Die Glücksgöttin Fortuna in Rom ist wohl eine der bekanntesten Gottheiten, die menschliche Geschicke leiten sollen. Andere Schlagwörter in diesem Zusammenhang sind Zufall, Pech, Schicksal, Glückssträhne etc. Geht man davon aus, dass Menschen zu diesen Konstrukten greifen, weil sie die Geschehnisse in der Welt und die ihnen zugrunde liegenden Ursache-Wirkung-Beziehungen nicht verstehen, so ist eine Klärung des Kausalitätsprinzips nötig. Bisher ist es nicht gelungen, Kausalgesetze in der Geschichte zu ermitteln. Nichtsdestotrotz existiert eine Vielzahl von Ansätzen zur Untersuchung ursächlicher Beziehungen. Einige ausgewählte Konzepte werden in dieser Arbeit anhand von Fallbeispielen vorgestellt.

Die Glücksgöttin Fortuna in Rom ist wohl eine der bekanntesten Gottheiten, die menschliche Geschicke leiten sollen. Andere Schlagwörter in diesem Zusammenhang sind Zufall, Pech, Schicksal, Glückssträhne etc. Geht man davon aus, dass Menschen zu diesen Konstrukten greifen, weil sie die Geschehnisse in der Welt und die ihnen zugrunde liegenden Ursache-Wirkung-Beziehungen nicht verstehen, so ist eine Klärung des Kausalitätsprinzips nötig. Bisher ist es nicht gelungen, Kausalgesetze in der Geschichte zu ermitteln. Nichtsdestotrotz existiert eine Vielzahl von Ansätzen zur Untersuchung ursächlicher Beziehungen. Einige ausgewählte Konzepte werden in dieser Arbeit anhand von Fallbeispielen vorgestellt.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-02-24T17:38:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jonathanestebanarroyosilva.pdf: 3851364 bytes, checksum: 7341b01ce42c37de611bb2df24f9012c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T19:29:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jonathanestebanarroyosilva.pdf: 3851364 bytes, checksum: 7341b01ce42c37de611bb2df24f9012c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T19:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jonathanestebanarroyosilva.pdf: 3851364 bytes, checksum: 7341b01ce42c37de611bb2df24f9012c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Este trabalho apresenta um novo esquema de marcha no tempo capaz de reduzir oscilações espúrias através de amortecimento numérico para problemas de propagação de ondas elásticas no âmbito da Aproximação Explícita de Green (\Explicit Green's Approach" (ExGA)) [1]. A expressão integral referente ao ExGA é escrita em termos das funções de Green e Degrau. Seus cálculos são realizados de forma independente por meio da formulação semi-discreta do MEF e o método Diferença Central. Devido ao princípio da causalidade, as funções de Green e Degrau possuem um suporte compacto ao redor dos pontos fonte para um intervalo de tempo suficientemente pequeno que é usualmente Empregado nos métodos explícitos clássicos de integração temporal aplicados à modelagem de propagação de ondas. Neste sentido, as funções de Green e Degrau em t = Δt podem ser eficientemente calculadas localmente através de subdomínios pequenos. Cada subdomínio local com sua respectiva submalha cobre somente pontos nodais onde os valores das funções de Green e Degrau são não nulos. A precisão e eficiência da metodologia proposta é demostrada ao analisar três exemplos numéricos. / This work presents a new time-marching scheme able to reduce spurious oscillations by means of numerical damping for elastic wave propagation problems in the framework of the Explicit Green's Approach (ExGA) [1]. The integral expression concerned with the ExGA is written in terms of the Green's and the Step response functions. Their computations are carried out independently by means of the semidiscrete FEM and the Central difference method. Due to the principle of causality, the Green's and Step response functions admit a compact support surround the source points for a small enough time step that is usually employed in common explicit time integration methods applied to wave propagation modeling. In this sense, the Green's and Step response functions at t = Δt can be e ciently computed locally through small subdomains. Each local subdomain with its respective submesh covers only nodes whose Green's and Step response function values do not vanish. The accuracy and e ciency of the proposed methodology are demonstrated by analyzing three numerical examples.

After presenting the evolution of labor stability law in Peru, public and private scopes of the right to work are described allowing the Constitutional Court redefine dismissal regime (working stability of exit), in general, and specifying temporary recruitment regime (working stability of entry). Redefinition of dismissal legal framework is analyzed from constitutional and judicial case law stressing solved and pending issues. / Tras presentar la evolución del derecho de estabilidad laboral en el Perú, se precisan los alcances públicos y privados del derecho al trabajo, que permitieron al Tribunal Constitucional redefinir el régimen del despido (estabilidad laboral de salida), en general, y comenzar a precisar el régimen de contratación temporal (estabilidad laboral de entrada). Se analiza la redefinición del marco jurídico del despido a partir de la jurisprudencia constitucional y judicial, poniendo en relieve los temas resueltos y los pendientes.

Ambitionen med denna uppsats är att skapa en översikt över hur modern forskning ser på den hierarkiska indelning av de kristna änglarna som Dante redogör för i Den Gudomliga Komedin, samt vad som ligger till grund för rangordningen. Dessutom analyseras sambandet mellan hierarkin och änglarnas kosmologiska funktioner och deras betydelse för upprätthållandet av världen. En viktig faktor för förståelsen av Dantes änglalogi är dess relation till senmedeltidens filosofi och kristna tro; hur den påverkades av – och i sin tur påverkade – sin kontext, vilken sedan bidrog till utvecklingen av den moderna västerländska synen på världen. Den teologiska diskurs som sträcker sig ända tillbaka till de första århundradena når nämligen en höjdpunkt i Dantes änglahierarki, där tron slutligen förenas med filosofin. I Dante möts således den kristna ängladoktrinen, med utgångspunkt i Bibeln, med den neo-platonska emanationsläran och Aristoteles kausalitetslära, vilka tillsammans utgör fundamentet för det senmedeltida västerländska sättet att se på verkligheten. I denna uppsats redogörs följaktligen för Dantes änglahierarki och änglarnas kosmologiska betydelse genom att analysera den assimilation av tro och filosofi som utgör dess metafysiska grund. / The ambition with this essay is to create a general idea of how modern research estimates the hierarchic division of the Christian angels, as Dante accounts for in The Divine Comedy, as well as the hierarchy it is based on. In addition to that, the connection between the hierarchy and the cosmological functions of the angels, and the subsequent task to uphold the world, is analyzed. An important factor for the comprehension of Dante’s angelology is its connection to the philosophy and Christian faith of the late medieval period; how it was affected by – and at the same time affected – its context, which eventually contributed to the generation of the modern Western world view. In fact, the theological discourse that expands from the first centuries of Christianity reaches a summit in Dante’s angelic hierarchy, where faith and philosophy finally consolidate. Thus, Christian angelic doctrine, with starting point in the Bible, meets in Dante the neo-platonic doctrine of emanation and Aristotle’s principle of causality, which together count for the foundation of the Western late medieval view of reality. The aim of this essay is consequently to investigate Dante’s angelic hierarchy and the cosmological functions of the angels, by investigating the assimilation of faith and philosophy that constitutes their metaphysical base.