Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08512.pdf: 4971310 bytes, checksum: 6e08f69ed4ae0331760f78b901cc4142 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de novos compostos fotoativos contendo os grupos uréia e tiouréia e suas potenciais aplicações como sensores de ânions. Os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de FTIR, RMN de 1H e 13C, onde foi possível confirmar obtenção dos compostos. Os compostos obtidos apresentam absorção na região do ultravioleta com valores de extinção molar de acordo com as transições -*. Com objetivo de testar os novos compostos sintetizados como sensor de ânions foi realizado um estudo fotofísico na presença de diferentes ânions, sendo todos como sais de tetrabutilamônio. Esses testes também foram realizados utilizando o método de detecção visual e a espectroscopia de RMN 1H indicando que os compostos 32 e 33 apresentaram resposta colorimétrica após a adição de fluoreto. / This work presents the synthesis of novel photoactive compounds containing the urea and thiourea groups and its potential application as sensors for anions in solution. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR techniques. The compounds show absorption in the ultraviolet region with values of molar extinction accordingly to -* electronic transitions. In order to test the new compounds as optical sensors for anions, photophysical studies, as well as the method of visual detection and 1H NMR titration were performed in the presence of different anions as tetrabutylammonium salts. Fluoride could be successfully detected by UVVis and 1H NMR titration using compounds 32 and 33.

Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de novos compostos fotoativos contendo os grupos uréia e tiouréia e suas potenciais aplicações como sensores de ânions. Os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de FTIR, RMN de 1H e 13C, onde foi possível confirmar obtenção dos compostos. Os compostos obtidos apresentam absorção na região do ultravioleta com valores de extinção molar de acordo com as transições -*. Com objetivo de testar os novos compostos sintetizados como sensor de ânions foi realizado um estudo fotofísico na presença de diferentes ânions, sendo todos como sais de tetrabutilamônio. Esses testes também foram realizados utilizando o método de detecção visual e a espectroscopia de RMN 1H indicando que os compostos 32 e 33 apresentaram resposta colorimétrica após a adição de fluoreto. / This work presents the synthesis of novel photoactive compounds containing the urea and thiourea groups and its potential application as sensors for anions in solution. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR techniques. The compounds show absorption in the ultraviolet region with values of molar extinction accordingly to -* electronic transitions. In order to test the new compounds as optical sensors for anions, photophysical studies, as well as the method of visual detection and 1H NMR titration were performed in the presence of different anions as tetrabutylammonium salts. Fluoride could be successfully detected by UVVis and 1H NMR titration using compounds 32 and 33.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08512.pdf: 4971310 bytes, checksum: 6e08f69ed4ae0331760f78b901cc4142 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

A extração de complexos aniônicos pelas aminas de cadeias longas oferece muitas possibilidades ao químico analista. Muitas aplicações já são de uso corrente e muitas outras são potencialmente previstas para diversas áreas, incluindo-se hidrometalurgia, química de produtos de fissão, química dos metais de transição, dos elementos do grupo da platina, dos actnídeos e dos lantanídeos, recuperação e descontaminação na disposição de resíduos. Ênfase especial é dada à química do urânio e do tório, para os quais já são incluídas aplicações de caráter industrial. Neste trabalho é descrito o comportamento de extração de U, Fe, Cd, In, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, Ag, Bi, Pb, Tl, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ir, Os, Au, Hg, Sn e Sb com tri-n-octilamina diluída em benzeno, xileno, varsol e metil-isobutil-cetona em meio clorídrico. Para alguns destes elementos foi estudada a extração também em meios HNO3, H2SO4 e HI. Foi estudado o efeito de tiouréia como complexante, formando espécies catiônicas com vários elementos e suas consequências na extração. Foi estudado também o efeito do tratamento da fase orgânica contendo o elemento extraído, pos soluções ácidas de tiouréia. O trabalho demonstra que para os elemento cujos complexos com a tiouréia são fortes, como prata, tálio-III, mercúrio, cobre, ouro, paládio, platina e rutênio, a extração é fortemente reprimida. Para complexos de fôrça intermediária, como chumbo, antimônio e tálio-I, a tiouréia não impede a extração total, mas esta é parcialmente reprimida. Para elementos que formam complexos fracos com a tiouréia, êstes são rompidos e o elemento é totalmente extraído pela amina, como é exemplo o cádmio, formando um complexo {Cd(tu)}++ fraco, mas bem extraído em meio HCl pela amina. Êste impedimento de extração através da complexação com tiouréia na fase aquosa, para vários elementos, ou a sua reextração da fase orgânica pela ação de tiouréia, vem contribuir para um melhor entendimento do mecanismo de extração com aminas de cadeia longa. Ficou evidenciado que os complexos estáveis, de natureza catiônica, formados entre tiouréia e vários elementos, não são extraídos pela amina. Isso vem confirmar o mecanismo, aceito pela maioria dos autores, de que a extração pelas aminas de alto PM é uma associação de íons entre a amina protonada e as espécies aniônicas extraídas, isto é, uma reação de troca aniônica. Êste mecanismo foi comprovado uma vez mais através de experiências de troca iônica com resinas catiônica e aniônica. Espécies clorocomplexas aniônicas de Ag-I, Hg-II e CU-II em meio HCl são fortemente fixadas em resina aniônica na forma R-Cl e totalmente eluídas por soluções HCl-tiouréia. Estas soluções clorídricas de Ag-I, CU-II e Hg-II percoladas em coluna de resina catiônica mostraram que não houve nenhuma retenção dêstes elementos. Estas experiências, repetidas após a adição de tiouréia, mostraram que os complexos formados com tiouréia são totalmente retidos pela resina catiônica. O uso de tiouréia aumentou consideravelmente a seletividade na extração e na reextração de vários elementos com tri-n-octilamina. É dada ênfase especial à extração de urânio e sua descontaminação de vários elementos que o acompanham. Como resultado dêstes estudos é apresentado um método para a determinação espectrofotométrica de urânio diretamente na fase orgânica tri-n-octilamina-benzeno. O método não é o mais sensível, mas apresenta alta seletividade quando o urânio é extraído em meio HCl na presença de tiouréia. O trabalho descreve ainda várias outras aplicações da técnica proposta, como a preparação de chumbo-212, bismuto-212 e tálio-208, extraídos de cloreto de tório por TOA-benzeno, a separação de índio-115m do seu radioisótopo gerador, cádmio-115, bem como diversos esquemas para a separação de vários elementos entre sí. Uma contribuição importante é dada à química do rutênio, facilitando sua separação em misturas de produtos de fissão de difícil resolução e nas separações rutênio-bismuto, rutênio-tório e rutênio-urânio. O aproveitamento de urânio e plutônio em soluções provenientes da dissolução de elementos combustíveis queimados envolve a separação dos produtos de fissão, entre êles o rutênio, que apresenta sérias dificuldades, tendendo sempre a acompanhar o urânio na fase orgânica usada para a sua separação (fosfato de n-tributilo e aminas). A complexação do rutênio com tiouréia permite uma extração de urânio e plutônio mais seletiva, retendo o rutênio na fase aquosa. Várias outras aplicações são indicadas para os elementos do grupo da platina, prata, mercúrio, e ouro, cádmio, índio e zinco. Interessantes observações são feitas quanto à cinética de formação do complexo ferro-tiouréia (lenta), possibilitando separações dêste elemento de vários outros cuja cinética é mais rápida, bem como à cinética de reextração de paládio com tiouréia em meio ácido. / Abstract not available.

M. Tech. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology / The understanding of the fundamental properties and potential use of semiconductor materials in nanotechnology has stimulated the interest of many researchers. Coordination compounds containing ligands with chalcogenide atoms as donors have received considerable attention. Among these chalcogenide ligands, thiourea and urea have been extensively used previously to form single source precursors for the synthesis of group II–VI semiconductor nanoparticles. The synthesis and study of semiconductor nanocrystals has become a subject area of considerable research interest because they have potentially useful applications such as biomedical imaging, sensing, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photovoltaics and displays. In this work, special attention has been given to the synthesis and characterization of cadmium and nickel chalcogenides nanoparticles because of their interesting and unique optical properties, using a single source precursor method. The mixed chalcogenide sources are also explored for their complexes or simple reactions to produce semiconductor nanoparticles. The advantages of single molecular precursors over other existing methods for the synthesis of metal chalcogenide nanoparticles has proven to be a more efficient route for the synthesis of high-quality nanocrystals. Cadmium and nickel complexes of urea and thiourea were successfully synthesized by refluxing metal salts of cadmium and nickel with thiourea and urea at 30-40 °C for an hour and the complex mixture was cooled at room temperature. The synthesized complexes were washed with methanol and acetone to remove impurities and dried in air. All other complexes were synthesized using the same refluxing synthesis method mentioned above. The characterization of all complexes was done using Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and CARLO ERBA elemental analysis. Nickel thiourea and cadmium thiourea complexes were found to be coordinating with the center metal through a sulfur atom, and the urea complexes through an oxygen atom. This observation of the coordination of metals with ligands makes these complexes suitable for use as the single source precursor for the synthesis of metal chalcogenides nanoparticles. The six resulted complexes from above synthesis are of cadmium sulphide, cadmium oxide, and nickel sulphide, nickel oxide. The TGA showed that all the complexes were stable at room temperature, as they decomposed around 200 °C, which makes these complexes suitable to be used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The synthesized complexes reported in this study were used as a single source molecular precursor in the preparation of cadmium oxide, cadmium sulfide, nickel oxide, and nickel sulfide nanoparticles. The precursors were thermalized under nitrogen gas while refluxing at 160 °C for 1 hour, using HDA as the capping agent and TOP was used as the solvent. Crystalline semiconducting nanoparticles were obtained as the end product for all complexes, the resulting nanoparticles were washed with acetone to remove any impurities. The UV-Vis spectra of all the nanoparticles were blue-shifted, with their PL spectra red-shifted from the maximum absorption peak due to change in size of particles from bulk to nano-size. XRD pattern of CdS nanoparticles from Cd-thiourea suggested that a hexagonal phase of CdS was formed, and TEM analysis showed large particle sizes that were polydispersed with the dominance of cubic and rod shaped particles. The XRD patterns of CdS nanoparticles from cadmium thiourea and urea mixture showed the mixture of hexagonal and cubic phase nanoparticles with the predominance of cubic phase and its TEM images shows small particles size ranging from less than 50 nm, and the particles were polydispersed with the predominance of spherical nanoparticles. The XRD pattern of CdO nanoparticles showed the cubic phase nanoparticles with the existence of broad peaks indicating small particle size distribution. The TEM images of CdO nanoparticles confirmed the XRD data showing small particle size distribution with a size average of 6.8 nm. The NiS nanoparticles synthesized from Ni-thiourea complex showed narrow peaks with hkl indices indicating hexagonal phase. Particles has no clear morphology due to the agglomeration of the nanoparticles that can be caused by the instability of the nanoparticles because of their high surface area. A cluster of particles can be observed from the TEM images, making it difficult to determine the particle size and shape of NiS particles from Ni-thiourea complex. NiS particles from nickel thiourea and urea mixture also showed XRD patterns of the hexagonal plane and TEM showed small size conjugated nanocrystals. The TEM of NiO indicated a spherical morphology, existence of other morphology rather than spherical can also be observed from the image. The average particle size was 8 nm, and XRD pattern showed the cubic phase of NiO nanocrystals.

In Chapter 1, I give a basic introduction to the scientific background necessary for understanding the rest of the dissertation. I describe semiconductor nanocrystals and quantum confinement, how nanocrystals grow and a brief description of the various characterization methods. Finally, I provide some of the general considerations and chemical sources for the experiments performed in the thesis as a whole. In Chapter 2, I summarize the journey towards working with molecular precursors and show the advances and challenges in modeling and understanding conversion made a step into nanoplatelets more feasible. The chalcogenourea syntheses are not included and the modeling of the spherical nanocrystals is in a fairly summarized form here. This chapter is intended to give a brief overview of the highlights, key conclusions, and resulting questions upon which I designed my own experiments. In Chapter 3, I discuss applying precursor conversion method to nanoplatelets and focus on 3ML CdE growth. I briefly introduce nanoplatelets, explain the new conditions necessary to adapt the chalcogenourea library, demonstrate my efforts in characterizing the kinetics and growth mechanisms, and finally show the relationship of precursor reactivity and final nanoplatelet size. The “kobs catalogue” which summarizes the kinetics and sizing from STEM is an appendix at the end of the chapter. In this chapter, we put to the test the idea that we can control nanocrystal synthesis through precursor reactivity. The synthesis of nanocrystal heterostructures controlled by precursor conversion was discussed in Chapter 2. In Chapter 4, the same theory is applied to nanoplatelet synthetic conditions, but because nanoplatelet nucleation is fast compared to the total reaction time, the precursors should result in something closer to what is modeled without extraneous products. At the end of the chapter, a nanoplatelet alloy catalogue records many of the modeling and alloy experiments. Chapter 5 attempts to gather the various side projects that working with nanoplatelets has brought about. All these projects come together when thinking about how the solute supply and surface ligands might determine nanoplatelet formation, which I hope to shed some insight on. In the end, I hope to have gathered enough information to provide thoughtful answers for why nanoplatelets form, how they are ideal for studying compositional growth, and how nanocrystal alloying changes the structural and optical properties of these materials.

[pt] Os minérios de cobre-molibdênio são beneficiados juntos normalmente pelo processo de flotação com a ajuda de coletores sulfidrílicos de relativa seletividade. Os concentrados bulk obtidos devem ser processados com o intuito de remover aqueles coletores empregados, pois eles são prejudiciais na etapa de separação por flotação diferencial, ou seja, na obtenção de concentrados de molibdênio de alta qualidade com baixos conteúdos de cobre e ferro. O processo de flotação bulk é realizado em condições oxidantes na presença de coletores sulfidrílicos (xantatos, etc.). Na prática industrial na etapa de flotação diferencial, estes concentrados bulk são separados por modificação do potencial eletroquímico da polpa para valores considerados redutores -300 a -450 mV, com hidrosulfeto de sódio (NaSH) ou o reagente Nokes (Penta-sulfeto de fósforo dissolvido em hidróxido de sódio) além de cianeto de sódio em alguns dos casos, para melhorar a eficiência do processo. Neste quadro, o processo industrial de separação seletiva produz efluente e gases perigosos como o H2S e HCN que devem ser controlados adequadamente. Este trabalho visa avaliar o uso do reagente ácido pseudo glicol tiouréia (PGA) e ácido tioglicólico (TGA) como alternativas ao processo industrial voltado para a separação seletiva dos minerais de cobre e molibdênio. Para a avaliação do depressor foram empregadas medições de ângulo de contato, potencial zeta, testes de flotação em célula Partridge-Smith (PS), FTIR e testes em célula de bancada em um planejamento experimental. O reagente estudado apresentou boas propriedades depressoras para minerais de cobre. Nos resultados das medições de ângulo de contato, pelo método de bolha cativa, foram encontrados valores maiores para a calcopirita do que para a molibdenita (até 10 graus de diferença) e medidas entre 60 e 70 graus, porém no pH ácido esta diferença diminui e os dois minerais apresentam quase o mesmo ângulo de contato 60 mais ou menos 1 grau. Nas medidas efetuadas não foi empregado o coletor final (querosene) para a molibdenita devido a sua falta de homogeneidade na emulsão para realizar as medidas de ângulo de contato. Nos testes de flotabilidade na célula PS em misturas binarias de calcopirita-molibdenita foram encontradas na faixa ácida, valores de pH nos quais há melhores relações de concentração e recuperações, na ordem de 67 por cento para a molibdenita e apenas 10 por cento para a calcopirita no produto flutuado. Os resultados usando o reagente NaSH em condições similares apresentam recuperações similares de molibdenita, mas na faixa básica do pH. Baseados nestes resultados foram avaliadas diversas variáveis e gerado um planejamento experimental para passar à escala de bancada onde foram obtidas recuperações de 84 por cento no concentrado rougher com apenas 13 por cento de cobre corroborando as boas propriedades do depressor estudado. / [en] Copper-molybdenum porphyry deposits worldwide are exploited industrially by flotation of the ores of interest into a BULK concentrate with the aid of sulfhydryl collectors of high efficiency and low selectivity. The bulk concentrate obtained should be reprocessed in order to remove those collectors employed in the bulk stage since they impair the differential flotation during the separation step in order to obtain clean high quality molybdenite concentrates at low contents of copper and iron. The bulk flotation process is conducted under oxidizing conditions in presence of sulfhydryl collectors (xanthates, etc.). In industrial practice these bulk concentrates are then separated by modification of the pulp electrochemical potential to values considered reducing, between -300 to-450 mV, with sodium hidrosulphide (NaSH) or Nokes reagent (phosphorus pentasulfide dissolved in sodium hydroxide). Addition of sodium cyanide in some cases is used to improve process efficiency. Bulk concentrates produced are however a very small portion of the processed mineral (only 1/50 of the total ore milled), these industrial processes produce waste effluents and hazardous gases such as H2S and HCN if not adequately controlled. This dissertation seeks to assess the reagent pseudo glycol tiourea acid (PGA) and thioglycolic acid (TGA) as an alternative to industrial processing for the selective separation of minerals of copper and molybdenum. On the evaluation of this depressant were used contact angle measurements, zeta potential, flotation tests in Partridge-Smith cell (PS), FTIR and bench scale flotation testing cell with an experimental design. The reagent studied showed good depressant properties for copper minerals according to the results presented. Within the results of the contact angle measurements with the captive bubble technique were found greater contact angles for chalcopyrite than for molybdenite (up to 10 degrees difference) and values between 60 and 70 degrees, however in acidic pH this difference decreases and both minerals have almost the same contact angle as of 60 more or less 1 degree. Though on the contact angle measured values it was not employed the final collector (kerosene) for molybdenite due to lack of homogeneity on emulsions to make the contact angle measurements. On floatability tests (on PS cell) with binary mixtures of chalcopyrite-molybdenite were found pH values on the acidic range, at which good concentration ratios and recoveries in the order of 67 percent of molybdenite with only 10 percent of the chalcopyrite were obtained. The results using NaSH reagent under similar conditions gave similar recoveries for molybdenite, however it was found in the basic pH range. Based on the results, several variables were evaluated and an experimental design employed on bench scale flotation tests, the results showed recoveries of 84 percent were obtained in the rougher concentrate with 13 percent copper corroborating the good properties of this depressant.

L'organocatalyse asymétrique est un domaine en plein développement. L'immobilisation de ce type de catalyseurs pourrait présenter de multiples avantages. Ces travaux de thèse s'intéressent à la préparation de silices hybrides organiques/inorganiques par voie sol-gel et aux applications de ces matériaux en organocatalyse asymétrique. La première partie du manuscrit est consacrée à une présentation bibliographique du sujet. Dans la deuxième partie, l'utilisation de la L-proline comme modèle est décrite. Des matériaux contenant un fragment L-proline ont été préparés et leurs performances catalytiques évaluées pour une réaction d'aldolisation asymétrique. Les processus à l'origine des propriétés catalytiques modérées de ces catalyseurs supportés sont discutés. La troisième partie porte sur le catalyseur de Takemoto, organocatalyseur bifonctionnel contenant un groupement donneur de liaisons hydrogène et une fonction amine tertiaire. Les différentes stratégies envisagées pour préparer des dérivés silylés de ce catalyseur sont exposées. Enfin, la nanostructuration de silsesquioxanes par le biais de liaisons hydrogène entre fonctions thiourée est présentée. / Asymmetric organocatalysis is a blossoming area of research. Immobilisation of this kind of catalysts could present numerous advantages. This thesis deals with the sol-gel synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid silicas and their applications in asymmetric organocatalysis. The first part of this work is dedicated to a bibliographic presentation of this area of research. In the second part, the use of L-proline as a model is described. Hybrid materials containing a L-proline component were prepared and their catalytic performances were evaluated in an asymmetric aldolisation reaction. The processes accounting for the moderate performances of these materials are discussed. The third part relates the synthetic strategies used to prepare silylated derivatives of the Takemoto catalyst, a bifunctional catalyst containig a H-bond donnor and a tertiary amine. Finally the nanostructuring of bridged silsesquioxanes through H-bonding interactions between thiourea cross-linkers is presented.

Numerous chemical species are important to the health of biological systems. Some species can be beneficial at low doses and harmful at high doses. Other species are highly reactive and trigger serious cell damage. Improved methods to detect the presence and activity of such species are needed. In this work, several biologically important species were studied using appropriate analytical techniques. Fluoride is an important species in human physiology. It strengthens teeth and gives protection against dental caries. However, elevated concentrations of fluoride in the body can lead to health problems such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. Reported fluoride sensors used fluorescence quenching methods in determining fluoride concentration. Our study explored synthesis and characterization of 1,8-bis(phenylthioureido) naphthalene (compound 1) as a fluoride sensing molecule. Compound 1 showed a remarkable 40 fold enhancement in fluorescence with 5 eq of fluoride addition. Compound 1 also showed possibility of visual colorimetric sensing with fluoride. Free radical mediated oxidations of biomolecules are responsible for different pathological conditions in the human body. Superoxide is generated in cells and tissues during oxidative burst. Moderately reactive superoxide is converted to peroxyl, alkoxyl and hydroxyl radicals by various enzymatic, chemical, and biochemical processes. Hydroxyl radical imparts rapid, non specific oxidative damage to biomolecules such as proteins and lipids. Superoxide also reacts with nitric oxide in cells to yield peroxynitrite, which is highly reactive and damages biomolecules. Both hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite readily react with amino acids containing aromatic side chains. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol in the human body. Elevated concentration of LDL is a potential risk factor for atherosclerosis. Previous research drew a strong correlation between oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and plaque formation in the arterial wall. More importantly, oxidative damage causes structural changes to the LDL protein (apo B-100) which might facilitate the uptake of LDL by macrophages. In this study LDL was exposed to various concentrations of hydroxyl radical peroxynitrite and hypochlorite. Thereafter oxidized amino acid residues in apo B-100 were mapped by LC-MS/MS methods. We found widely distributed oxidative modifications in the apo B-100 amino acid sequence.