Cette thèse vise à développer des matériaux destinés à remplacer les gants des boîtes à gants utilisées en milieu nucléaire confiné par des disques élastomères pouvant prendre la forme des mains lorsqu'un opérateur insère son bras et revenir à leur forme initiale lorsqu'il l'enlève. Le but du travail est de réaliser et d'étudier les propriétés physico-chimiques de matériaux capables de se déformer à plus de 2000 %, à être totalement élastique, à résister au déchirement et aux radiations. Dans un premier temps, une étude bibliographique a montré que les matériaux les plus susceptibles d'y répondre sont les élastomères thermoplastiques. Des matériaux de deux familles d'élastomères thermoplastiques ont donc été réalisés et étudiés. Les premiers sont les élastomères thermoplastiques polyuréthanes. L'influence de la stœchiométrie des monomères et de la structure chimique de différents allongeurs de chaînes sur les propriétés mécaniques a été étudiée. Il en ressort que ces matériaux sont trop visqueux pour répondre au cahier des charges mais une relation intéressante de linéarité entre la contrainte à l'écoulement et le taux de viscosité de l'ensemble de ces formulations a été observée. Les seconds matériaux sont des copolymères Styrène-Ethylène-Butylène-Styrène (SEBS). Les effets du procédé de mise en œuvre ainsi que l'incorporation de plastifiants, de nanoparticules ou de polyuréthane sur les propriétés mécaniques de ces matériaux ont été étudiés. Il a été mis en évidence que le procédé de mise en œuvre influence fortement les propriétés mécaniques et que l'ajout de nanoparticules et de polyuréthane permet d'améliorer certaines propriétés mécaniques. Globalement, les matériaux développés ont des propriétés très proches de celles de matériaux hyperélastiques. / The aim of this PhD work is to replace current gloves of gloveboxes used in nuclear area by elastomer discs which could take the shape of the arm of an operator and come back to their original shape when the arm is removed. The goal of the work is to design and study a material meeting the following specifications: at least 2 000 % strain at break, very high elastic properties, tear and radiation resistant. A bibliographic study showed that the most relevant materials are thermoplastic elastomers. As a consequence, two kinds of these materials were formulated. First ones are thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers. The influence of stoichiometric ratios and different chain extenders on mechanical properties was studied. These materials are too viscous to match the specifications but an interesting linear relation between flow stress and viscosity ratio was observed. Second ones are Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene copolymers (SEBS). Studies on the influence of the process and incorporation of plasticizers, nanoparticules or polyurethane were carried out. It was highlighted that the process strongly influences mechanical properties and addition of nanoparticules or polyurethane can increase some of these properties. On the whole, the materials developed are very close to these of hyperelastic materials.

Orientador: Fernanda Paula Collares Queiroz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:02:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CastroTerezan_VaninaHelende_D.pdf: 2092752 bytes, checksum: aa76b9dfefe523915640c52fb45ac5e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos, pelo processo de extrusão termoplástica, salgadinhos expandidos à base de farinha de milho enriquecidos com a incorporação de farinha de quinoa, visando o aumento do valor nutricional. O milho é muito utilizado na fabricação de salgadinhos pelo fato de expandir com facilidade. A quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) é um pseudocereal de importante potencial agronômico e alto valor nutricional, apresentando elevado teor de proteína, com expressivos níveis do aminoácido lisina. As matérias-primas foram caracterizadas quanto às propriedades físicas, químicas e nutricionais. Para verificar quais parâmetros influenciariam as propriedades dos salgadinhos expandidos, primeiramente foi realizado um delineamento fatorial fracionado 25-1, cujas variáveis independentes foram: (i) umidade inicial da amostra; (ii) teor de farinha de quinoa; (iii) temperatura da 4ª zona do extrusor; (iv) temperatura da 5ª zona do extrusor e (v) velocidade da rosca. As variáveis dependentes avaliadas foram: (i) índice de expansão, (ii) dureza e (iii) lisina biodisponível. As variáveis que influenciaram significativamente pelo menos uma das respostas, considerando p<0,20, foram: (i) umidade inicial da amostra, (ii) teor de farinha de quinoa e (iii) temperatura da 5ª zona do extrusor. Na sequência, foi executado um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), com essas três variáveis independentes, alterando as faixas de estudos em função do impacto que as mesmas apresentaram sobre as respostas. Não foi possível gerar modelos matemáticos válidos que descrevessem a tendência da dureza e da lisina biodisponível nas faixas de variação estudadas (umidade de 15 a 20%, teor de farinha de quinoa entre 15 e 50% e temperatura da 5ª zona do extrusor de 110 a 160ºC). O aumento destas três variáveis independentes promoveu a redução do índice de expansão. Pela análise de superfície de resposta, observou-se que as condições para a produção de salgadinhos extrudados com alta expansão foram: umidade inicial da amostra em 17,5%, adição de 22% de farinha de quinoa e temperatura de 110ºC na 5ª zona do extrusor. Nestas condições, foram produzidos salgadinhos expandidos apenas de milho (padrão) e salgadinhos com incorporação de 22 e 43% de quinoa, que foram caracterizados, aromatizados e submetidos a uma avaliação sensorial de aceitação e intenção de compra. Os salgadinhos expandidos de milho e quinoa apresentaram dureza e diâmetros similares aos disponíveis no mercado, indicando que as condições do processo de extrusão foram adequadamente escolhidas. Do ponto de vista nutricional, os salgadinhos com quinoa apresentaram maior teor de proteína, aminoácidos essenciais (treonina, cisteína, isoleucina, lisina e triptofano) e lisina biodisponível, em relação ao salgadinho apenas de milho, mostrando a viabilidade da adição de farinha de quinoa em produtos à base de milho para aumentar o seu valor nutricional. O salgadinho expandido com 22% farinha de quinoa apresentou boa aceitação e alta intenção de compra, enquanto o salgadinho com 43% não foi bem aceito, por apresentar menor expansão, escurecimento e sabor residual / Abstract: In this work, expanded snacks made from corn flour enriched by incorporating quinoa flour with the aim of increasing the nutritional value, were developed and processed by thermoplastic extrusion. Corn is widely used in snack production since it expands easily. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a pseudocereal with important agronomic potential and a high nutritional value, containing an elevated protein content and expressive amount of the amino acid lysine. The raw materials were characterized with respect to their physical, chemical and nutritional properties. Initially a 25-1 Fractional Factorial Design was used to determine which parameters influenced the properties of the expanded snacks, the independent variables being: (i) initial moisture content; (ii) amount of quinoa flour; (iii) temperature of the 4th extruder zone; (iv) temperature of the 5th extruder zone and (v) screw speed. The dependent variables evaluated were: (i) expansion ratio; (ii) hardness and (iii) available lysine. The independent variables that significantly influenced at least one of the responses, considering p<0.20, were: (i) initial moisture content; (ii) amount of quinoa flour; and (iii) temperature of the 5th extruder zone. In sequence, a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was carried out with the above three independent variables, altering the range of the study considering the impact they had on the responses. It was not possible to obtain valid mathematical models to describe the trends with respect to hardness and available lysine in the range of variation studied (moisture content from 15 to 20%, quinoa flour content from 15 to 50% and temperature in the 5th extruder zone from 110 to 160ºC). Increases in these three independent variables resulted in a reduction in the expansion ratio. From the analysis of the response surface, it was observed that the conditions required to produce highly expanded extruded snacks were: initial moisture content of 17.5%, addition of 22% of quinoa flour and a temperature of 110ºC in the 5th extruder zone. Under these conditions, expanded snacks were produced with 100% corn (standard) and with the incorporation of 22 and 43% of quinoa flour, and subsequently characterized, aromatized and subjected to a sensory evaluation for acceptance and purchasing intention. The expanded corn and quinoa snacks showed values for hardness and diameter similar to those available on the market, indicating that the extrusion process conditions were suitably chosen. From the nutritional point of view, the snacks with the incorporation of quinoa showed higher protein and essential amino acid (threonine, cysteine, isoleucine, lysine and tryptophan) contents and available lysine, as compared to the 100% corn snacks, demonstrating the feasibility of adding quinoa flour to corn products to increase their nutritional value. The expanded snack with 22% of quinoa flour was well accepted and showed high purchasing intention, whereas the snack with 43% was not well accepted because it showed less expansion, darkening and an aftertaste / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Abstract The reduction of product development cycle time is a major concern in industries to remain competitive in the marketplace. Among various manufacturing technologies, 3D printing technology or also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has shown excellent potential to reduce both the cycle time and cost of the product due to its lower consumption of energy and material usage compared to conventional manufacturing. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing technologies for various engineering applications which has the ability to build functional parts having complex geometrical shapes in reasonable build time and can use less expensive equipment and cheaper material. However, the quality of parts produced by FDM has some challenges such as poor surface quality.   The focus of this study is improving the surface quality produced by Fused Deposition Modeling. The investigations include 3D printing study samples with optimum parameter settings and post-processing the sample’s surfaces by laser ablation. Taguchi’s design of the experiment is employed to identify the optimum settings of laser ablation the FDM surfaces. Laser power, laser speed and pulse per inch (PPI) are the laser settings considered in the study. Characterization of the samples are done using Dino-lite USB camera images and GFM Mikro-CAD fringe projection microscope is used to measure the surface roughness of the samples. Areal surface parameters are used to characterize and compare the surfaces of as printed and laser ablated. It is observed that the effect of laser ablation varies with respect to surfaces printed at different angles and laser-ablated with different settings. The surface roughness of laser-ablated surfaces is found to be lower than as-printed FDM surfaces.

The basic of this work is the construction realization of welding machines, components and in the ideal choice of the technological action by the production of galvanic drums. The work deals with the problem of the production of plastic galvanic drums from the construction point of view as well as the technological point of view. It contains the individual surface modifications outline. In detail is focused on the galvanic metal plating and the technical equipment needed to complete this action. Describe to the methods of thermoplastic materials precisely with focus on the method Hot Plate Welding by Heating Element.

This master´s thesis deals with the complex manufacturing technology of plastic injection moulding. Literary work summarises knowledge of thermoplastic injection, thermoplastic bonding and choosing the right material for the given product. The reaction between the product and chemical substances plays a key role when choosing the right material. Therefore polypropylene is chosen for its high chemical and mechanical resistance. The given material is defined by technological data and technological process is proposed. A single-purpose injection mould for an existing injection machine is proposed for manufacturing the plastic mixing body tube corpus.

The target of this dissertation is based on the specified shape of plastic part to develop search technology of plastic injection molds, to the technological design process and construction of injection molds, including the necessary calculations. The project includes a search and a practical sections. Based on information from a search section a suitable material was chosen, which became the basis for practical section. The practical section with basic technology calculation is complemented by filling simulation analysis and stress analysis of critical elements. A part of this dissertation is the set of the drawings.

Diploma thesis is focused on injection molding and welding technology of plastic materials. First, in theoretical part, are commonly described polymer materials, following by description of welding, and multi-injection molding. There are closely described different methods for chosen part. Practical part is about comparison of method according differ criteria and application suitability. At the end of the thesis there is economic estimation of methods.

Diploma thesis which is developed for the master’s degree program (M2I – K Mechanical engineering) presents a proposal solution for production technology plastic car headlins parts from polymer material PBT GF30. Literature review summarizes the findings of thermoplastic injection technology and the structural design possibility of injection molds. The paper examined two variants of the running system, which are suitable for production of injection molding components. Finaly, after technical - economic assessment, we came to the conclusion that the better option is to use the hot runner system. In the practical part is the specified product modeled by the help of 3D software and the injection mold was designed. The design was implemented by CATIA V5 R20. For the design and manufacture of injection mold were used normality from MEUSBURGER. For the chosen alternative technology of production were made calculations and was selected injection molding machine Electron 75 – 300 from FERROMATIC.

State-of-the-art aircraft engine manufactures aim to reduce theirenvironmental impact steadily. Thereby they attempt to increase engineefficiency, use new renewable fuel sources and most importantly aim toreduce component weight. While Titanium, Aluminum and continuousfiber reinforced thermosetting composites and superalloys prevail in thecurrent material selection, the present work desires to raise awareness fora novel group of materials; short carbon fiber reinforced thermoplasticcomposites (SCFRTPs). In this kind of composite short fibers givedimensional stability and strength while the thermoplastic matrix ensuresthe physical properties, even at temperatures up to 300°C.Even though in some applications these materials offer great potential tosave weight and cost, it is not clear if their properties suffice to be used indemanding areas of the aero engine and if they are still able provide costand weight reductions there.The present work therefore investigated potential aero-engine componentsthat could be replaced by SCFRTPs. With literature, manufacturer data andmaterial and process modelling approaches, it is shown that SCFRTPsmechanical and physical properties suffice for the selected component.Further it is shown that cost reductions up to 77% and weight savings upto 67% compared to the Ti-6Al-4V baseline component are possible.

Cette thèse consiste en une étude comparative des propriétés thermomécaniques de composites tissés à matrice thermoplastique (PEEK ou PPS) et thermodurcissable (époxy). Une analyse bibliographique a permis la comparaison les comportements des ces stratifies en fonction de la nature de la matrice, de la sollicitation et des conditions environnementales. Une étude expérimentale a conduit à une base de données des trois matériaux sous diverses sollicitations mécaniques (essais monotones élémentaires et structures) et différentes conditions environnementales (température et V.H.). Des essais sur assemblages boulonnes (simple et double recouvrement) ont également été réalisés. Une technique de mesure de champ par corrélation d’images numériques a permis d'étudier le comportement de stratifies troues. Enfin, un modèle de comportement élastoplastique orthotrope de stratifies tisses a matrice thermoplastique a été implémenté dans le code E.F. cast3m et valide pour différentes températures. / This PhD thesis consists in a comparative study of the thermomechanical properties of woven plies composites with a thermoplastic (PEEK or PPS) or a thermosetting (epoxy) matrix. A literature review allowed the comparison between the behaviors of these laminates depending on the matrix nature, the stress state and the environmental conditions. An experimental study led to a database of the three materials for different mechanical loads (monotonic and structural tests) under specific environmental conditions (temperature and wet ageing). Bolted joints tests (single bolt single lap and double lap) have also been performed. A digital pictures correlation technique permitted to study the behavior of circular notched laminates. At last, a model of orthotropic elastoplastic behavior for woven plies laminates with a thermoplastic matrix has been implemented in the F.E. code cast3m and has been validated for different temperatures.