Nobel Biocare is one of the world’s leading companies that produce dental implants. This thesis was executed at the part of the company located in Karlskoga, Sweden.To be sure that the implants manufactured at Nobel Biocare will heal as good as possible when being implanted in a patient, the implant has to go through a coating process where the implants, after a few preparing steps, are going through a salt treatment. This salt treatment will in the end simplify the healing process for the patient. Between every process there is a time limit for how long the implants may rest, a so-called transfer time limit. This time is too short and leads to unnecessary cassations.The purpose of the thesis was to investigate what will happen if the transfer time limit of today increases from eight hours to sixty hours. What will be crucial for the results of the thesis is wether any contamination will occur on the surface of the dental implant or not.To investigate if any possible contamination occurs during the longer transfer time limit the implants were, after a coating process, examined with the help of a laboratry in Great Britain, where XPS analysis of different materials are performed.This thesis has the limitations of examining only the product TiUltra and has only investigated the longer transfer time limit during the coating process of the implants.The result of the thesis is that no contamination occured on the surface, and therefore there now is a basis available for technical documents to increase the transfer time limit from eight hours to sixty hours. This could also be implemented in other areas of the production, where there are similar problems. This thesis could be the base of new test plans for those areas. / Nobel Biocare är ett av de världsledande företag som tillverkar tandimplantat. Examensarbetet genomfördes hos den del av företaget som ligger i Karlskoga.För att de implantat som Nobel Biocare tillverkar ska läka så bra som möjligt när de väl är inopererade hos en patient genomgår dessa implantat en ytbehandling där ett saltlager, efter ett antal förberedande steg, läggs på ytan, som i slutändan förenklar läkeprocessen för den patient som får implantatet inopererat. Mellan varje processteg finns en tidsbegränsning för hur längre implantaten får vila, en så kallas transfer time limit. Denna tid är i dagsläget för kort och leder till onödiga kassationer.Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka vad som händer om den satta transfer time limit ökas från åtta timmar till 60 timmar. Det som kommer vara avgörande för resultatet är om någon kontaminering på ytan av implantaten uppstår eller inte.För att undersöka om eventuell kontaminering uppstod under en längre transfer time limit har de implantat som genomgått ytbehandlingsprocessen undersökts med hjälp av ett laboratorium i Storbritannien som utför XPS-analyser av olika material.Arbetets avgränsning är satt till produkten TiUltra och ska enbart undersöka en ökad transfer time limit under ytbehandlingsprocessen av implantaten.Resultatet av arbetet blev att ingen kontaminering uppstod på ytan och därmed finns tekniskt underlag för att kunna öka transfer time limit från åtta timmar till 60 timmar. Detta är något som skulle kunna implementeras på fler ställen i produktionen där liknande problem finns. Då skulle detta arbete och dess upplägg för test av förlängd transfer time limit kunna ligga som underlag för planeringar av nya tester.

Time limits in tax administration Time limits have an irreplaceable role in law. They are of a crucial importance especially in situations where a certain act (exercise of a right or a fulfillment of obligation) is limited by time so that after a certain time expiration it is possible to state that such an act was not performed and thus to draw legal consequences hereof. The main purpose of a time limit is the demarcation of the state of uncertainty as to whether the act will be performed or not and thus to determine either the legal consequence of the performance of the act or the consequences of the default of time. It is clear that the tax proceedings legislation also needs its time limits. Quite frequently it is necessary to set a certain time period for the performance of an act. This time period is set by a time limit. Otherwise it would be only possible to state that an act has already been performed or not yet been performed. It would however not be possible to state that the act was supposed to be performed, i.e. if a person who could have acted or was supposed to act, in fact did not act, the whole process of administration of taxes would come to a deadlock. The aim of this thesis is, firstly, to generally analyze the concept of time limits. The legal sciences deal with the general...

La mise en œuvre de la prescription de l’action publique n’est pas, en principe, subordonnée à la connaissance de l’infraction par les personnes pouvant déclencher les poursuites pénales. Le législateur retient en effet comme point de départ du délai de prescription le jour de la commission des faits et non celui de leur découverte. Cette règle connaît toutefois une exception lorsque l’infraction est dite clandestine. Parce que le ministère public et la victime n’ont pas pu avoir connaissance de l’existence de cette infraction, la prescription ne court pas tant que les faits ne sont pas apparus et n’ont pu être constatés dans des conditions permettant l’exercice de l’action publique. L’exception de clandestinité empêche donc le temps de produire son effet destructeur sur l’action publique. Sa mise en œuvre évite ainsi que certaines infractions restent impunies par le seul jeu de l’écoulement du délai. S’il ne fait aucun doute que la clandestinité d’une infraction constitue un obstacle à la prescription de l’action publique, la notion même de clandestinité reste à circonscrire. Elle recouvre en effet, en droit positif, de multiples réalités qui rendent impossible sa systématisation. Aux termes de la recherche, il apparaît que le critère déterminant de la clandestinité consiste dans l’ignorance légitime de l’existence de l’infraction par les personnes habilitées à mettre en mouvement l’action publique. En application de l’adage contra non valentem agere non currit praescriptio, cette ignorance caractérisée devrait autoriser le report du point de départ de la prescription de l’action publique de toute infraction au jour où les faits peuvent être constatés par le ministère public ou par la personne lésée. / In criminal matters, the setting of the time limit for prosecution is theoretically not subject to the knowledge of the offense by the people who can trigger criminal proceedings. Indeed, according to the law, the starting point of the said time limit period is the day the offense was committed, and not the day it was discovered. However, an exception to this rule exists when the offense is said to be clandestine. When both the prosecutor and the victim could not have know of the existence of this offense, the time-limit period does not run until the facts appear and can be noticed in the same conditions. An exception of clandestinity prevents time to produce its destructive effect on the prosecution. It avoids certain offenses to remain unpunished by the single flow of time. Undoubtedly, clandestinity is an obstacle to the prosecution of an offense. Yet, the notion itself remains to be circumscribed. In substantive law, clandestinity refers to a wide variety of realities ; its systematization is thus impossible. In a prospective approach, a criterion is to be found in the justifiable ignorance of the offense by those who can initiate a criminal action. Under the adage “contra non valentem agere non currit praescriptio”, this specific ignorance allows postponement of the starting point of the time limit for prosecution of any offence on the day on which the facts have been noticed by the prosecutor or the victim.

Nel teatro shakespeariano è molto spesso presente un uso del tempo affatto moderno e connesso con le nuove tecnologie, se si considera come moderna la presenza massiccia nel canone di una temporalità realistica e cadenzata dal movimento delle lancette dell’orologio, vero oggetto rivoluzionario del nuovo modello temporale. Tra i tanti strumenti che Shakespeare impiega per la manipolazione dell’elemento temporale a livello di drammaturgia, uno è sembrato particolarmente innovativo e rilevante: la scadenza. Si è pensato che la presenza di questo elemento in circa un quarto della produzione shakespeariana potesse rappresentare, anche solo dal punto di vista quantitativo, un dato interessante e meritevole di esame approfondito. Si è infatti ritenuto che l’imposizione di un limite di tempo preciso e scandito dall'orologio all’interno del dramma testimoni non soltanto la sussistenza di un nuovo approccio alla temporalità, ma anche la familiarità del pubblico con un nuovo modo di pensare il tempo. Si è considerato inoltre che il legame tra la scadenza e una nuova concezione del tempo potesse risultare con maggiore evidenza mettendola a confronto con un altro elemento, rappresentativo invece di un pensiero più tradizionale: la profezia. Nella profezia si è infatti voluto vedere una sorta di antecedente della scadenza stessa, a causa di alcuni aspetti formali che le accomunano; allo stesso tempo, tuttavia, ci si è concentrati sull’aspetto che le differenzia, operante proprio sul piano temporale e tale da renderle emblematiche di due tradizioni culturali e teatrali vicine ma fondamentalmente differenti. / Shakespearian theatre often presents a use of time which is undeniably modern and connected to new technologies, if we consider as modern the presence, in the Canon, of a realistic kind of temporality, marked by the rhythm of the clock, the revolutionary object that characterizes the new temporal model. Among the techniques that Shakespeare uses to manipulate the temporal element on a dramaturgical level, one seemed to be particularly innovative and relevant: deadline. The presence of this element in about one fourth of Shakespearean production could represent, if only from a quantitative perspective, an interesting fact, worthy of in-depth analysis. The imposition of a precise time limit, marked by the clock, was thought to be a testimony both of a new approach to temporality, and of the audience's familiarity with a new way to conceive time. The connection between deadline and a new conception of time was thought to better emerge by comparing it to another element, more representative of a traditional way of thinking: prophecy. Prophecy was considered as a sort of precedent for deadline, because of some formal aspects that they have in common; at the same time, however, the work focused on their differences, that occur on the temporal level, so much so that they almost become symbols of two cultural and theatrical traditions that are close, but fundamentally different.

In this thesis I describe the development of the legal frame for a statutory time limit, a period within which an official government authority can assess, reassess, calculate and issue taxes according to the law on Administration of Taxes and Charges (Nr. 337-1992) as amended and consequently replaced by the Tax Code, law nr. 280- 2009. Such time limit is crucial to establish a clear period during which tax can be assessed or a reassessed and issued to a subject with tax duty. After expiration of such time limit tax can no longer be calculated, and the tax proceedings therefore seize, without having the possibility to modify the tax as it was calculated last. The goal of this diploma thesis is to introduce the development of the legal frame for a statutory time limit for assessment and reassessment of taxes in the light of the modern case-law and its effects. The work includes cases from the Constitutional Court as well as administrative courts and it deals with the aftermath of their findings and lists the impact of such findings on private legal practice and by extension also on the tax subjects themselves. The thesis is divided into 8 individual chapters. Chapters 1 - 4 deal with tax proceedings, and time periods generally, time periods for tax administration and the calculation of course of...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo.pdf: 1619585 bytes, checksum: 4de10ca640ab043428d053c99d123b01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of the study is to analyse the effects of fatigue on kinematics characteristics during running at maximal oxygen uptake velocity. Eleven healthy males, team sports recreational players volunteered for this study. Firstly, subjects performed an incremental running test until volitional exhaustion to determine the maximal oxygen uptake velocity. The second phase consisted to a constant running velocity test at maximal oxygen uptake velocity to determine time to exhaustion at this velocity and acquire kinematical data. Subjects were filmed continuously from the left sagital plane at 210 Hz. Video cuts from five consecutive strides from 2 different times of the run were taken for analysis: a) 20 seconds after the onset of the run; b) 10 seconds prior the end of the run. Dependent t-tests were used to assess mean values across the two time points in the test. Multiple linear regression were used to assess the contribution of kinematical changes in the time limit. The increase in maximal plantar flexion during swing (p=0,009) and knee range of motion (p=0,05) were the only changes found for the whole group. Time Limit were predicted by changes in six variables: support time, knee flexion at contact, maximal knee flexion during stance, maximal knee flexion during swing, hip angle at toe-off and hip range of motion. These finding suggest that muscle fatigue during latter stages of run at vVO2max causes individual specific kinematical changes in ankle, knee and hip joints, moreover the absence of significant kinematic changes. Nevertheless, time limit can be predicted by kinematic changes throughout vVO2máx. / O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os efeitos da fadiga sobre características cinemáticas durante a corrida na velocidade do consumo máximo de oxigênio determinada durante teste incremental. Participaram deste estudo 11 sujeitos ativos fisicamente, estudantes de Educação Física, praticantes de esportes coletivos. Primeiramente os sujeitos foram submetidos a um protocolo progressivo de corrida até a exaustão voluntária para determinar a velocidade do consumo máximo de oxigênio. Na sequência, os sujeitos foram submetidos a um teste de velocidade constante para identificar o tempo limite na velocidade do consumo máximo de oxigênio e adquirir os dados cinemáticos a 210 Hz referentes a 5 ciclos completos de passadas em dois instantes diferentes da corrida: a) fase inicial: 20 segundos após o início da corrida; b) fase final: último contato do pé com o solo da última passada de interesse ocorrendo 10 segundos antes do término da corrida. Os valores foram calculados pelo software APAS. Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva, o Teste t Pareado para comparação entre as médias dos dois instantes analisados e a regressão linear múltipla para verificar a contribuição das modificações cinemáticas no Tempo Limite. O nível de confiabilidade adotado foi de 95%. O aumento da máxima plantiflexão no balanço (p=0,009) e amplitude de movimento do joelho (p=0,05) foram as únicas diferenças significativas encontradas para o grupo todo. O tempo limite pôde ser predito pelas modificações em 6 variáveis: tempo de suporte, máxima dorsiflexão no suporte, ângulo do joelho no contato, máxima flexão do joelho no suporte, máxima flexão do joelho no balanço e ângulo do quadril na retirada do hálux. Foi possível concluir que a fadiga muscular nos estágios finais da corrida na vVO2máx causa alterações cinemáticas individuais específicas nas articulações do tornozelo joelho e quadril, apesar da ausência de alterações cinemáticas significativas para a ampla maioria das variáveis. Além disso, o tempo limite pode ser predito por modificações cinemáticas ao longo da corrida na vVO2máx.

The subject of the diploma thesis is a management claim system. The aim of this work is surveying methods works with claims and giving well-arranged and integrated/coherent view of possibilities their assurance from points of law, accounting and tax, solutions of problem minimization bad debts/uncollectible accounts, of issue of the claim´s delimitations duties and responsibility. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis has been occupied of common delimitation of claims, it means their characteristics, the rise and the valuation, classification, accounting record and inventory; the claims after time-limit, the possibilities claims assurance, the items of correction, the claim´s depreciation and their cede. The practical part of my diploma thesis is made in the Oknoplastic company Příbram. The introduction of the practical part is intented on a characterization of this company, next sections are devoted to the analysis particual claims group, which are filling by company, to their assurance, items of correction and depreciations. The practical part is finished by proposal to improve system of claims management in the Oknoplastic company s.r.o.

Time and its reflection in law Aim of this Master's degree thesis is to explain time as a quantity which influence human's life more than any other and that is one of the most relevant legal events which cause certain consequences in law. The aim of this work is to capture time as a quantity that influences human life more than any other, and that is one of the most legally relevant facts with which the law attaches certain legal consequences. The thesis is divided into nine chapters; the first four are devoted to philosophical and historical introduction to the concept of "time", while the remaining five are focused on the influence of time in the context of the current Civil Code. The first chapter follows the perception of time from the beginning of mankind, deriving primarily from the work of a major Romanian historian and philosopher of the last century - Mircea Eliade. The second chapter is dedicated to time as divisible quantity and describes the different ways to divide time through the day on a longer term units - years. The third chapter discusses the concept of time in ancient Rome from the perspective of the great scholars of his time - Isidore of Seville and Ambrosia Theodosius Macrobius. It describes not only the Roman division of time, but also the development of the Roman calendar...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify perceived shortcomings in the process of building permits in municipality of Enköping from former customers’ perspective. The study also looked at if the content of the legislation made it difficult for the municipality to improve the process. Based on the identified shortcomings of the process a number of concrete improvement suggestions are presented that the municipality can use in future work to reach more satisfied customers and a more efficient process. Methods: To identify the perceived shortcomings a digital survey was sent to former customers in which they were asked about their experience and what could have made it better. Furthermore, an interview was made with the head of the building permits department to get an additional perspective on how the process works and what shortcomings are already known. The interview also helped to get the opinion of the municipality about the content of the legislation and if it makes their work easier or harder. Results: The results of the survey showed that five main areas were experienced as negative or difficult; the time-limit, the application documentation, the interpretation of the legislation, the fees and the ways to contact the department. The suggested improvements regarded an update of the information on the website, an increased efficiency in the channels of communication and a larger accessibility, structured work on consensus in interpretations of legislation and an increase of the digital services. Conclusions: The way to a more effective building permit process is not simple and many different factors can affect a costumer’s experience. By providing easy accessible and easy understandable information as well as digital services for the customers the time-limit of the process decreases. By creating a common interpretation of legislation between co-workers within the department and good ways for the costumer to communicate with the municipality many misunderstandings and a lot of frustration and potential delays can be avoided.

本研究欲探討在模擬甄選情境中，情境因素對降低社會期許之效果。本研究採三因子2×2×2受試者間之實驗設計，所操弄的三個獨變項為： 1.促發(priming)受試者誠實作答的傾向之有無 2.測謊題警告之有無 3.作答時間的限制之有無；依變項為社會期許正、負向題分數與三個人格測驗向度（適應性、親和性、審慎性）的分數。本研究分為研究一、研究二兩階段進行。研究一之受試者包括企業應徵者81人與國小實習老師92人，研究結果顯示：三個獨變項中，只在有「測謊題警告」情境下能顯著降低社會期許正向題的分數。「時間限制」則在無「促發」之情況下，會提升「親和性」人格之分數。針對研究一的結果，研究者改變「促發」與「時間限制」的操弄方式，其它研究程序相同，進行研究二。研究二之受試者為503位大學生，研究結果顯示：「促發」會提升社會期許負向題的分數，且在有「時間限制」、無「警告」的情況下，亦可提升「適應性」分數。「測謊題警告」可降低社會期許正向題的分數，並有降低「親和性」分數之趨勢。「時間限制」仍然沒有任何效果。 研究者分別就研究一、研究二之結果加以討論並提出可能的解釋。此外，研究者亦嘗試驗證與討論社會期許量表中正向題與負向題之建構。最後研究者檢討本研究之限制，並對未來之研究方向提出若干建議。 / The influence of three situational factors on reducing social desirability bias under simulated selection context was investigated in 2 studies. A 2×2×2 experimental design was used in these 2 studies. The three independent variables were: 1.’’Priming’’ the honest responding tendency. 2.Warning of having a lie scale. 3.Time limit for each question. The dependent variables included: 1.Two dimension scores of social desirability scale (positive keying items and negative keying items). 2.Scores of three personality dimensions (adjustment, likeability, prudence). Subjects of study1 were 81 job applicants and 92 elementary school interns. The results indicated that “warning of having a lie scale” could reduce the scores of positive keying social desirability scale. “Time limit” increased the scores of “likeability” under “no priming” situation. According to the results of study1, the author modified the manipulations of “priming” and “time limit”, and conducted study2. The subjects of study2 were 503 college students. The results indicated that “priming” could increase the scores of negative keying social desirability scale. “Priming” also increased the scores of “adjustment” under “time limit” and “no warning” situation. “Warning of having a lie scale” could reduce the scores of positive keying social desirability scale, and also had the trend to reduce the scores of “likeability”. “Time limit” still didn’t have any main effect on dependent measures. Base on the results for study1 and study2, the author discussed the effects of 3 situational factors on reducing social desirability bias, and also tried to clarify the construct validity of two-dimensional social desirability scale. The author also discussed the limitations of the present research, and made some suggestions for future research.