In recent years, there has been a surge of research interest in the analysis of time series and spatial data. While on one hand more and more sophisticated models are being developed, on the other hand the resulting theory and estimation process has become more and more involved. This dissertation addresses the development of statistical inference procedures for data exhibiting dependencies of varied form and structure. In the first work, we consider estimation of the mean squared prediction error (MSPE) of the best linear predictor of (possibly) nonlinear functions of finitely many future observations in a stationary time series. We develop a resampling methodology for estimating the MSPE when the unknown parameters in the best linear predictor are estimated. Further, we propose a bias corrected MSPE estimator based on the bootstrap and establish its second order accuracy. Finite sample properties of the method are investigated through a simulation study. The next work considers nonparametric inference on spatial data. In this work the asymptotic distribution of the Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT) of spatial data under pure and mixed increasing domain spatial asymptotic structures are studied under both deterministic and stochastic spatial sampling designs. The deterministic design is specified by a scaled version of the integer lattice in IRd while the data-sites under the stochastic spatial design are generated by a sequence of independent random vectors, with a possibly nonuniform density. A detailed account of the asymptotic joint distribution of the DFTs of the spatial data is given which, among other things, highlights the effects of the geometry of the sampling region and the spatial sampling density on the limit distribution. Further, it is shown that in both deterministic and stochastic design cases, for "asymptotically distant" frequencies, the DFTs are asymptotically independent, but this property may be destroyed if the frequencies are "asymptotically close". Some important implications of the main results are also given.

Occurrence of displacements of shallow mat foundations resting on saturated silt-clay mixtures were reported in Mexico City during 1985 Mexico Earthquake, and in Adapazari during 1999 Kocaeli (izmit) Earthquake. Soft surface soils, shallow ground water, limited foundation embedments and deep alluvial deposits were the common features pertaining to such foundation displacements in either case. Experience shows, while uniform foundation settlements, even when excessive, do not limit post earthquake serviceability of building structures, tilting is particularly problematic. In this study, a simplified methodology is developed to estimate the seismically induced irrecoverable tilting potential of shallow mats on fine saturated soils. The undrained shear and deformation behavior of silt-clay mixtures encountered at the Adapazari sites with significant foundation displacements are investigated through a series of standard and rapid monotonic, and stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests conducted over anisotropically consolidated natural soil samples. Test results show that, while the shear strength of these soils do not significantly degrade under means of loading comparable to that of Kocaeli earthquake, their plastic strain accumulation characteristics critically depend on the mode of loading as well as the relative levels of applied load with regard to the monotonic strength. Based on the results of laboratory tests, the response of nonlinear soil-foundation-structure system is reduced to a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator with elastic-perfectly plastic behavior. The natural period of the system is expressed by simplified soil-structure-interaction equations. Pseudo-static yield acceleration, which is required to initiate the foundation bearing capacity failure when applied to the structural mass, is estimated by the finite-element method. Eventually, the tilting potential of the foundations is estimated utilizing inelastic response of the nonlinear oscillator. Response of the deep alluvium sites, which involves velocity pulses with periods consistent with the fundamental site period, is significant in determination of inelastic response of low bearing capacity systems. Predictive capability of the methodology developed is tested with actual case data. The methodology is observed to predict irrecoverable tilting potential of foundations consistent with the observations, except for the cases with low seismic bearing capacity. Deviations are explained considering the sensitivity of low-strength systems to asymmetrical behavior and uncertainties involved in seismic demand.

This thesis consists of a summary and five papers, dealing with self-normalized sums of independent, identically distributed random variables, and three-decision procedures for directional conclusions. In Paper I, we investigate a general set-up for Student's t-statistic. Finiteness of absolute moments is related to the corresponding degree of freedom, and relevant properties of the underlying distribution, assuming independent, identically distributed random variables. In Paper II, we investigate a certain kind of self-normalized sums. We show that the corresponding quadratic moments are greater than or equal to one, with equality if and only if the underlying distribution is symmetrically distributed around the origin. In Paper III, we study linear combinations of independent Rademacher random variables. A family of universal bounds on the corresponding tail probabilities is derived through the technique known as exponential tilting. Connections to self-normalized sums of symmetrically distributed random variables are given. In Paper IV, we consider a general formulation of three-decision procedures for directional conclusions. We introduce three kinds of optimality characterizations, and formulate corresponding sufficiency conditions. These conditions are applied to exponential families of distributions. In Paper V, we investigate the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure as a means of confirming a selection of statistical decisions on the basis of a corresponding set of generalized p-values. Assuming independence, we show that control is imposed on the expected average loss among confirmed decisions. Connections to directional conclusions are given.

Different wave power technologies are in development around the world in different stages of prototype testing. So far only a few devices have been deployed offshore at full scale for extended periods of time. Little data is published about how these different devices perform. This thesis presents results from experiments with the full-scale offshore wave energy converters at the Lysekil research site on the Swedish west coast. The theories, experiments, measurements, performance evaluations and developments of the submerged transmission in the direct driven permanent magnet linear generator are in focus. The reciprocating submerged transmission fulfills the purpose of transmitting the absorbed mechanical wave energy through the capsule wall into the generator, while preventing the seawater from entering the capsule and reducing the life time of the converter. A measuring system with seven laser triangulation sensors has been developed to measure small relative displacements between piston rod and seal housing in the submerged transmission with excellent accuracy for the purpose of evaluating both functional behavior and successive wear in-situ. A method for calculating relative tilt angles, azimuth angles, differential tilt angles, and successive wear in the submerged transmission has been developed. Additional sensors systems have been installed in the converter enabling correlation and a thorough investigation into the operating conditions of the transmission and the converter. The thesis presents unique results from the measurements. A data acquisition system transmits the signals from the converter on the seabed to an onshore measuring station. Results are presented in time-, frequency- and the time-frequency domain. The results have given important information for further development of the submerged transmission, which is important to the survivability of the system. The thesis describes the status of research, and is a step that may influence future designs of wave energy devices for reaching survivability and a cost-effective renewable energy system. / <p>Published is a preprint version of the full text and should be combined by the errata.</p> / The Lysekil Wave Power Project

The aim of this thesis was to investigate some methods for quantitative analysis of bone structure, particularly techniques which might ultimately be applied post-operatively following orthopaedic reconstruction operations. Initially it was decided to explore the efficacy of MRI in quantifying the bone structure at high resolution by comparing high resolution MRI against 'gold standards' such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical histology. This basic study provided a measure of the distortions in the morphological bone parameters derived from MR images due to susceptibility artefacts and partial volume effects. The study of bone architecture was then extended to a model of advanced renal osteodystrophy in a growing rat. For this study, high-resolution micro computed tomography (microCT) was used and as a result of the high resolution images obtained, three new bone morphological parameters were introduced to characterise the bone structure. The desire to study bone architecture post-operatively in hip replacements led to a preliminary study on ex-vivo sheep acetabulae following total hip replacement, to determine the extent that the bone architecture could be investigated around the acetabulum. The motivation for studying the acetabulum was based on the high occurrence of debonding at the bone / prosthesis interface. This study demonstrated the superior nature of 3D MRI over conventional x-ray radiographs in early quantitation of fibrous membranes located between the host bone and the non-metallic implant and/or the bone cement. The presence of such fibrous membranes is strongly indicative of failure of the prosthesis. When using clinical MRI to image post-operative hip replacement, the image quality is severely affected by the presence of the metallic implant. The head of the prosthesis is shaped like a metal sphere and is located in the acetabular cup. This problem was investigated by performing simulations of MR images in the presence of the field perturbation induced by the presence of a metal sphere, with the effects of slice excitation and frequency encoding incorporated into the simulations. The simulations were compared with experimental data obtained by imaging a phantom comprising a stainless steel ball bearing immersed in agarose gel. The simulations were used to predict the effects of changing imaging parameters that influence artefact size and also to show how current metal artefact reduction techniques such as view angle tilting (VAT) work and to identify their limitations. It was shown that 2D SE and VAT imaging techniques should not be used when metallic prosthesis are present due to extreme slice distortion, whereas 3D MRI provided a method that has no slice distortion, although the effects of using a frequency encoding gradient still remain.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo primário abordar os atuais conhecimentos sobre o transporte ferroviário interurbano e regional de passageiros, com foco na tecnologia dos trens de caixa móvel, também conhecidos como trens pendulares. Como objetivo secundário busca-se analisar a influência dos trens de caixa móvel ou pendulares na implantação e operação de novas ferrovias, com ênfase na adequação em fase de projeto, mostrando-se o potencial dessa tecnologia para o aumento da velocidade média e a redução dos tempos de viagem. São tratados os tópicos relevantes para o transporte ferroviário de passageiros, como o conforto do usuário, as especificações técnicas do material rodante e referências dos custos de implantação e operação envolvidos, mostrando-se também dentro de cada aspecto as diferenças dos trens pendulares em relação aos trens convencionais. Três estudos de caso elaborados terão como objetivo explicitar as interveniências da operação dos trens pendulares com o projeto ferroviário, em especial com o projeto geométrico, e através de simulações de marcha e comparações, mostrar de maneira prática o potencial do uso dos trens pendulares. Através do embasamento teórico e dos estudos de caso, é feita uma análise crítica de modo a possibilitar tanto um entendimento do transporte ferroviário de passageiros, quanto do material rodante de caixa móvel e suas possibilidades. Os resultados dos estudos de caso e a análise crítica mostram uma redução significativa dos tempos de viagem, entre 8,1 e 20,0%, mediante a operação de trens pendulares em substituição ao material rodante convencional. / As a primary objective, the present work aims to summarize the current knowledge on intercity and regional passenger railway transportation, focusing on tilting train technology, also known as car body tilt. As a secondary objective, the present work seeks to analyze the influence of tilting train technology on the design, implementation and operation of new railway corridors, with emphasis on design phase, showing the potential of this technology to increase speeds and reduce travel times. Railway passenger transportation issues, such as passenger comfort, rolling stock technical specifications and implementation and operational costs are addressed. Additionally, different aspects between conventional and tilting trains are also discussed. Three case studies help clarify the correlation between tilting train operation and railway design, especially the geometric design; further, with the help of speed simulations and comparisons, the potential use of tilting train operations are demonstrated. With the theoretical basis and the case studies, a critical analysis is made, allowing as a better understanding of railway passenger transportation with regards to the use of tilting rolling stock and its possibilities. The results of the case studies and the critical analysis present a considerable reduction in travel times, between 8,1 and 20,0%, with the operation of tilting trains in the place of the conventional rolling stock.

This master thesis analyses hook loader NKH 8A340. For calculation of load states was used the dynamic simulation in program MSC.ADAMS. This results were used like a input data to solve the construction with finished element method. After evaluation of results were made design changes of hook loader. Part of this thesis contains drawings of modified parts of hook loader.

La modélisation et la simulation numérique sont des outils fondamentaux pour la conception et le développement de nouveaux véhicules. Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la modélisation et la simulation d’un véhicule innovant, étroit et inclinable, en appliquant une description systématique et générique du véhicule considéré comme un robot dont la base est mobile et les roues sont les organes terminaux. Le système d’inclinaison motorisé entraîne une cinématique complexe et comporte des chaines fermées. Le but du travail est de construire un modèle physique précis, au contraire des modèles simplifiés de type bicyclette ou quart de véhicule utilisés habituellement pour l’étude de la commande des véhicules. L’approche procède à la description de l’architecture mécanique du véhicule, le considérant comme un système multi-corps poly-articulés, s’appuyant sur le formalisme de la robotique et précisément sur la représentation géométrique de Denavit-Hartenberg modifié. Cette approche permet de calculer automatiquement les expressions symboliques des modèles géométriques, cinématiques et dynamiques des structures simples et arborescentes. Les modèles qui en résultent comportent un nombre minimum d’opérations par la mise à profit du calcul symbolique itératif et des techniques de simplification de modèles propres à la robotique. Ces techniques sont implémentées dans le logiciel de calcul symbolique SYMORO+. Le modèle dynamique est calculé d’une manière récursive à l’aide de l’algorithme de Newton-Euler. La simulation dynamique utilise un simulateur édité sous Matlab/Simulink qui intègre le modèle dynamique direct calculé automatiquement à partir du modèle inverse. Des simulations réalisées sur des modèles de complexité croissante, pour des scénarios de freinage ou d’accélération, en ligne droite ou en virage, valident la méthodologie de modélisation mécanique proposée. / Modeling and simulating are fundamental tools to develop new vehicles. The aim of this thesis is to model and simulate a urban narrow tilting car whose structure contains closed mechanical chains. Hence the goal is to build a physical model more precise and realistic than the bicycle model or quarter vehicle model used usually for some control purposes. The modeling approach is based on the modified Denavit&Hartenberg description, commonly used in robotics, by considering the vehicle as a multi-body poly-articulated system whose the terminal links are the wheels. This description allows calculating automatically the symbolic expression of the geometric, kinematic and dynamic models, by using robotics techniques and a symbolic software package named SYMORO+. The dynamic model is calculated recursively thanks to the Newton-Euler algorithm. Simulations of different dynamical model of vehicles have been performed, analyzed and compared. They validate in some sense the modeling methodology presented as an efficient way to get realistic model of non-standard vehicles.

The thesis deals with the positioning of the tilting head of the multifunctional milling centre in three axis. The aim of the thesis is to design a multifunctional milling machine centre with a horizontal axis of the spindle in cooperation with Bc. Ľubomír Vazovan, Bc. Ján Rapčan a Bc. Tomáš Hynšt, who are working on the issues of the headstock, automatic tool change and palletization. The thesis also contains proposals of certain options and their subsequent evaluation by the multicriterial method PATTERN. The resulting construction is complemented by calculations of the main construction nodes.

Introduktion (och mål) – Jordens medeltemperatur har ökat exponentiellt sedan industrialismen i slutet av 1800-talet. En ökad medeltemperatur leder till klimatförändringar som värmeböljor, översvämningar, smältande polarisar och stigande havsnivåer. För att motverka den globala uppvärmningen krävs det att Sverige och alla andra länder minskar sina utsläpp av växthusgaser. Bygg- och fastighetssektorn står för en femtedel av Sveriges totala utsläpp av växthusgaser, därmed är det viktigt att minska utsläppen från sektorn. Stål är ett vanligt material som används inom byggsektorn. Produktionen av stål är energikrävande och leder till stora utsläpp av CO2. Det är utmanande att helt undvika användningen av stål inom byggsektorn, men det finns möjligheter att minska mängden stål i konstruktioner och därmed minska klimatpåverkan. Ett sätt att reducera materialåtgången och minska klimatpåverkan i en stålkonstruktion är att effektivisera konstruktionen och undvika överdimensionering. Målet med studien är att undersöka om det är möjligt att ändra de befintliga takbalkarna av HEB-profiler i ett reningsverk till IPE-profiler, med hänsyn till vippning, buckling och nedböjning. Målet är även att beräkna klimatrelaterade skillnader mellan de befintliga takbalkar av HEB-profilerna och de IPE-profiler som kan ersätta dem.  Metod – Forskningsstrategin för studien tillämpas i form av en fallstudie, då studien syftar till att få en djupare förståelse kring undersökningsobjektet som är ett reningsverk. Datainsamlingsmetoden är en dokumentstudie där dokument används som sekundärdata för att sedan analyseras. Därefter används den analyserade datan för att besvara frågeställningarna i studien. Resultat – Resultaten av studien visar att genom att undvika överdimensionering kan mängden stål minskas för de befintliga takbalkarna i reningsverket, vilket också resulterade i minskade utsläpp av kg CO2eq. Analys – Analysen av studien visar att de befintliga takbalkar av HEB-profiler i takkonstruktionen i reningsverket kan effektiviseras genom att ersätta de med IPE-profiler. Det är gynnsamt att ändra de befintliga takbalkarna av HEB-profiler mot IPE-profiler för att minska mängden av stål och därmed utsläppen av koldioxidekvivalenter. Diskussion – Studien visar att kritiska faktorer som vippning, buckling och nedböjning är avgörande vid dimensionering av takbalkar. Vippning och nedböjning var mer avgörande än buckling vid dimensioneringen av takbalkarna i studien. Studien påvisar att de befintliga balkar av HEB-profiler i takkonstruktionen kunde ersättas med IPE-profiler både med och utan trapetsprofilerad plåt för sidostagning. Genom att införa sidostagning med trapetsprofilerad plåt minskades risken för vippning, vilket möjliggjorde en ytterligare minskning av dimensionerna på IPE-profiler och därmed minskning av stålanvändningen i takkonstruktionen. / Introduction (and aim) – The earth's middle temperature has risen exponentially since the industrialization in end of the 19th century. A rising middle temperature leads to climate changes such as heatwaves, floods, melting of the polar ice and rising of the see levels. It depends on Sweden and other countries to reduce the emissions from greenhouse gases. The construction and real estate industry causes one fifth of Sweden´s total emissions of greenhouse gases. Steel is a common construction material but the production of steel results in large emissions of CO2 and demands a lot of energy. It is challenging to cancel out steel from the construction sector, but possibilities exist to decrease the amount of steel which benefits the environment. One way to reduce the amount of steel is to optimize the construction and to avoid over dimensioning. The aim of this thesis is to research if it is possible to change HEB-roofbeams to IPE-roofbeams in a sewage plant, considering tilting, buckling and deflection. The aim is also to research the environmental impact between HEB 220 and the IPE-roofbeams whom can replace it.  Method – The research strategy for this study is a case study which refers to a deeper understanding of an object. In this case the object is the sewage plant. The data collection method is a document study where documents are used as secondary data to be analyzed. The analyzed data is then used to answer the research questions of the study.  Results – The results show that it is possible to avoid oversizing beams and that effectivization leads to a reduction of CO2eq emissions. Analysis – The analysis of the study indicates that the existing roof beams, composed of HEB profiles in the building's roof structure, can be effectives by replacing them with IPE beams. It is beneficial to change the existing roof beams from HEB profiles to IPE profiles in order to reduce the amount of steel and thus the emissions of CO2 equivalents. Discussion – The study shows dimensioning factors such as tilting, buckling and deflection determine the dimensions of the beams. Tilting and deflection were more critical than buckling in the dimensioning of the roof beams in the study. The study demonstrates that the existing beams made of HEB profiles in the roof structure could be replaced with IPE profiles, both with and without trapezoidal sheet metal for lateral bracing. By introducing lateral bracing with trapezoidal sheet metal, the risk of tipping was reduced, which enabled a further reduction in the dimensions of the IPE profiles and thus a reduction in steel usage in the roof structure.