Since 1980s, a number of factors caused an overall enhancement in the number of persons applying for asylum in Europe. This rapid increase in asylum applications and the end of the ideological gains towards refugees with the end of the politicized Cold War environment, necessitated European countries to re-focus on their immigration and asylum policies in a more systematic manner, especially after the ratification of the &lsquo / Single European Act&rsquo / . Following the transfer of competencies in asylum and migration to the Community level, discussions were quickly moved within a European framework although harmonization of divergent national practices about an issue directly related to state sovereignty, has not been deemed as a troublefree task for the Member States. On the other hand, the acquis regarding this problematic and state-centric issue has already started to be transferred to the Applicant Countries for the EU membership, as part of the pre-accession strategy, and also to the third countries through bilateral agreements. This thesis work will focus on the concerns regarding the extension of these European asylum acquis to the third countries as well as on the advantages of creating a Common Asylum Policy within the Union and its Associates.

The thesis analyses the immigration policy of the Czech Republic through the prism of Europeanization theories. The first chapter provides a theoretical platform for the subsequent analysis. It deals with the concept of Europeanization and its possible interpretations. Special attention is given to the so-called downloading and to the specific features of this process in the states of Central and Eastern Europe. The second chapter offers an outline of the development of immigration policy in the European Union from the 1980s, when the first common measures in this area were taken, to the present day. The third chapter concentrates in a similar way on the immigration policy of the Czech Republic as it has been developing since the 1990s, when immigration started to appear as a new phenomenon in the country. The last chapter gives an analysis of the Czech immigration policy as compared with analogous trends in Europe. Coming out of the theoretical concepts stated in the first chapter it assesses the processes of Europeanization in this field.

The life of labour migrants from third countries in the Czech Republic brings many social problems which foreigners have to solve. Their position in the Czech Republic is mainly determined by setting the legislation of residence permit. Foreigners have a specific social rights by type of residence. The author accounts with the laws of the Czech Republic and with the role of public and private institutions active in the field of migration and integration of foreigners. Also in the context of the regulations and recommendations of the European Union. The author had included the most important social aspects of life in society, such as social security, health, housing and education with special focus on the field of labour. The subject of this thesis is analysis of the status of foreigners in the social conditions of life in the Czech republic.

The theses is regarding at the beginning the theoretical conception of joint trading policy and tariff union, esspecially law regulations concerning with an import form third countries. As a kind of change-over of acts is an implementation of these law regulations, acting as a connected point between these regulations and theirs application. The practic sample of import of the medical device is based on the mentioned regulations with the attaching of the principles for an international purchase contract and the other juridical institutes which are regarding the case in several details. At the end of the case is enclosed also the sample of delivery of the imported goods to one of European countries as an example of intracommunitary performance.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuotos laisvosios prekybos susitarimai tarp ES ir trečiųjų šalių, ištirta tarpusavio prekybos struktūra bei pokyčiai 2000- 2010 metų laikotarpiu. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje, teoriniu aspektu išnagrinėjama liberalizacijos pradžia Europoje, bei šios idėjos plėtra, preferencinių susitarimų įpatybės pasaulyje be Europoje. Taip pat teoriškai vertinamas laisvosios prekybos susitarimų poveikis susitariančiom šalim. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjama ES ir Meksikos, Čilės, PAR ir P. Korėjos laisvosios prekybos struktūrą bei kaitą, be to įvertinamas poveikis šalių ūkinei veiklai. Trečiojoje dalyje išanalizuojama Lietuvos ir trečiųjų šalių prekyba bei ES taikomos strateginė plėtra pasaulyje. / Master's thesis analyzed the free-trade agreements between the EU and third countries, trade between the investigated structure and changes in the 2000 - 2010 period. The first part, a theoretical analysis of the context of liberalization starting in Europe, and this idea of development, preferential agreements įpatybės world without Europe. It is also theoretically considered a free-trade agreements on parties. The second part deals with the EU and Mexico, Chile, South Africa, and P. Korea free-trade structure and change, in addition to evaluating the impact of the economic activity of countries. The third part of Lithuania and analyzed by third parties for marketing and strategic development of the EU in the world.

1 [Mandatory rules in international business transactions] Abstract Nowadays, international elements often penetrate legal relations, which may interfere with the fundamental values of individual states. The mandatory rules of private international law offer protection against such unwanted interferences. These rules represent social, political and economic organization of the state and they apply always regardless of the applicable law of the legal relationship. Although the purpose of mandatory rules is obvious, there are many questions about their application in practice. This thesis offers an overview of possible answers concerning the definition, naming of this type of rules or determination of their mandatory character. Furthermore, the work categorizes mandatory rules according to their function and origin and explains the difference between mandatory rules in the context of private international law and national law. The thesis describes issues of mandatory rules that protect weaker parties of obligations and their international mandatory character. Example of contradictory opinions is based on case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in cases Ingmar and Unamar, which recognizes international mandatory character of these rules, and on German doctrine and case-law, which considers these...

This paper studies the dynamics of the EU external migration policy by applying the external governance theory on the Global approach to migration (GAM) while exploring the nature of migration relations between the Union and the third countries. The Global approach to migration is based on the integration of migration issues (based on four thematic dimensions) in the EU external relations and on strengthening cooperation and dialogue with partner countries. The aim of the thesis is to clarify by the theory of external governance the relations between the EU and partner countries with which the EU cooperates in the management of migration flows. More specifically, the thesis focuses on mutual relations, which are reflected in cooperation on migration issues and answers the question whether GAM raised a qualitative change in relations between the EU and partner countries. Further, the text aspires on the reflection of the international role of the EU in its external relations of migration. The thesis identifies 10 major platforms of cooperation between the EU and third countries: (1) The European Neighbourhood Policy, (2) The Euro-African Process on Migration and Development, (3) The EU-Africa Partnership on Migration, Mobility and Employment, (4) The Union for Mediterranean, (5) Dialogue on...

Genom åren har flyktingar och andra skyddsbehövande gjort försök att ta sig till Europa. Avsaknaden av reguljära vägar har dock resulterat i att hundratusentals människor har mist sina liv på de alternativa vägarna längs Medelhavet. År 2015 var migrationsströmmarna till Europa mest frekventa, vilket uppenbarade en ineffektivitet i EU:s migrationspolitik. Situationen med de ökade migrationsströmmarna har kommit att kallas för en flyktingkris, som har gett upphov till omedelbara kontrollåtgärder. Bland åtgärderna finns visumkrav, transportörsansvar och förstärkande av extraterritoriella gränskontroller genom fördjupade samarbeten med tredjeländer.  Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka EU:s extraterritoriella gränskontroller i förhållande till folkrättsliga normer, med fokus på skyddsbehövandes tillgång till skydd vid tredjelandssamarbeten.  Resultaten av undersökningen visar att EU:s extraterritoriella gränskontroller begränsar människors tillgång till skydd – genom att stoppa människor i ursprungs- och transitländerna eller genom att avlägsna dem från Europa till tredjeländer som exempelvis Turkiet och Libyen. Även om dessa länder anses utgöra så kallade säkra länder framgår av sammanställningen att överträdelser av mänskliga rättigheter är återkommande inslag. Härav följer att EU:s intresse av att reglera migrationen har fått stå i framkant, medan intresset av att ge skyddsbehövande tillgång till det skydd de är berättigade till har följaktligen fått stå tillbaka. / Over the years, refugees and those in need of protection have made several attempts to reach Europe. However, the lack of regular routes has resulted in hundreds of thousands of people losing their lives on irregular routes along the Mediterranean. In 2015, the migration flows across the Mediterranean reached high levels, which revealed inefficiency in the EU's migration policy. The situation with the increased migration flows across the Mediterranean has been labelled as a refugee crisis, and has given rise to immediate measures. The measures include border checks such as visa requirements, carrier responsibility, and extraterritorial border controls through deepened cooperation with third countries.  The purpose of this study is to investigate the EU's extraterritorial border controls in relation to public international law norms. The focus is on the possibility of access international protection in situations of collaborations with third countries.  The results of the study show that the extraterritorial border controls restrict people's access to protection - by stopping people in the countries of origin and transit, or by removing them from the European territory to third countries such as Turkey and Libya. Both are considered to be safe countries. However, evidence shows that neither Turkey nor Libya are such safe countries and that human rights are frequently violated. Accordingly, the EU's interest in regulating migration has remained at the forefront, while the interest in protecting those in need has been held back – even for those who are entitled to protection under public international law.

The aim of this paper is to investigate if it is compatible with the free movement of capital (Article 63 TFEU) to levy a withholding tax on Swedish-sourced dividends paid to non-EU investment funds with legal personality (in the paper referred to as investment companies). This question is of relevance since several Swedish intermediaries do not pay any income tax on dividends, either due to a formal tax exemption or to de facto practice. As such, it is clear from CJEU case law that non-EU investment companies should also be exempt from withholding tax on dividends, provided that they are in an objectively comparable situation with any of these Swedish entities and that no justification ground is applicable.   The conclusion of the thesis is that there are indications of that the current Swedish lower court practice, which is to deny comparability between non-EU investment companies and Swedish tax-exempt investment funds with reference to that the foreign entities have a different legal form, is contrary to EU law. Alternatively, it is possible to find discriminatory treatment when comparing the dividend tax treatment of a non-EU investment company with the dividend tax treatment of a Swedish fiscal investment enterprise (investmentföretag). For this reason, it is welcome that leave to appeal was recently granted by the Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden in one of the lower court cases dealing with this issue.

The number of scandals during the past years regarding the use and misuse of digital storage of personal infor-mation in combination with the implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) within the EU member states, has resulted in a resurfaced discussion of sovereignty within the public sphere in relation to the storage of digital information. This master thesis examines the attitudes towards national data storage of personal data within twenty Swedish public agencies in the context of the analytical term Digital sovereignty.The thesis uses semi-structured interviews with employees working with data protection and qualitative con-tent analysis of internal documents connected to personal data management, in order to examine Swedish govern-ment agencies attitudes towards national data storage of personal information. The responses of the interviews and the internal policy documents in the area of personal data protections is viewed through the analytic term Digital sovereignty. The government agency the Swedish social security agency’s definition of Digital sovereignty is used in the thesis, which focuses on national governments ability to have control over both the technical and geograph-ical processing and storage of their citizen’s personal data.The thesis concludes that Swedish authorities takes the risk of transfer of personal data to third countries outside of the EU very seriously, while they also see the need to find legal ways to transfer personal data to these same countries. The thesis also concludes that Swedish government agencies try to avoid cloud services and are cautious in their use due to the implications they have for information and data security, while other research have shown that cloud services are used extensively within Swedish government agencies. The thesis also concludes that there is a lack of interest in national data storage of personal information within Swedish government, which can partially be attributed to the relationship between the General Data Protections Regulation and data storage regulation on a national level in Sweden. This leads to the final conclusion in this thesis, which is that there is some indication that the future of storage of personal data with the EU member states lies not in nationally managed cloud services, but rather in a federated cloud service on EU-level such as the currently ongoing project Gaia-X. This is a two years master's thesis in Archival science.