical results, from various winglet configurations investigated in AVL, selected cases were found to provide good evidence that adaptable winglets, through morphing, could provide benefits for small scale aircraft control and performance as well as offering an acceptable alternative aircraft control methodology to the current discrete, 3-axis control philosophies. Using ANSYS Mechanical for structural analysis, rib configurations were also optimised in terms of weight, stress, and displacement, as well as required twist deformation magnitudes (±6° of twist achieved). Furthermore, the skin was found to be rigid with a low rate of surface wrinkling promoting a low drag surface. Ultimately, the viability of this novel concept mechanism was validated through flight testing with similar roll authority achieved compared to traditional aileron configuration. Finally, a morphing concept also provided potential shape changing performance with smooth aerodynamic surface finish. Leading to the possibility of the concept is being a viable skin for morphing application.

Atualmente são utilizados diversos equipamentos e implementos para treinamento de força. Os flexores do cotovelo apresentam enorme variedade de exercícios, cada qual apresentando diferentes características de torque externo. Na maioria dos casos, a escolha dessa característica aparenta não seguir nenhum critério pré-estabelecido para sua determinação, sendo que a variação desse torque externo é fator causador de grande influência na adaptação do músculo ao treinamento imposto. Com isso, a escolha de um exercício demanda conhecimento dos objetivos de treino, além do conhecimento das características musculares, no que diz respeito à possibilidade de produção de força e torque musculares. Esse estudo objetivou verificar o comportamento do torque muscular de flexão do cotovelo de indivíduos ativos e sedentários, comparando-os com a característica de torque externo de quatro exercícios usuais de flexão do cotovelo (Rosca Direta, Rosca Scott, Rosca Banco Inclinado e Rosca Polia). Além disso, visou-se comparar a capacidade de produção de torque entre as três posições da articulação rádio-ulnar. Assim, foi avaliado o torque concêntrico máximo de flexão do cotovelo, numa velocidade de 45º/s, num dinamômetro isocinético. A amostra contou com 20 universitários jovens e saudáveis, divididos nos dois grupos. As relações torque-ângulo encontradas para o grupo de ativos não apresentaram pico de torque e, sim, um platô que se prolonga por grande parte da relação. As relações torqueângulo encontradas para o grupo de sedentários apresentam um pico definido, ocorrendo, em média, entre 32º e 43º de flexão do cotovelo, porém com grande variabilidade. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as posições da articulação rádioulnar com relação à: ângulo de pico, taxa de acréscimo, taxa de decréscimo, torque final (sedentários) e torque absoluto. Apenas o grupo de ativos apresentou diferenças significativas entre as posições com relação ao torque final. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos com relação à: taxa de acréscimo e torque final. Houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos com relação à taxa de decréscimo, em todas as posições da articulação rádio-ulnar. Nenhum dos exercícios avaliados parece apresentar uma característica de torque externo condizente com quaisquer relações torque-ângulo encontradas nesse estudo. Assim, foi sugerida uma polia assimétrica, com raio variando de acordo com as taxas de variação média de torque encontradas na amostra, produzindo, assim, um torque externo que acompanha as características de produção de torque muscular. Nesse estudo, foi possível concluir que existe grande variabilidade com relação às variáveis inerentes às características de produção máxima de torque flexor do cotovelo. Assim, é possível que se faça inferências com relação à adaptação funcional obtida com o treinamento, o qual levaria a musculatura a apresentar um pico de torque mais bem definido e próximo aos 90º de flexão do cotovelo. Por outro lado, o sedentarismo faria com que o ângulo de maior produção de torque muscular se aproxime da extensão do cotovelo, numa característica de produção de força condizente com o trecho ascendente da relação forçacomprimento, atuando num ciclo alongamento-encurtamento. / Nowadays there are many types of equipment used to strength training. Especially the elbow flexors present great variety of exercises, each one with different resistance moment characteristics. In the majority of the cases, this characteristic of resistance moment does not seem to follow any criterion for its determination and its variation is a causing factor of great influence in the muscle adaptation to the imposed training. Thus, the exercise choice demands to know the objectives of the training and muscle characteristics, in respect to the possibility of muscle force and moment production. This aim of this study was to verify the elbow flexor muscle moment profile of actives and sedentary subjects, comparing it with resistance moment characteristics of four usual exercises of elbow flexion (Barbell Biceps Curl, Scott Biceps Curl, Lying Dumbbell Curl and Standing Cable Curl). Moreover, it was aimed to compare the moment production capacity between three forearm positions. Thus, it was measured maximal concentric elbow flexion moment, at 45º/s, on an isokinetic dynamometer. The sample was composed by 20 young and healthy students, divided in two groups. The moment-angle relationship founded in the active group did not show a moment peak, but a plateau that prolongs for great part of the relationship. The moment-angle relationship founded in the sedentary group showed a defined peak, occurring, on average, between 32º and 43º of elbow flexion, however with great variability. It was not founded statistic differences between forearm positions in relation to: moment peak angle, moment increase rate, moment decrease rate, final moment (sedentary) and absolute moment. Only the active group shown statistic differences between positions in relation to final moment. It was not founded statistic differences between groups in relation to: moment increase rate and final moment. There was statistic difference between groups in relation to moment decrease rate, in all forearm positions. None of the evaluated exercises seems to show an external moment characteristic suitable with any moment-angle relationship founded on this study. Thus, it was suggested an asymmetrical pulley, whose radius variation fit well with increase and decrease rates founded at this sample, producing, in this way, an external moment suitable with the capacity of muscle moment production. In this study, it was possible to conclude that occur great variability in respect to the variables inherent to the characteristics of maximal elbow moment flexion production. Thus, it was possible to infer in relation to functional adaptation gotten with the training, which would lead the muscle to present a most defined moment peak and closer to 90º of elbow flexion. Nevertheless, the sedentary would lead the moment peak angle closer to elbow extension, which force production characteristic would be suitable with the ascending limb of force-length relationship, undergoing a stretch-shortening cycle.

The Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure (Rättegångsbalken, RB) states that a judgment has binding effects and that the same matter can not be tried twice (17 ch. 11 §). The rule expresses the concept res judicata. It exists to benefit the administration of justice and to an effective economy of justice administration. It also brings security to parties in knowing a conflict has come to a final end. Moreover, the regulation is supposed to direct parties to prepare with all means required, before engaging the court with their dispute. The inconvenience with 11 § is that it is not foreseeable. It can cause a matter, that has not been examined by the court, to be covered by the binding effects – given the legal consequence of the new motion is either the same or alternative and economically equivalent to the previous one. Res judicata then prevents a new examination of the matter, even though the practical causes differ. Thus, it can be questioned if 11 § indeed provides security and predictability to disputing parties. This legal state is a consequence of a vaguely formulated law, the way it is interpreted by the Swedish Supreme Court and in legal scholar. In this essay I examine whether the rule in 11 § is better suited to be formulated by disputing parties themselves, than exclusively through hard law. Should the possibilities for disputing parties to make procedural agreements be expanded, and accordingly allowing parties to gain further insight and control over the binding effects of 17 ch. 11 § RB? The method used to answer this question is legal dogmatics. On the basis of established sources within the Swedish legal system – such as the Law, its motives, rulings from the Swedish Highest Court and legal doctrine – legal dogmatics is sufficient to establish the current legal situation, de lege lata. At the same time the method provides room for a critical perspective on the legal system and opens up for a discussion on what form the legal system should take, de lege ferenda. The conclusion presented in the essay is this. In civil disputes the conflicting parties in question have a major impact over the trial’s framework, on the basis of the principle of dispositions. In accordance with this it is logical for the legal system to allow the parties also to have an influence over the binding effects of 17 ch. 11 § RB. Conflicting parties are in some aspects well suited to make procedural agreements, especially in the form of vindicated settlements. This model, if interpreted in the procedural legal system, could result in predictability for conflicting parties and benefit the economy of justice administration.

Measurements of atomic parity violation provide important cross-tests of the standard model of electroweak interactions by probing these interactions in the domain of low energies. The effects of parity nonconservation in atoms, both dependent and not dependent on nuclear spin, have been successfully measured in experiments. The existence of permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) of a quantum particle requires that fundamental parity (P) and time-reversal (T) symmetries are violated. By the CPT theorem, this would mean violation of the combined CP (charge conjugation-parity) symmetry as well. Studies of T and CP violation in nature provide valuable information for theories of baryogenesis, and for understanding of fundamental interactions in general. Recently, a new wave of experiments has been initiated to measure the effects of P and T violation in solid state materials. The possibility to substantially increase the experimental sensitivity lies in the larger number of particles compared to the atomic experiments and in the specific collective effects in solids. The downside is the typically larger level of systematics. In the present work, the following effects due to violation of T and P at fundamental level in solids are considered: (a) effects due to the nuclear weak charge (violation of P) in rare-earth trifluorides, a possibility exists to measure the Weinberg angle with high precision; (b) effects due to the nuclear anapole moment (nuclear spin-dependent violation of P) in praseodymium and thulium garnets, the NMR-type experiments can possibly be used to measure nuclear anapole moments of Pr and Tm; (c) effects due to the electron EDM in gadolinium garnets, increase of the experimental sensitivity to the electron EDM of several orders of magnitude is possible; (d) effects due to the nuclear Schiff moment of 207Pb in ferroelectric lead-titanate; this possibility looks particularly promising, offering a potential 10 orders of magnitude increase of sensitivity to the nuclear Schiff moment, which puts the standard model prediction for this value within experimental reach. Also discussed are several other possibilities for experimental observation of these effects and the impact of some possible systematic effects on the proposed measurements.

This practice-based project explores the photographic phenomenon of ‘moment beyond moment’, which refers to the combined representations of an existing image in an environment, together with the real-life situation at the moment the photograph is taken. I call this photograph an ‘extended photograph’. Employing practical works of extended photographs and focusing on interactions between the moment in real-life and the moment in an existing image, the research explores the transformation of meanings caused by the interactions of these moments in an extended photograph. The research owes its approach to grounded theory, contrary thinking and Chinese Buddhist ‘Sudden Enlightenment’ to further its aim of exploring the unpredictable interaction of these moments, and to disclose the potentials of meaning transformation. My research outcome intends to initiate a discourse with photographic practitioners and theorists on the phenomenon of moment beyond moment in a working environment that is encaged by the excessive existence of displayed images. The thesis is composed as a creative work that consists of a series of photographic images accompanied by an exegesis component. The images represent a nominal 80%, and the exegesis 20% of the final submission.

This thesis describes the implementation of the conditional moment closure (CMC) combustion model in a numerical scheme and its application to the modelling of enclosure fires. Prediction of carbon monoxide (CO) in the upper smoke layer of enclosure fires is of primary interest because it is a common cause of death. The CO concentration cannot be easily predicted by empirical means, so a method is needed which models the chemistry of a quenched, turbulent fire plume and subsequent mixing within an enclosed space. CMC is a turbulent combustion model which has been researched for over a decade. It has provided predictions of major and minor species in jet diffusion flames. The extension to enclosure fires is a new application for which the flow is complex and temperatures are well below adiabatic conditions. Advances are made in the numerical implementation of CMC. The governing combustion equations are cast in a conserved, finite volume formulation for which boundary conditions are uniquely defined. Computational efficiency is improved through two criteria which allow the reduction in the size of the computational domain without any loss of accuracy. Modelling results are compared to experimental data for natural gas fires burning under a hood. Comparison is made in the recirculating, post-flame region of the flow where temperatures are low and reactions are quenched. Due to the spatial flux terms contained in the governing equations, CMC is able to model the situation where chemical species are produced in the high temperature fire-plume and then transported to non-reacting regions. Predictions of CO and other species are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data over a range of lean and rich hood-fire conditions. Sensitivity of results to chemistry, temperature and modelling closures is inves- tigated. Species predictions are shown to be quite different for the two detailed chemical mechanisms used. Temperature conditions within the hood effect the for- mation of species in the plume prior to quenching and subsequently species predic- tions in the post-flame region are also effected. Clipped Gaussian and ß-function probability density functions (PDFs) are used for the stochastic mixture fraction. Species predictions in the plume are sensitive to the form of the PDF but in the post-flame region, where the ß-function approaches a Gaussian form, predictions are relatively insensitive. Two models are used for the conditional scalar dissipation: a uniform model, where the conditional quantity is set equal to the unconditional scalar dissipation across all mixture fraction space; and a model which is consistent with the PDF transport equation. In the plume, predictions of minor species are sensitive to the modelling used, but in the recirculating, post-flame region species are not significantly effected.

<p>Sammanfattning Syftet med vår undersökning var att få syn på vad som utmärkte nyexaminerade lärares beskrivning av vad och hur de använder lärarutbildningen i sin profession, med fokus på de teoretiska momenten. Den dominerande bilden i tidigare forskning är att nyblivna lärare upplever många svårigheter under den första tiden i yrket. I det nya Lärarprogrammet från 2001 fanns en strävan efter att utbildningen skulle bli mer vetenskaplig och akademisk. Vi undersökte om lärare, examinerade från den nya utbildningen, beskrev att de hade nytta av de teoretiska momenten och om dessa på något sätt underlättade i vardagen. Vi har gjort en kvalitativ studie med halvstrukturerade frågor. Vår empiri bygger på intervjuer med nio informanter som alla gått den nya lärarutbildningen. Som stöd för vår analys av informanternas beskrivningar har vi valt att använda Bruners teori och begrepp om mentala representationer. Enligt Bruner finns det tre olika sätt att hantera och ta till sig kunskap. Dels är det via symboliska representationer, tillägnandet av kunskap genom ord och språk. Dels via ikoniska representationer, tillägnandet av kunskap genom förebilder och igenkännande av situationer och slutligen enaktiva representationer, själva lärandet genom handling. Vi har kunnat se att våra informanter har nytta av teorierna från utbildningen och att de fungerar som verktyg, men de har inte tillgång till utbildningens alla teoretiska delar. I vår tolkning av deras beskrivningar såg vi att de använde symboliska och ikoniska representationer i sin vardag. Dessa gav dem någon sorts trygghet och styrka i de enaktiva handlingarna. Informanterna beskrev att det framförallt var kunskapen om utvecklingspsykologi och lärandeteorier som de hade nytta av. Denna kunskap hjälpte dem att anpassa undervisningsmetoder efter olika elevers behov. Teorierna, även om de inte alltid kunde sätta ord på dessa, gav dem också en känsla av trygghet att möta vardagen.</p><p>Abstract The purpose of our investigation was to determine how useful new graduates found the theoretical courses from their studies at the Stockholm Institute of Education. Earlier research shows that new graduates experience many difficulties when they begin in the profession. The new teachers program, which began in 2001, aimed towards being more scientific and academic. We investigated if teachers who graduated from the new program found any of the theoretical courses useful and which of these courses, in any way, made their everyday teaching life easier. We conducted a qualitative study with semi-structured questions. Our empirical data is based upon interviews with nine graduates of the new teachers’ education program. To support the analysis of our respondents’ descriptions we have used Bruner’s theory and concept of mental representations. According to Bruner there are three different ways of handling and receiving knowledge: symbolic representations, the acquisition of knowledge through words and language, iconic representations, the acquisition of knowledge through role models and recognition of situations and, finally enactive representations, the learning through actions. We found that our respondents benefited from the educational theories which worked as tools for them. However, they didn’t seem to have command of all theoretical aspects of their education. In our interpretation of their descriptions we have also seen that the respondents used symbolic, iconic and enactive representations in their everyday teaching profession. The representations themselves became a sort of support and strengthened the respondents´ enactive actions. According to the respondents themselves, it was knowledge of the psychology of development and the theories of teaching which were most useful. This knowledge helped enable them to adapt their teaching methods to the different needs of the pupils and gave a feeling of security which helped them face everyday life in the classroom.</p>

The standard design procedure of reinforced concrete frame structures starts with linear analysis to obtain the corresponding diagrams of stress resultants (bending moment, shear and axial force), followed by the ultimate analysis of each cross section. The main disadvantage of such a design procedure concerns the (highly) statically indeterminate frames, where the failure of each beam or column would not imply the complete failure of the structure, but would lead to a significant stress resultant redistribution with respect to the result obtained by linear analysis. For that reason, we propose the performance based design procedure where the behavior until complete failure of beam-column and frames imposes to consider so-called plastic hinges corresponding to the zones where plasticity and/ or damage localizes. Engineering structures are usually statically indeterminate, so that the total failure of one member would affect the global response of the structure but it would not lead to a complete loss of the structural integrity. Moreover, being capable of describing the softening response of the members of one particular structure can provide an estimate of the residual life of a partially damaged structure. Such a procedure can also help to provide a more detailed crack description, which is needed to make decisions about the maintenance and repairs.

<p>Syftet med studien är att ta reda på vilka praktiska moment som genomförs i teknikämnet i grundskolans senare år, utifrån den gällande kursplanen i teknik. Studien bygger på enkäter, ställda till ett antal elever, lärare och science center i Sverige.</p><p>Enkäterna tolkas utifrån en fenomenografisk ansats.</p><p>Elevenkäten har gjorts för att få en inblick i hur eleverna ser på de praktiska momenten i skolan samt vad de i allmänhet tycker om teknikämnet.</p><p>Lärarenkäten har gjorts för att få reda på vilka praktiska moment om görs samt vilken budget som finns att tillgå för teknikundervisningen. Dessutom har användandet av science centers beskrivits.</p><p>Science centerenkäten har gjorts för att ta reda på hur ofta science center anlitas av skolor och vilka praktiska</p><p>moment som genomförs där.</p><p>De slutsatser som kommer fram är att de flesta eleverna upplever de praktiska momenten som roliga samt att de flesta eleverna någon gång besökt något av de science center som finns i Sverige. I analysen av lärarenkäterna visas att 70 % av lärarna arbetar praktiskt trots låg budget. Utgångspunkten för upplägg av undervisningen är Lpo94 och ämnesintegration är vanlig. Lärarenkätsvaren pekar också på att det finns ett intresse av en ökad tillgång av science centers i undervisningen. Detta trots att svaren från science centrerna visar på en relativt stor användning av skolor.</p>