Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1997. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1997. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dornbusch_pt_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 1000026 bytes, checksum: 9d7db83dca777b01eccbd74b45e0a741 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A trombose de jugular é problema freqüente na medicina eqüina, implicando muitas vezes em conseqüências fatais. O diagnóstico é relativamente simples, baseado nos achados físicos, nas imagens angiográficas e ultra-sonográficas. A terapêutica conservativa empregada em grande parte dos casos é insatisfatória. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar em eqüinos a aplicabilidade da trombectomia com cateter de fogarty, técnica esta rotineiramente empregada pela medicina humana, no restabelecimento da perviedade vascular. Foram utilizados 10 eqüinos divididos em 2 grupos, com cinco animais cada, em que se induziu a trombose de jugular unilateral direita, através do acesso cirúrgico à veia e aplicação de sutura estenosante e injeção de glicose a 50%. No grupo controle avaliou-se a evolução da tromboflebite sem qualquer tipo de intervenção terapêutica. Os animais do grupo tratado foram submetidos a trombectomia com cateter de Fogarty. Foram avaliados os parâmetros físicos gerais, regionais, ultra-sonográficos e angiográficos contrastados, nos momentos pré-indução (MPRÉ), indução da trombose (MTI) e dez dias de evolução da trombose (M13). A técnica empregada induziu a tromboflebite, que obstruiu completamente um segmento da veia jugular de todos os animais. Os animais do grupo controle mantiveram os trombos obstruindo totalmente o lume vascular até o final do período de avaliação, sendo que avaliações regionais mostraram principalmente o edema parotídeo e o ingurgitamento vascular, cranial a tromboflebite de jugular. Nos exames ultra-sonográficos e angiográficos, o grupo tratado apresentou todas as veias pérvias ao final do experimento, com remissão total dos sinais clínicos. Concluiu-se que a técnica da trombectomia com cateter de Fogarty foi eficiente na desobstrução da veia jugular submetida à trombose experimental. / Thrombosis of jugular vein is a frequent problem in the equine medicine, implying many times in fatal consequences. The diagnosis is relatively simple, based in the clinical findings, angiographics images and ultrasonographycs. The therapeutic employed to a large extent of the cases is unsatisfactory. The objective of this work was to evaluate in horses the applicability of the thrombectomy with Fogarty catheter, technique routinely used in medicine, in the reestablishment of the perviousness vascular. 10 horse divided in 2 groups had been used, with five animals each, and induced thrombosis of right unilateral jugular vein, through the surgical access to the vein and application of stenotic suture and glucose 50% injection. In the controlled group it was evaluated evolution of the thrombophlebitis without any type of therapeutical intervention. The animals of the treatead group had been submitted to the thrombectomy with Fogarty catheter. General clinical parameters were analysed at the moment of the preinduction (MPRÉ), induction of thrombosis (MTI), and ten days of evolution of thrombosis (M10). The employed technique induced the thrombophlebitis that completely obstructed a segment of the jugular vein in all the animals. The animals of the control group had kept the thrombus totally obstructing the vascular lumen until the end of the period of evaluation, being that regional evaluations had mainly shown parotid edema and the vascular dilated, cranial the thrombophlebitis of jugular vein. The treated group presented all the pervious veins to the end of the experiment, confirmed by angiographics and ultrasonographics examinations, with total remission of the clinical sign. So far, it was concluded that the technique of the thrombectomy with catheter of Fogarty was efficient in eliminating the obstruction of the jugular vein submitted to experimental thrombosis.

Submitted by HERNANDO EMILIO GONZÁLEZ HORMIGA null (nanoarts@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-02T17:59:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese.pdf: 3610727 bytes, checksum: ae874ed160c53f81a6efc6c833a53bdc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-10T12:30:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 hormiga_heg_me_bit.pdf: 3610727 bytes, checksum: ae874ed160c53f81a6efc6c833a53bdc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-10T12:30:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hormiga_heg_me_bit.pdf: 3610727 bytes, checksum: ae874ed160c53f81a6efc6c833a53bdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-27 / Foi realizada a avaliação morfológica e morfométrica da veia cefálica submetida à pinçamento de cinco equinos hígidos. Foram testadas as pinças hemostáticas: Diffenbach bulldog, De Bakey bulldog, Rochester reta e De Bakey com cremalheira. Após 15 minutos da aplicação das referidas pinças, foi realizada a flebectomia parcial e coletadas as amostras referentes a cada segmento do vaso pinçado e do segmento controle sem pinçamento. Das peças procedeu-se as preparações histológicas dos segmentos da veia nas colorações de Hematoxilina-Eosina e Tricrômio de Masson, os cortes histológicos foram avaliados por microscopia óptica. Foi realizada análise morfológica das veias, de forma qualitativa, utilizando para isto uma escala de avaliação de lesões vasculares após pinçamento; a avaliação morfométrica, quantificando em micrometros o achatamento produzido pelas pinças nas diferentes camadas vasculares. Em ambos os estudos, morfológico e morfométrico, as pinças com serrilhamento transversal e fechamento tipo cremalheira causaram as maiores alterações, observou se marcada vacuolização das células musculares e desarranjo na túnica media com perda marcada das células endoteliais da túnica intima do vaso estudado. / Morphometric and morphologic evaluation of the cephalic vein of five healthy horses submitted to clamping was done. Hemostatic clamps tested were Dieffenbach bulldog, De Bakey bulldog, Rochester straight and De Bakey with ratchets. 15 minutes after mentioned clamps were applied partial phlebotomy was performed and histologic sections of the veins were prepared and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson Trichrome, after the stained preparations were evaluated by light microscopy. A qualitative morphological analysis of the veins was performed using a rating scale of vascular lesions after clamping; the morphometric evaluation consisted in quantifying in micrometers the flattening produced by the hemostatic clamps in the different vascular beds. In both studies, morphologic and morphometric, hemostats with transverse serration and ratcheted mechanism caused major changes, pronounced vacuolization of the muscle cells, derangement of the medium tunic and marked loss of endothelial cells of the intima tunic was observed in the vessel studied.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Hussni / Resumo: A trombose de jugular é problema freqüente na medicina eqüina, implicando muitas vezes em conseqüências fatais. O diagnóstico é relativamente simples, baseado nos achados físicos, nas imagens angiográficas e ultra-sonográficas. A terapêutica conservativa empregada em grande parte dos casos é insatisfatória. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar em eqüinos a aplicabilidade da trombectomia com cateter de fogarty, técnica esta rotineiramente empregada pela medicina humana, no restabelecimento da perviedade vascular. Foram utilizados 10 eqüinos divididos em 2 grupos, com cinco animais cada, em que se induziu a trombose de jugular unilateral direita, através do acesso cirúrgico à veia e aplicação de sutura estenosante e injeção de glicose a 50%. No grupo controle avaliou-se a evolução da tromboflebite sem qualquer tipo de intervenção terapêutica. Os animais do grupo tratado foram submetidos a trombectomia com cateter de Fogarty. Foram avaliados os parâmetros físicos gerais, regionais, ultra-sonográficos e angiográficos contrastados, nos momentos pré-indução (MPRÉ), indução da trombose (MTI) e dez dias de evolução da trombose (M13). A técnica empregada induziu a tromboflebite, que obstruiu completamente um segmento da veia jugular de todos os animais. Os animais do grupo controle mantiveram os trombos obstruindo totalmente o lume vascular até o final do período de avaliação, sendo que avaliações regionais mostraram principalmente o edema parotídeo e o ingurgitamento vascular, cranial a tromboflebite de jugular. Nos exames ultra-sonográficos e angiográficos, o grupo tratado apresentou todas as veias pérvias ao final do experimento, com remissão total dos sinais clínicos. Concluiu-se que a técnica da trombectomia com cateter de Fogarty foi eficiente na desobstrução da veia jugular submetida à trombose experimental. / Abstract: Thrombosis of jugular vein is a frequent problem in the equine medicine, implying many times in fatal consequences. The diagnosis is relatively simple, based in the clinical findings, angiographics images and ultrasonographycs. The therapeutic employed to a large extent of the cases is unsatisfactory. The objective of this work was to evaluate in horses the applicability of the thrombectomy with Fogarty catheter, technique routinely used in medicine, in the reestablishment of the perviousness vascular. 10 horse divided in 2 groups had been used, with five animals each, and induced thrombosis of right unilateral jugular vein, through the surgical access to the vein and application of stenotic suture and glucose 50% injection. In the controlled group it was evaluated evolution of the thrombophlebitis without any type of therapeutical intervention. The animals of the treatead group had been submitted to the thrombectomy with Fogarty catheter. General clinical parameters were analysed at the moment of the preinduction (MPRÉ), induction of thrombosis (MTI), and ten days of evolution of thrombosis (M10). The employed technique induced the thrombophlebitis that completely obstructed a segment of the jugular vein in all the animals. The animals of the control group had kept the thrombus totally obstructing the vascular lumen until the end of the period of evaluation, being that regional evaluations had mainly shown parotid edema and the vascular dilated, cranial the thrombophlebitis of jugular vein. The treated group presented all the pervious veins to the end of the experiment, confirmed by angiographics and ultrasonographics examinations, with total remission of the clinical sign. So far, it was concluded that the technique of the thrombectomy with catheter of Fogarty was efficient in eliminating the obstruction of the jugular vein submitted to experimental thrombosis. / Doutor

Bakgrund: Ungefär hälften av alla vuxna som vårdas på sjukhus erhåller en perifer venkateter (PVK) för intravenöst behandling. Det finns risk för lindriga eller allvarliga komplikationer. Den vanligaste komplikationen är tromboflebit och den allvarligast är infektion. I Sverige är det sjuksköterskan som ansvarar för insättning, skötsel, borttagande och dokumentation av PVK. Omvårdnaden vid handhavande av PVK är eftersatt och sjuksköterskan bör förvissa sig om att deras kunskaper är uppdaterad och evidensbaserad för att minska risken för komplikationer. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva faktorer av betydelse som kan förebygga PVK relaterade komplikationer med fokus på tromboflebit och infektion. Metod: En litteraturstudie som är baserad på 15 artiklar, 2009-2014. Resultat: Faktorer av betydelse för att förebygga tromboflebit och infektion i samband med PVK är inläggningsteknik, anatomisk placering, PVK storlek, slutna- eller öppna system och hur länge en PVK är in situ. Utbildning av personalen och feedback förbättrade handhavandet av PVK och följsamheten till riktlinjer. Slutsats: Flera faktorer påverkar om patienten utvecklar tromboflebit eller infektion i samband med PVK. Flera går att förebygga genom att följsamheten till riktlinjer förbättras och utförda omvårdnadsåtgärder dokumenteras. / Background:About half of all adults who are being cared for in hospital receivea peripheral venous catheter (PVC) for intravenous treatment. There is a risk of mild or serious complications. The most common complication is thrombophlebitis and the most serious is infection. In Sweden it isthe nurse who is responsible for the insertion, management, removal and documentation of PVC. Nursing care in PVCis neglected and the nurse should ensure that their knowledge is up-to-date and evidence-based in order to reduce the risk of complications.Aim:The aim of the studywas to describe factors that can prevent PVCrelated complications with focus on thrombophlebitis and infection.Method:Aliterature review based on 15articles, 2009-2014. Results:Factors of importance to prevent thrombophlebitis and infection associated with the PVCis insertion technique, anatomic location, PVCsize, closed or open system and how long PVCis in situ. Staff training and feedback improved management of PVCand adherence to guidelines. Conclusion:Several factors affect if the patient developsfrom thrombophlebitis or infection associated with PVC. Many are preventable by adherence to the guidelines be improved and performed nursing interventions should be documented.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), comprising deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a common and preventable cause of morbidity among individuals and hospital in-patient mortality. Further, it imposes a substantial burden upon the community and its health care system and economy. Studies performed in Western societies suggest that the annual incidence of DVT is about 0.8 to 1.2 per 1,000, PE about 0.3 to 0.6 per 1,000, and VTE about 1.0 to 1.8 per 1,000. However, it is not known if these estimates can be generalised to the Australian population because of differences in ethnic composition and other risk factors for VTE among the different populations. In this thesis, I undertook a prospective, community-based cohort study over a 13-month period in 2003 – 2004 to determine the incidence and crude event rate of symptomatic, objectively verified VTE in north-east metropolitan Perth. The study population was broadly representative of the national Australian population in terms of age, sex and ethnic distribution. Cases were identified through multiple overlapping sources. The incidence of DVT, PE and VTE in the community were 0.52 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.41 – 0.63), 0.31 (95% CI: 0.22 – 0.40) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.69 – 0.97) per 1000 per year, respectively. The annual incidence of DVT, adjusted to the World Standard population, was 0.35 (95% CI: 0.26 – 0.44) per 1000, PE 0.21 (95% CI: 0.14 – 0.28) per 1000 and VTE 0.57 (95% CI: 0.47 – 0.67) per 1000. The crude event rate for VTE was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.71 – 0.99) per 1000 per year. These findings suggest that the incidence of DVT, PE and VTE are lower than in other Western societies studied. Possible reasons include a lower prevalence of exposure to causal risk factors (genetic and environmental) and incomplete case ascertainment. Knowledge of the local incidence and event rate allows health planners to allocate appropriate resources and evaluate cost-effective preventive measures.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_dpm_dr_jabo.pdf: 1050559 bytes, checksum: 7a07158370abdb59cd93a29b2daf1a46 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A tromboflebite jugular é frequentemente encontrada em equinos causando comprometimento circulatório grave nas regiões cervical e cefálica. Até o presente momento, não há relatos que avaliem as alterações hemodinâmicas em equinos causadas pela obstrução venosa jugular por trombo durante o exercício. Da mesma forma, não há relatos da eficácia da terapia trombolítica regional com estreptoquinase no tratamento desta alteração vascular em equinos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliação da técnica cirúrgica de canulação da artéria facial e manutenção prolongada do cateter com solução de heparina e ácido ascórbico, visando realizar de forma seriada colheita de amostras sanguíneas e avaliação invasiva de pressão arterial, durante o exercício em esteira rolante; estabelecimento de um modelo de indução de tromboflebite da veia jugular de equinos utilizando solução de dois agentes esclerosantes associados: oleato de etanolamina 5% e glicose 50%; avaliação da terapia trombolítica regional com estreptoquinase como tratamento da tromboflebite jugular induzida experimentalmente em equinos; avaliação hemodinâmica de equinos submetidos a oclusão unilateral da veia jugular por tromboflebite induzida. Vinte equinos adultos foram utilizados para conclusão dos protocolos. O procedimento de cateterização da artéria facial e manutenção do cateter com solução de heparina e ácido ascórbico, manteve a via arterial viável por 25 dias. O protocolo de indução não cirúrgica de tromboflebite jugular experimental foi eficaz em reproduzir a lesão de forma padronizada. Foram observadas alterações hemodinâmicas significativas nos equinos apresentando oclusão jugular por trombose induzida, durante o exercício de esforço progressivo em esteira rolante... / Thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein is commonly observed in horses leading to head and neck circulatory impairment. To date, there are no reports evaluating hemodynamic changes in horses presenting thrombus obstruction during the exercise. In addition, there are no studies about the use of streptokinase in thrombolytic therapy for treatment of jugular vein thrombophlebitis in horses. The purposes of this study were: to evaluate the technique for facial artery catheter implantation and long-term maintenance using heparin and ascorbic acid as a filling solution, to perform serial blood sampling and invasive arterial pressure measurement during the exercise on treadmill; establishment of an equine jugular vein thrombophlebitis induction model using a solution of two sclerosing agents in association: ethanolamine oleate 5% and glucose 50%; hemodynamic evalution in horses presenting unilateral occlusion of the jugular vein through experimental inducted thrombophlebitis; evaluation of regional thrombolytic therapy using streptokinase as a treatment for jugular vein inducted thrombophlebitis in horses. Twenty adult horses were assessed to conclude all the protocols. Procedures for facial artery catheterization and maintenance using heparin and ascorbic acid as a filling solution kept the arterial line open for 25 days. The nonsurgical protocol to induce experimental jugular thrombophlebitis was efficient in reproduce a standardized lesion. Significative hemodynamic changes were observed in the horses presenting jugular occlusion through induced thrombosis during the exercise on treadmill. Streptokinase thrombolytic therapy test showed that the drug exerts fibrinolytic action on horses’ thrombus, however it was not capable to permanently recanalize injuried vessels

Orientador: José Corrêa de Lacerda Neto / Banca: Julio Carlos Canola / Banca: Áureo Evangelista Santana / Banca: Olivier Lepage / Banca: Juliana Regina Peiró / Resumo: A tromboflebite jugular é frequentemente encontrada em equinos causando comprometimento circulatório grave nas regiões cervical e cefálica. Até o presente momento, não há relatos que avaliem as alterações hemodinâmicas em equinos causadas pela obstrução venosa jugular por trombo durante o exercício. Da mesma forma, não há relatos da eficácia da terapia trombolítica regional com estreptoquinase no tratamento desta alteração vascular em equinos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliação da técnica cirúrgica de canulação da artéria facial e manutenção prolongada do cateter com solução de heparina e ácido ascórbico, visando realizar de forma seriada colheita de amostras sanguíneas e avaliação invasiva de pressão arterial, durante o exercício em esteira rolante; estabelecimento de um modelo de indução de tromboflebite da veia jugular de equinos utilizando solução de dois agentes esclerosantes associados: oleato de etanolamina 5% e glicose 50%; avaliação da terapia trombolítica regional com estreptoquinase como tratamento da tromboflebite jugular induzida experimentalmente em equinos; avaliação hemodinâmica de equinos submetidos a oclusão unilateral da veia jugular por tromboflebite induzida. Vinte equinos adultos foram utilizados para conclusão dos protocolos. O procedimento de cateterização da artéria facial e manutenção do cateter com solução de heparina e ácido ascórbico, manteve a via arterial viável por 25 dias. O protocolo de indução não cirúrgica de tromboflebite jugular experimental foi eficaz em reproduzir a lesão de forma padronizada. Foram observadas alterações hemodinâmicas significativas nos equinos apresentando oclusão jugular por trombose induzida, durante o exercício de esforço progressivo em esteira rolante ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein is commonly observed in horses leading to head and neck circulatory impairment. To date, there are no reports evaluating hemodynamic changes in horses presenting thrombus obstruction during the exercise. In addition, there are no studies about the use of streptokinase in thrombolytic therapy for treatment of jugular vein thrombophlebitis in horses. The purposes of this study were: to evaluate the technique for facial artery catheter implantation and long-term maintenance using heparin and ascorbic acid as a filling solution, to perform serial blood sampling and invasive arterial pressure measurement during the exercise on treadmill; establishment of an equine jugular vein thrombophlebitis induction model using a solution of two sclerosing agents in association: ethanolamine oleate 5% and glucose 50%; hemodynamic evalution in horses presenting unilateral occlusion of the jugular vein through experimental inducted thrombophlebitis; evaluation of regional thrombolytic therapy using streptokinase as a treatment for jugular vein inducted thrombophlebitis in horses. Twenty adult horses were assessed to conclude all the protocols. Procedures for facial artery catheterization and maintenance using heparin and ascorbic acid as a filling solution kept the arterial line open for 25 days. The nonsurgical protocol to induce experimental jugular thrombophlebitis was efficient in reproduce a standardized lesion. Significative hemodynamic changes were observed in the horses presenting jugular occlusion through induced thrombosis during the exercise on treadmill. Streptokinase thrombolytic therapy test showed that the drug exerts fibrinolytic action on horses' thrombus, however it was not capable to permanently recanalize injuried vessels / Doutor

Bakgrund: Flebit och tromboflebit har visat sig vara vanligt förekommande kärlkomplikationer av en perifer venkateter (PVK). Flebit beskrivs som en lokal inflammation av kärlväggen, som kan ha förekomst av trombosbildning och kallas då tromboflebit. Att etablera och upprätthålla en PVK är en vanlig arbetsuppgift för anestesisjuksköterskan och god kunskap om förebyggande omvårdnadsåtgärder för flebit/tromboflebit anses nödvändigt. Ett välfungerande kvalitetsarbete beskrivs som viktigt då flebit/tromboflebit leder till ökad kostnad för vården, förlängd vårdtid samt ett lidande för patienten. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som har visat sig minska risken för flebit/tromboflebit vid insättande samt användning av perifer venkateter, hos vuxna patienter som vårdas på sjukhus. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie baserat på en syntes av artiklar med kvantitativ ansats och experimentell design. Sökning av vetenskapliga artiklar gjordes i databasen MEDLINE. Totalt inkluderades 13 artiklar, publicerade år 2012–2020, för kvalitetsgranskning, vilket genomfördes utifrån Joanna Briggs “Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials”. Huvudresultat: De två artiklarna som berörde omvårdnadsåtgärder vid insättande av PVK visade inte på någon effekt av interventionerna. Samtliga tretton artiklar berörde användning av PVK, varav sex artiklar visade statistisk signifikans i sina resultat gällande att injektionslås, filter för injektion/infusion och hudbehandlingar har positiva effekter för att förebygga flebit/tromboflebit. Slutsats: Injektionslås, filter för injektion/infusion samt hudbehandlingar visade sig minska risken för flebit/tromboflebit vid användning av PVK, men används inte inom svensk hälso- och sjukvård. Det ses en brist i kvantitativa studier med experimentell design och systematiska litteraturstudier med metaanalys som sammanställer preventiva omvårdnadsåtgärder specifikt för flebit/tromboflebit. Därför rekommenderas vidare forskning för att implementera ett bredare spektrum inom detta område med avseende att öka patientens komfort. / Background: Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis are common vascular complications of a peripheral venous catheter (PVC). Phlebitis is described as a local inflammation of the vascular wall, which could have occurrence of thrombosis and is then called thrombophlebitis. Establishing and maintaining a PVC is a common work task for the nurse anesthetist and good knowledge of preventive care for phlebitis/thrombophlebitis is considered necessary. A well-functioning quality work was described as important due to that phlebitis/thrombophlebitis lead to an increased cost of care, extended care time and suffering for the patient. Aim: The aim was to describe which nursing interventions have been shown to reduce the risk of phlebitis/thrombophlebitis at insertion and use of peripheral venous catheter, in adult patients being hospitalized. Method: Systematic literature review based on a synthesis of articles with quantitative approach and experimental design. Search for scientific articles was made in the MEDLINE database. A total of 13 articles, published in 2012–2020, were included for quality review, which was based on Joanna Briggs” Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials”. Main result: The two articles which concerned insertion of PVC showed no significant results. All thirteen articles concerned use of PVC, of which six articles showed statistical significance in their results that injection locks, filters for injection/infusion and skin treatments have positive effects on preventing phlebitis/thrombophlebitis. Conclusion: Injection locks, filters for injection/infusion and skin treatments have been found to reduce the risk for phlebitis/thrombophlebitis when using PVC, but it is not used in Swedish health care. There is a lack of quantitative studies with experimental design and systematic literature studies with meta-analysis that compile preventive nursing interventions specifically for phlebitis/thrombophlebitis. Therefore, further research is recommended to implement a broader spectrum in this area to increase patient comfort.