Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Fujita De Castro Mello.pdf: 1146002 bytes, checksum: 88fa883d776dafab92d2667add2dc245 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-08 / The present study aims at analyzing two empiric phenomena resulting from the notoriety of a mark: the attainment and the loss of trademark distinctiveness. Firstly, it aims to introduce the institute of the mark as a distinctive sign, demonstrating that the distinctiveness is a condition of validity for the grant thereof. After defining the institute, the attainment of notoriety by the mark is analyzed, being the object of the present study the notorious mark as the category, and the well-known mark and high-reputation mark as the types. The legal provision and the scope of protection of notorious marks are broached, as well as the main consequences of trademark notoriety. Having made this introduction, the present study discusses the phenomena of attainment and loss of trademark distinctiveness resulting from the notoriety thereof. The first of them is studied by the theory of secondary meaning, and its occurrence is analyzed in all systems of trademark attainment. Emphasis is given to the expressions originally non distinctive and which are susceptible of attainment of secondary meaning, being therefore susceptible to registration as a mark. Next, the phenomenon of loss of trademark distinctiveness resulting from its distinguishability is analyzed, the phenomenon known as trademark degeneration or trademark degeneracy. Since it deals with a slow process, and almost always irreversible, some indicator signs of trademark degeneration are studied, as well as customary forms used to avoid it. Finally, a few judicial and administrative decisions involving the referred to phenomena are analyzed, seeking to exemplify some forms found for proving and identifying the attainment of secondary meaning and trademark degeneration empirically, emphasizing the position of the Courts and the INPI (the Brazilian Patents and Trademarks Office) in relation to the matter / O presente trabalho visa analisar dois fenômenos empíricos decorrentes da notoriedade de marca: a aquisição e a perda de distintividade marcária. Primeiramente, busca-se introduzir o instituto da marca como signo distintivo, demonstrando ser a distintividade condição de validade para sua concessão. Após definir o instituto, a aquisição de notoriedade pela marca é analisada, sendo objeto do presente estudo a marca notória como gênero, e suas espécies marca notoriamente conhecida e marca de alto renome. A previsão legal e o âmbito de proteção das marcas notórias são abordados, assim como as principais conseqüências da notoriedade marcária. Feita esta introdução, o presente trabalho aborda os fenômenos de aquisição e perda de distintividade marcária decorrentes de sua notoriedade. O primeiro deles é estudado pela teoria do secondary meaning, ou teoria do significado secundário, e sua ocorrência é analisada em todos os sistemas de aquisição de marca. É dado destaque às expressões originalmente não distintivas e que são passíveis de aquisição de significado secundário, sendo, portanto, passíveis de registro como marca. A seguir, é analisado o fenômeno da perda de distintividade marcária decorrente de sua distintividade, fenômeno conhecido como degeneração ou degenerescência marcária. Por se tratar de processo lento, e quase sempre irreversível, são estudados alguns sinais indicadores da degeneração marcária, e formas costumeiramente utilizadas para evitá-la. Por fim, algumas decisões judiciais e administrativas envolvendo referidos fenômenos são analisadas, buscando-se exemplificar algumas das formas encontradas para se provar e identificar a aquisição de secondary meaning e a degeneração marcária empiricamente, destacando-se a posição dos Tribunais e do INPI quanto ao tema

I följande essä, Konstens olika horisonter – ett möte med bildkonst från Senegal, Mali och Mocambique, diskuterar jag rollen som gallerist och curator i mötet med det som är okänt och främmande i konsten. I essän refereras till möten med konst och konstnärer från Senegal, Mali och Mocambique. Texten utgår dels från mina upplevelser på konstbiennalen i Dakar, dels från arbetet med två olika utställningar på Galleri Flach i Stockholm. Med utgångspunkt i min roll som kurator reflekterar jag över situationer när konstens sammanhang framstår som främmande och okända. Hur bemöter jag situationen? Vad ser jag i den och vad bidrar den med i mitt kuratoriska arbete i gallerirummet? Med stöd bland annat i hermeneutiken och filosofer som Hans-Georg Gadamer och Marcia Sa Cavalcante Schuback, beskrivs en bildningsprocess i vilken jag reflekterar över det geografiska och kulturella avståndet. I texten diskuteras också ett så kallat hermeneutiska mellanrum som uppstår i skarven mellan det välkända och det främmande. Diskussionen införlivar även tankar om hur normer i den västerländska konsthistorien påverkar mitt möte med konsten och vad jag uppfattar som konstnärlig kvalitet. I essän konstateras att mina möten och konfrontationer med det som är okänt i konsten, är betydelsefullt. Det påbörjar en process mot ny kunskap i vilken jag tydligare får syn på mig själv och mina medvetna och omedvetna föreställningar. I texten beskrivs hur jag i gallerirummet prövar mina reflektioner i praktiken i en dialog med mig själv och de konstnärer med vilka jag samarbetar. Jag betonar dialogens och den inre reflektionens betydelse för utställningens tillblivelse. Utställningen blir ett mellanrum, ett begränsat sammanhang, där dialogen och reflektionen tar form. / The following essay, Different horizons - Encounters in visual arts from Senegal, Mali and Mozambique, discusses how to encounter what is unknown and unfamiliar within art in my role as a gallerist and curator. The essay refers to encounters with art and artists from Senegal, Mali and Mozambique. The text is partly based on my experiences at the biennial in Dakar, partly from working experiences with two exhibitions at Galleri Flach in Stockholm. On the basis of my role as curator, I am reflecting on the situation when art appears unfamiliar. How do I act? What do I learn in these situations and what do they bring to my curatorial work in the gallery space? With support from hermeneutics and philosophers such as Hans-Georg Gadamer and Marcia Sa Cavalcante Schuback, I describe a learning process that takes the geographical and cultural distance into consideration. The text reflects also on the so-called hermeneutical gap (a room in between) that occurs in the joint between the familiar and the unfamiliar. The discussion incorporates thoughts on how standards in the Western art history affect my encounters with the art object and what I perceive as artistic quality. I note in the essay how these meetings and confrontations with the unknown in the art are important. It sets in motion a process towards greater knowledge in which I see myself more clearly, not the least my conscious and unconscious beliefs. The text describes how I use the gallery space to put my reflections into practice, in a dialogue between myself and the artists with whom I work. I emphasize the dialogue and the importance of an internal reflection in creating an exhibition. The exhibition offers a room within a room, a limited context, where dialogues and reflections take shape.

This thesis deals with delay prediction issue between nodes on the Internet. Accurate delay prediction helps with choosing of the nearest internet neighbor and contributes to effective usage of network sources. Unnecessary network load is decreased due to algorithms of delay prediction (no need for many latency measuring). The thesis focuses theoretically on the three main algorithms using coordinate systems - GNP, Vivaldi, Lighthouses. Last one is at the same time the main subject of the thesis too. Algorithm Lighthouses is explored in detail theoretically and in practise too. In order to verify the accurate of delay prediction of Lighthouses algorithm the simulation application was developed. The application is able to compute node coordinates of synthetic network using Lighthouses algorithm. Description of simulation application and evaluation of simalution results are part of practice part of this thesis.

Le droit de marque préoccupe aux plans législatif et judiciaire. L'intérêt s'explique par l'essor de la contrefaçon à l'échelle mondiale. La protection du droit de marque contre la contrefaçon mérite donc d'être renforcée. Pour cela, il convient de définir l'étendue du droit à protéger. Le droit de marque, droit exclusif d'exploitation d'une marque, est décrit majoritairement comme un droit de propriété d'un type particulier. Or, une étude comparée du droit de marque et du droit de propriété fait apparaître davantage de différences que de ressemblances. Identifier l'objet du droit de marque dans la place qu'occupe la marque sur le marché dans l'esprit du public et des concurrents amène à une nature juridique nouvelle, celle du droit de marché. Dès lors, les concurrents indélicats qui commettent des actes de contrefaçon empiètent incontestablement sur un droit de marché appartenant à autrui puisqu'ils usurpent la place de marché réservée à travers l'enregistrement de la marque. Par ailleurs, l'acte fautif cause un dommage plus ou moins grave au titulaire de la marque. La contrefaçon portant sur des produits authentiques est d'une faible gravité par rapport à celle qui porte sur des produits non authentiques car alors, les marchandises indûment marquées, souvent de qualité médiocre, risquent de nuire à la santé ou la sécurité de l'homme et de son environnement, et l'image de la marque contrefaite n'en est qu'altérée. Ainsi, si au pénal l'amende pourrait prendre la forme d'un pourcentage sur le chiffre d'affaires réalisé par le contrefacteur, au civil la condamnation à verser à la victime les fruits de l'activité contrefaisante permettrait de dissuader la contrefaçon lucrative. / The trademark rights are a legislative and judicial concern. The interest is due to the rise of worldwide counterfeiting. Trademark protection against counterfeiting deserves to be strengthened. It is then necessary to define the scope of the rights to protect. Trademark rights, exclusive rights to use a trademark, are described mainly as an ownership of a particular type. However, a comparison study of trademark rights and ownership reveals more differences than similarities. Identify the object of trademark rights in the place of the trademark on the market in the minds of the public and competitors leads to a new legal nature : the market rights. Therefore, unscrupulous competitors who commit acts of infringement undoubtedly impinge on the market rights belonging to others as they usurp the marketplace reserved through trademark registration. The fault causes a more or less severe damage to the trademark owner. Counterfeiting on genuine products is a low gravity compared to the one on non genuine products because then improperly marked goods, often of poor quality, are likely to harm the health or safety of humans and its environment. Thus, the counterfeit trademark is altered. Therefore, under criminal law, the fine could take the form of a percentage of the sales made ​​by the infringer. Under civil law, restitutionary damages would deter lucrative counterfeiting.

The thesis analyses selected aspects of domain-name law, mainly from the perspective of trade-mark law. It discusses the evolution of the domain-name system and how it operates as background to a more detailed discussion of the theoretical classification of domain names. The thesis then examines the interplay between trade marks and domain names, and the resolution of domain-name disputes resulting from the inherent tension between these two systems. The main principles of domain-name dispute resolution are identified by way of an analysis of the panel decisions handed down in terms of the international Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) and the South African domain name dispute resolution regulations. This analysis always addresses, too, the extent to which national trade-mark law principles (with reference to the laws of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America) apply, and the extent to which this is appropriate. / Private Law / LL.D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Neves de Carvalho.pdf: 1819884 bytes, checksum: 743f5d09de2989d46ea6b1219468c007 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / This essay is dedicated to the study of two empiric phenomena resulting from the use of the mark in the consumer market: acquisition and loss of trademark distinctiveness. The first part is dedicated of the study of acquisition of trademark distinctiveness which could happen in two possibilities: secondary meaning and notoriety. First of all, is addressed the distinctiveness, as the main trademark function and its condition of validity for granting the trademark registration. In the first case, the acquisition of distinctiveness of a trademark occurs by the factual phenomenon known as secondary meaning, in which a descriptive sign, apparently not distinctive, through its prolonged use on the market, acquired a secondary meaning as a distinctive brand, being therefore susceptible for trademark registration. In the second type of acquired distinctiveness, a common trademark can become notorious, renowned and with high commercial prestige within the consumer market through the trademark owner´s advertising investments, which receives special trademark protection: well-known mark within its commercial activity branch, and famous mark, which receives legal protection in all classes of goods and services. The Second Part of this work is dedicated to the study of the loss of distinctiveness of a trademark which may occur in two situations: genericism and dilution. The first situation, genericism, is the factual phenomenon opposed to the secondary meaning, in which, the trademark owner's behavior to promote its brand, results into semantic synonymous and descriptive of the product or service marked by the renowned trademark. The second situation of the loss of trademark distinctiveness is called the dilution phenomenon, which can occurs in three situations: the improper use of a high-renowned trademark in different goods and services marked by the original brand (blurring), the harm to a high-renowned trademark reputation (tarnishment) and the disparagement of a high-renowned trademark in promotional campaigns made by competitors / A presente dissertação analisa dois fenômenos fáticos decorrentes da utilização de uma marca no mercado consumidor: a aquisição e a perda de distintividade marcária. A Primeira Parte dedica-se ao estudo da aquisição de distintividade marcária que pode acontecer em duas hipóteses: significado secundário e notoriedade. Primeiramente, é abordada a distintividade como principal função marcária e condição de validade para a concessão do registro marcário. Na primeira hipótese, a aquisição de distintividade de um sinal marcário ocorre pelo fenômeno fático conhecido como secondary meaning, na qual um sinal descritivo, aparentemente não distintivo, face ao uso prolongado no mercado, adquire uma significação secundária como marca distintiva no mercado consumidor, tornando-se passível para registro. Na segunda hipótese, um sinal marcário comum, face aos elevados investimentos publicitários do titular, torna-se tão conhecido dentro do mercado consumidor, que recebe proteção especial: marca notoriamente conhecida dentro de seu ramo de atividade comercial, e marca de alto renome que possui proteção legal em todas as classes de produtos e serviços. A Segunda Parte deste trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da perda de distintividade de uma marca, o que poderá ocorrer em duas hipóteses: degeneração e diluição. A primeira situação, que é o fenômeno fático oposto ao significado secundário, ocorre pela degeneração, na qual, face ao comportamento do titular, ao promover sua marca, esta se transforma em sinônimo semântico do produto ou serviço assinalado por ela. A segunda situação de perda de distintividade ocorre pelo fenômeno da diluição, que pode se dar em três possibilidades: uso indevido de uma marca de renome em bens diversos daqueles assinalados pela marca original (ofuscação ou turvação), ofensa à reputação da marca de renome (maculação), ou adulteração desta marca em campanhas promocionais feita pelos concorrentes (propaganda comparativa)

The thesis analyses selected aspects of domain-name law, mainly from the perspective of trade-mark law. It discusses the evolution of the domain-name system and how it operates as background to a more detailed discussion of the theoretical classification of domain names. The thesis then examines the interplay between trade marks and domain names, and the resolution of domain-name disputes resulting from the inherent tension between these two systems. The main principles of domain-name dispute resolution are identified by way of an analysis of the panel decisions handed down in terms of the international Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) and the South African domain name dispute resolution regulations. This analysis always addresses, too, the extent to which national trade-mark law principles (with reference to the laws of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America) apply, and the extent to which this is appropriate. / Private Law / LL.D.

The thesis investigates the concept of trademark dilution under international and regional trademark law, and under the laws of selected jurisdictions; namely, the United States of America, Germany, the United Kingdom and the Republic of South Africa. The investigation includes measures undertaken to prohibit the internet-based dilution of famous marks through the registration of confusingly similar domain names. It is noted that dilution is imprecisely formulated under international trademark treaty law. In fact, the term "dilution" does not appear in international trademark treaties. To fill the gap of international trademark treaties, various policy initiatives, or `soft law' have been developed, which to some extent clarify both the concept of dilution, the type of mark protected from dilution, and the scope of such protection. The problem is that the policy initiatives are non-binding on States, so that different States have adopted different common law and statutory approaches to the protection of marks against dilution. This is demonstrated, for example, by the fact that the European Union and its Member States provide protection from dilution to "marks with a reputation", while the United States of America provides such protection only to "famous" marks, and the Republic of South Africa protects "marks which are well-known in the Republic" from dilution. The thesis analyses the protection granted in these jurisdictions, to determine the similarities and differences of approach, and to make appropriate law reform proposals to achieve uniformity of protection. In the final analysis, it is concluded that the burden of enforcing dilution provisions rest on the judiciary. This being so, the judiciary is urged to engage in a balancing exercise in deciding dilution cases. The courts should recognize that dilution provisions are powerful tools at the disposal of owners of trademarks with advertising value. At the same time, the courts should be steadfast in ensuring that protection from dilution does not stultify freedom of trade, or create absolute monopolies or a form of copyright in a trademark. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

The thesis investigates the concept of trademark dilution under international and regional trademark law, and under the laws of selected jurisdictions; namely, the United States of America, Germany, the United Kingdom and the Republic of South Africa. The investigation includes measures undertaken to prohibit the internet-based dilution of famous marks through the registration of confusingly similar domain names. It is noted that dilution is imprecisely formulated under international trademark treaty law. In fact, the term "dilution" does not appear in international trademark treaties. To fill the gap of international trademark treaties, various policy initiatives, or `soft law' have been developed, which to some extent clarify both the concept of dilution, the type of mark protected from dilution, and the scope of such protection. The problem is that the policy initiatives are non-binding on States, so that different States have adopted different common law and statutory approaches to the protection of marks against dilution. This is demonstrated, for example, by the fact that the European Union and its Member States provide protection from dilution to "marks with a reputation", while the United States of America provides such protection only to "famous" marks, and the Republic of South Africa protects "marks which are well-known in the Republic" from dilution. The thesis analyses the protection granted in these jurisdictions, to determine the similarities and differences of approach, and to make appropriate law reform proposals to achieve uniformity of protection. In the final analysis, it is concluded that the burden of enforcing dilution provisions rest on the judiciary. This being so, the judiciary is urged to engage in a balancing exercise in deciding dilution cases. The courts should recognize that dilution provisions are powerful tools at the disposal of owners of trademarks with advertising value. At the same time, the courts should be steadfast in ensuring that protection from dilution does not stultify freedom of trade, or create absolute monopolies or a form of copyright in a trademark. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.