In my dissertation I characterize the role of the state in France in the late 20th century and I use specific examples to show the success of the economic policies of the state . For this reason, in the theoretical part I describe economic and political development of France, I compare it with selected countries and I point out French specifics. In the analytical part, I analyze the current state of the French economy, watching the macroeconomic indicators (inflation, unemployment, GDP , balance of payments). I discuss the importance of French clusters, public enterprises, the share of French companies in multinational companies and the important role of the state in various sectors of the economy. I conclude that, despite the dominant role of the state in the French economy, France achieves some of the best economic results in the world.

La question de la soutenabilité des finances publiques est une question aujourd’hui récurrente pour la plupart des gouvernements dans le monde. Cette gestion a pour corollaire celle du retour à la croissance économique et au plein emploi, autrement dit à une situation très proche du celle qu’ont connue les États pendant les trente années qu’ont suivi la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale. En fait, en toile de fond de la crise que vivent la plupart des pays se trouve une forme de dilution de l’État. Cette dilution prend de l’envergure sous l’influence croisée des difficultés internes et externes dues à la crise des finances publiques et des interdépendances dans lesquelles vivent les nations. Compte tenu de ces vicissitudes et risques grandissants, les États n’ont plus de choix que de se remettre en cause. De ce fait, les rouages de la gouvernance de la gestion publique doivent être revisités, repensés et reconstruits en faisant montre d’une véritable pédagogie de réforme. Pour ce faire, les fondamentaux des finances publiques doivent être indubitablement consolidés et renforcés, car ils constituent la base de toute réforme. De même, la recherche d’une croissance économique inclusive basée sur l’innovation et la compétitivité est de nature à donner à l’État les moyens d’amortir les effets de la perpétuelle effervescence du monde d’aujourd’hui. […] De cette évolution spectaculaire de nouvelles idéologies se sont dégagées et ont influencé inexorablement la configuration de l’économie mondiale tout en exerçant un impact considérable sur le rôle de l’État. / No English summary available.

With more than 30 million people living with HIV/AIDS and about 2.5 million people infected in 2006 alone, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has become one of the highest priorities on the global development agenda. About 65% of the world population living with HIV/AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa also lags behind in achieving international development goals and the burden of HIV/AIDS further exacerbates the cycle of poverty and inequality. Donor aid is often given on the assumption that the recipient country has adequate capacity in the government to manage all aspects of development: planning, fiscal management, programme design, financial control and budgeting, project implementation, accountability and monitoring and evaluation. The multiplicity of funding modalities in the donor field makes the absorption and spending of aid a challenge. The national capacity influences the ability to absorb donor aid and the role of public administration in the national development programmes cannot be over-emphasised. To attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) of the Millennium Declaration of the United Nations, special attention needs to be given to HIV/AIDS. Should the AIDS pandemic not be resolved properly, almost all the MDG might be in jeopardy. The Paris Declaration on aid effectiveness, harmonisation and alignment does not make any provision for safeguarding funds for the mitigation of the impact of HIV/AIDS in recipient countries. The United Nations’ UNAIDS has made it clear that to effectively attain any development goals in the developing world, mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS in all development activities needs to be done. Conceptually, mainstreaming HIV/AIDS means to bring HIV/AIDS to the centre of the development agenda, which requires change at individual, departmental and organisational level. From this overview emerges the research question: ‘Will the changing international official development assistance environment have an influence on financing the response to HIV/AIDS in the developing countries of southern Africa?’ This is a qualitative and descriptive study, based on a literature survey utilising a deductive approach in the fields of public administration, public financial management, development, development administration, HIV/AIDS and official development assistance (ODA). A model for a sector-based approach to financing the AIDS epidemic in the country was developed. The model is based on the many different mechanisms, best practices and lessons learned of many different organisations. It suggest one overarching body with legal status that can manage a country’s HIV and AIDS programme as a cross cutting issue. The Central body will have representation of all sectors, including government, donors and multilaterals. All the role players in the field should be involved in the development, planning and implementation of the programmes. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

The South African Government’s service delivery initiatives do not guarantee quality of life for all citizens of South Africa. An active challenge faced by researchers and practitioners, who do not have adequate solutions available, is based on the fact that government departments are not able to say what they have achieved; only what they have done. The aim of this study was to develop a conceptual approach or framework for public financial performance management, which will pave the way for operational and line managers in public financial management towards world-class performance with specific reference to effectiveness and service delivery outcomes. The contextualisation of public administration highlights the scientific foundations of public administration and the continuous development of administrative theories and growing administrative thought within the discipline of Public Administration. The development of public administration proves to be dynamic with the emphasis on future trends and emerging concepts of public management and good governance and the need for more efficient and effective service delivery. The state's role has changed from hands-on management and direct delivery of goods and services to the facilitation of an enabling environment, which provides a framework for private sector participation. Successful development programmes hinge on the effective economic policies, good governance and financial performance management of the facilitator. Due to the fragmentation of policy responsibility in society, the traditional mechanisms of governmental control are no longer workable, or even appropriate. Control is giving way to interaction and involvement with critical implications for the operational manager’s ability to manage, but still to be accountable. The future role of government will be based on governance and stewardship, which can create an enabling environment for all its citizens to enjoy a good life. Derived from an analysis of the public administration environment, the magnitude of the challenges and the tasks facing African countries, African governments and other stakeholders, especially the international community, must establish capacity to deal with a dynamic and changing environment. A systematic and holistic approach will be needed for the implementation of policy in order to become more effective and responsive to the needs of society. The role of governance as the ideal platform allows for an interactive relationship between the public financial management system and the budget process to be facilitated by various role players in different relationships. Interaction is based on the concept of getting the basics right and is also aligned with the public financial management system as a series of realistic platforms to accommodate the multiple role players. The result is a financial system that provides the opportunity for financial performance management and effective and optimal budget outcomes. A high-performing public-sector organisation is results-driven with a sound public financial management system, which allows the government to make the best use of all available resources. This type of organisation will meet the quest to efficiently and effectively utilise public resources to meet the needs of the community in an equitable manner. Public financial performance management must be viewed as the next logical evolution of the field of public management. Public financial performance management must be viewed as an essential component of successful management. This is cultural, operational and human resource management change. The transition will require recognition that rationality is the underlying force of performance management. The development of public financial performance management capacity is a means and not an end in itself; it is an integral part of the overall development agenda. Consequently, a capacity development strategy must be based on a broader vision of improved financial performance management and increasing organisational effectiveness leading to good governance. While country ownership is critical, the capacity development efforts have to be tailored to match the existing human resources, institutions, legal system, as well as the administrative and political culture. The drive for capacity development should transcend the mode by which it is to be delivered. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

La thèse sur « Le rôle de l’avocat dans le développement de la médiation au Liban » traite un sujet innovant qui n’avait pas encore fait l’objet d’une étude systématique, surtout que jusqu'à date la médiation est une pratique naissante au Liban, et la société ne discerne pas quel rôle joue l’avocat dans ce concept de prévention ou de résolution de litige, et de plus qu’à cette étape il convient de bien définir quel apport il a dans le développement de cette nouvelle pratique. L’objectif donc de notre thèse a un double but : - Mettre en lumière si le Liban est sur le bon chemin pour développer la médiation ; - Examiner la contribution de l’avocat dans ce parcours et déterminer s’il est indispensable. Pourquoi la médiation, simplement car le pluralisme et la diversité qui se trouvent au Liban sont malheureusement première source de rivalités et de tiraillements entre les différentes communautés. Ces relations qui sont souvent au bord d’un conflit, bénéficieraient d’un mode de règlement autre que par voie judiciaire ou confessionnel. Le Liban, étant un pays multiconfessionnel, voit en la médiation une sorte de refuge, un mode de prévention pour ne plus revivre les atrocités de la guerre, essayer d’éviter de nombreux dangers internes mais aussi transfrontaliers menaçant le pays. Au fil des années nous avons remarqués l’émergence de plusieurs centres de médiation qui ont vu le jour de par le monde et que beaucoup de pays ont pris l’initiative d’institutionnaliser le concept de médiation afin que celle-ci soit régie par des règles claires et précises, par un régime juridique qui respecte son efficacité. Au Liban, cette émergence n’est apparue qu’à partir de 2006. En ce moment, nous avons trois centres de médiation, qui ne font pourtant l’objet de contrôle institutionnel. La médiation à ce niveau prendrait un caractère éthique de communication, un caractère spécifique de ce qui relève de l’humain. L’avocat y a un rôle primordial, puisqu’il convient de l’impliquer dans ce processus afin que ce concept ait le soutien nécessaire pour sa réussite. Ceci dit, la médiation est un sujet capital pour le Liban et donc elle doit bénéficier d’une politique publique s’appuyant sur une démarche qualité. Un projet de loi était en sommeil depuis 2012 jusqu'à Septembre 2018. Un regard critique sera porté ici sur sa teneur et sur la discussion au sein de la Commission Administration et Justice qui l'examine. Le plus souvent les pays du moyen orient plaquent un modèle occidental, sans se préoccuper de son acceptabilité sociologique, ou historique. Il a donc semblé de bonne méthode de présenter une réflexion sur la société libanaise. Cette réflexion donne à la thèse des dimensions sociologiques : Quels sont les éléments qui favorisent le développement de la médiation au Liban et les éléments qui freinent ce développement prévu ? La médiation doit bénéficier d’une politique publique s’appuyant sur une démarche de qualité, en but de lever le frein de la confusion terminologique, construire la confiance entre justice et médiation en impliquant les avocats dans le développement prévu de la médiation au Liban.La médiation qui ne se limite pas à la médiation judiciaire doit recevoir le soutien des acteurs judiciaires, et le support des avocats est primordial ainsi que l'attribution d'un régime spécifique cohérent au regard de sa nature en prenant soin de l’encadrer sans l’étouffer. Finalement, nous devons noter qu’à l’heure de clôture de cette présente thèse, le Liban vient de promulguer un nouveau projet de Loi en 2018 sur la médiation judiciaire et donc le projet de loi de 2012 s’est vu mis de côté. La nouvelle loi fut approuvée par le Parlement le 24 Septembre 2018. Ceci fera aussi l’œuvre d’un examen dans la partie finale. / The thesis on "The role of the lawyer in the development of mediation in Lebanon" deals with an innovative subject which has not yet been the subject of a systematic study, especially that until date mediation is a nascent practice in Lebanon, and the society does not discern what role the lawyer plays in this concept which deals with the prevention or the resolution of disputes, and in addition at this stage it is necessary to clearly define what contribution he has in the development of this new practice. The thesis has a twofold purpose: -To highlight whether Lebanon is on the right path to develop mediation-To examine the contribution of the lawyer in this course and to determine whether such is necessary. Why mediation, simply because the pluralism and diversity in Lebanon are unfortunately the first source of rivalries and struggle between the different communities. Such relationships which are often on the verge of a conflict, whether legal or personal, would benefit from a dispute settlement method other than by judicial or confessional means. Lebanon, being a multi-confessional country, sees mediation as a kind of refuge, a mode of prevention in order not to relive the atrocities of war, to try to avoid many internal and cross-border dangers threatening the country. Over the years we have noticed the emergence of several mediation centers that have spawned around the world and which prompted many countries to take the initiative to institutionalize the concept of mediation so that it is governed by clear rules and by a legal regime respectful of its effectiveness. Mediation at this level would embody an ethical character of communication, a specific character trait belonging to the human. The lawyer has a very important role to play, since it is appurtenant to implicate him in this process so that this concept has the necessary support for its success. That said, mediation is a major issue for Lebanon and therefore it must benefit from a public policy based on a quality approach. A bill had been dormant since 2012 until September 2018. A critical look will focus here on its content and on the discussion within the Administrative and Judicial Committee that is examining it. Most often the countries of the Middle East emulate a western model, without being concerned with its sociological, or historical acceptability. It therefore seemed good to reflect on this methodology within the Lebanese society. This reflection gives the thesis a sociological dimension: what are the elements that promote the development of mediation in Lebanon and the elements that hinder this planned development? Mediation must benefit from a public policy based on a qualitative approach, in order to lift any hindrance based on terminology confusion, build trust between justice and mediation by involving lawyers in the planned development of Mediation in Lebanon. Mediation, which is not confined to judicial mediation, must be supported by judicial actors, as well as the allocation of a specific regime consistent with its nature, taking care of it without hindrance. Finally, we must note that at the upon finalization of this thesis, Lebanon has just promulgated a new draft law in 2018 on judicial mediation and therefore the bill of 2012 is put aside, in favor of the new law approved by Parliament on the 24th of September 2018. This will also be subject of a review in the final part.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano Zavanella.pdf: 617869 bytes, checksum: 4c371b6d29716f214340036c5aabf68b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-14 / This thesis aims to study the phenomenon of collective layoffs, its impacts, the treatment it receives in our system and in other countries of relief on the world stage, emptying the suggestion proceduralizing this business as with emphasis on the role that the State should play and not do it satisfactorily. Firstly, faces the question of how termination of the labor contract, their ratings and discussion of the self - application of Article 7 I of the Federal Constitution regarding the sealing of layoffs, its conceptualization and differentiation Call dismissal without cause, then passing itself to address the issue of substance which are the collective layoffs and treatment that doctrine, though scarce tell true exemption for the construction of its definition and scope. After this necessary overview, the work focuses on the issue of so-called fundamental rights incidents in the sport, to demonstrate the importance of each, especially the dignity of the human person, the solidarism, good faith and its accompanying duties and the conjunction of free enterprise from the perspective of the social function of the company, and as such should be read or treated in any principled application, the discussion of collective layoffs when required, by the logic of poisement and what is in fact the current view on not only the also most important application of the principles to the present case. Next step it is a scan models comparative law and also in the main EU standards and ILO, with emphasis on recent Spanish legislation on collective dismissals and what of value can help us in internal confrontations. Forward the study turns to the domestic legal framework and demonstrates the fragility, lack of regulatory treatment of corporate layoffs, despite the express constitutional provision, must not be a subterfuge for the judiciary to shrug delicate issue that bears a huge weight and social, and that therefore bailing out from the application of the principles previously exploited should, as indeed has been doing, their disciplinary steps and evaluate its effectiveness. Finally practical situations and demonstrate that the proposed sealing regulanting collective layoffs, in particular, called the case are brought Embraer, then going for - proposals and suggestions proceduralizing through specific legislation should provide for all the maximum possible formal situations and materials for assessing whether a collective dismissal is lawful or unlawful, closing with the active role of the front of this debate, which is nonetheless generate social ills, and the possibilities for state action to avoid or minimize impacts act of this business / A presente dissertação se propõe ao estudo do fenômeno das dispensas coletivas, seus impactos, o tratamento que recebe em nosso ordenamento jurídico e em outros países de relevo no cenário mundial, tendo por fio condutor a procedimentalização dessa modalidade de extinção de contratos de trabalho derivada de causa objetiva, com ênfase para o papel que o Estado deveria desempenhar e não o faz a contento. Em primeiro lugar enfrenta-se a questão das modalidades de extinção do contrato de trabalho, suas classificações e o debate sobre autoaplicação do artigo 7º, I da Constituição Federal em relação à vedação das dispensas arbitrárias, sua conceituação e diferenciação da chamada dispensa sem justa causa. Subsequentemente, passa-se, então, para a questão de fundo que são as dispensas coletivas e o tratamento que a doutrina escassa diga-se bem verdade dispensa em relação à construção de sua definição e alcance. Passado esse necessário apanhado, o trabalho foca-se na questão dos chamados direitos fundamentais incidentes na modalidade, visando demonstrar a importância de cada qual, notadamente no tocante à dignidade da pessoa humana, do solidarismo, da boa-fé, de seus deveres anexos e da conjunção da livre-iniciativa sob a ótica da função social da empresa. Além disso, discorre como tais atributos devem ser lidos ou tratados em necessária aplicação principiológica, tendo em vista o que o debate das dispensas coletivas no momento exige ante a falta de positivação. No passo seguinte realiza-se uma varredura nos modelos de Direito Comparado e também nas principais normas da União Europeia e da OIT, com destaque para a recente legislação espanhola sobre as dispensas coletivas e aquilo que de oportuno pode nos auxiliar no enfrentamento interno. Adiante o estudo se volta para o arcabouço jurídico nacional e demonstra como a fragilidade, pela ausência de tratamento normativo das dispensas coletivas (e apesar da expressa determinação constitucional) não deve servir de subterfúgio para que o Judiciário dê de ombros para tão delicada questão que carrega um enorme peso e cunho sociais. Neste sentido, deve como aliás vem fazendo disciplinar suas etapas e avaliar sua efetivação de modo a socorrer-se da aplicação dos princípios anteriormente explorados. Por fim são trazidas situações práticas que demonstram e chancelam a proposta de regramento das dispensas coletivas, em especial, do chamado caso Embraer, passando-se, então, para as propostas e sugestões de procedimentalização, por meio de legislação específica que deverá prever todo o máximo possível de situações formais e materiais a fim de que se avalie se uma dispensa coletiva é lícita ou ilícita. Ao término verifica-se como se desenvolve o papel ativo do Estado frente a tal debate, que não deixa de gerar mazelas sociais, além de suas possibilidades de ação para evitar ou minimizar os impactos desse ato empresarial

In this study, administrative reform in the EU accession process was analysed with reference to the cases of Hungary and Turkey. The main goal of this study is to show that both objective (economy) and subjective (politics) factors are important and acceding countries to have room to manoeuvre in the context of the social-liberal framework of the EU. To this end, necessary causality between neoliberal administrative reform and EU accession, and determinism in the enlargement process, which leaves no room to manoeuvre for candidate countries, are denied. In conclusion, it is seen that since there is no public administration model, candidate countries are free to determine the content of the administrative reforms within the framework of general principles set by the EU. Moreover, it is found that the EU accession process is closely related to modernisation of the public administration system in the candidate countries and administrative reform has been overlapped and equalized to EU accession. Finally, it is understood that administrative reform with its extensive content, caused centralisation.

This document introduces us to the problems regarding the role of the state in our times and its role as a driver of development and growth of the country. To understand the mentioned role, a brief description of the evolution of the concept of State will be done, addressing the rise of public-private partnership principle, the host of public-private partnerships and the reconfiguration of the role of the state and the private investor and co-governor of such role. / El presente documento nos introduce a la problemática suscitada en torno al rol del Estado en nuestros tiempos y su papel como impulsor del desarrollo y crecimiento del país. Para entender dicho rol, se hará un recuento desde la evolución del concepto de Estado, pasando por el auge del principio de colaboración público privada, la acogida de las asociaciones público privadas y la re configuración del rol del estado y el inversionista privado como cogobernante del Estado.

This thesis aims to broaden the discussion about the origins of some of the fundamental theoretical sources for Hayek’s ideas regarding freedom and the state. It focuses on the debates between the Austrian School of Economics and the German Historical School of Economics, as well as the works of Popper, Mill, Humboldt and Hegel in order to identify their positive and negative influences on Hayek’s views of freedom and the state. The originality of the thesis relates to the examination of Humboldt’s political philosophy in terms of its influence over the formation of the components of Hayek’s account of freedom, such as spontaneous order, the rule of law, the role of the state, and the nature of human knowledge. These components have assisted in Hayek’s efforts to prove the superiority of open societies over totalitarian regimes. The thesis explains that Hayek’s intellectual collaboration with Popper played a significant role in identifying many enemies of open societies. Both theorists agreed that historicism was a method commonly used and promoted by the enemies of open society; specifically, they accused Hegel of promoting historicism and, as a result, of being an enemy of open societies. However, this thesis disputes these accusations and argues that Popper and Hayek did not possess adequate knowledge of Hegel’s theoretical work to make such claims. In actuality, Hegel was not an enemy of open societies, he recognized the potential devastating outcomes associated with them and sought solutions. The thesis also explores the idea that Mill was also worried about the detrimental features of industrial capitalism and, as a result, attributed a prominent role to “state activity” in securing the conditions of positive freedom. Hayek, meanwhile, viewed such forms of state interference as obstacles to attaining freedom. This thesis examines the topic whether or not Hayek actually sought to formulate a genuine form of freedom or if he merely valued freedom as a tool for the promotion of open societies over centrally planned economies.

African economies, including Nigeria continued to perform poorly despite the adoption of economic policy reforms in the 1980s. An explanation for the failure of economic policy reforms was therefore sought from an institutional perspective. Since active state intervention in the economy was the rationale given for the economic crisis of developing countries, the conventional case for an active state which rested on the need to correct for market failure was counterposed with the argument that the economy was best coordinated by market forces given that the state was not benevolent, omniscient or omnipotent. However, the state has played an important role in the transformation of late developers while a state-market dichotomy takes no account of institutional factors. The widespread adoption of economic policy reforms owed more to an ideological shift in the development paradigm than to the debt crisis and there was a great deal of controversy about the theoretical foundations and impact of these reforms contrary to claims of a consensus. An institutionalist political economy which recognises that the market is not the only institution and that economic transformation requires the positive use of political power was proposed. Such an approach takes account of history, politics and the institutional diversity of capitalism. A more nuanced view of state intervention was therefore advocated. The importance of institutional arrangements in the quest for economic transformation underscored the inadequacy of structural adjustment which was hampered by the lack of price and institutional flexibility as well as other institutional constraints. The Nigerian experience of structural adjustment shows that long term growth prospects were not enhanced and that the reforms tended to favour the financial sector over the real sector. The failure of economic policy reforms in Nigeria can be attributed to the continued presence of constraining institutional factors and the absence of a positive use of political power. / Economics / D. Comm. (Economics)