The purpose of this investigation is to contribute to the body of knowledge in the area of effective time management skills among African American and Hispanic male student athletes and their academic achievement utilizing the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS: 2002) Base year thru the First follow-up database. The researcher has assessed indicators (socioeconomic status, time use patterns, sports participation, and race) within the construct of academic achievement among African American and Hispanic male high school student athletes. Their contribution to the main effects revealed that statistically significant differences exist between the non-sports participant and sports participant groups. After controlling for time spent completing mathematics homework and socioeconomic status, the findings revealed that time spent completing math homework was significantly related to academic achievement for African American and Hispanic male student athletes. Time spent watching television was not significantly related to academic achievement for African American and Hispanic male student athletes. For the variable time spent playing on the computer game, the analysis indicated that the detrimental effect of time spent playing video/computer games was the same for African American and Hispanic male student athletes. Finally, it is noteworthy that effective use of time (i.e., playing video games less) and sports participation positively influences academic achievement of African American and Hispanic males high school student athletes. Strategies were uncovered for possible future research among African American and Hispanic male student athletes to increase academic achievement levels.

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The consistent growth in smartphone adoption together with the easy accessibility to internet usage on such devices, led to a shift in the development of personal technologies. The main change concerns devices that seek to capture user attention to those that aim to improve user well-being. Digital wellness, which entails all preventative measures aimed at regulating and improving the healthy use of technology, has therefore become of crucial importance in the development of such technologies, since their primary metric of success is influencing user behaviour. This paper answers the research question “Can persuasive technologies, especially digital wellness technologies, positively affect end users' time management skills and overall productivity?”. The theoretical background of this research investigates different definitions of persuasive technologies. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y is subsequently analysed to give the research a corporate background. Eventually, the analysis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, allows to identify two of the main variables of the study, end users' time management skills and overall productivity, as growth needs (B-needs) for individuals. Based on the research strategy, an online survey has been designed to get information via a questionnaire and investigate correlation between the main variables of the study, persuasive technologies and their positive effect on the users' time management skills and overall productivity level. Amongst the 108 respondents, 45% (n=49) uses its smartphones for an average of 4+ hours per day, and 68% (n=73) has not set any time limit for apps on their smartphones. However, 76% of the sample (n=82) is aware of the impact smartphones/wearable technologies have on their overall level of wellbeing, and 57% (n=61) believes Smartphones/wearable technologies help them to achieve their goals. This study provides empirical evidence that persuasive technologies can improve time management skills and overall productivity levels amongst its end users. Moreover, around 60% of the sample (n=62) would rely on a behaviour-effecting platform to achieve personal growth and improve their overall level of well-being. / I takt med den konstant tillväxten av smarta telefoner som gett direkt tillgång till internet, utvecklades  även personliga verktyg i form av applikationer (appar) på sådana telefoner och andra digitala verktyg som kan användas i kombination med smarta telefoner. Den största förändringen gäller appar och digital verktyg som försöker förbättra användarnas hälsa, även kallat digital hälsa. Digital hälsa, vilket inkluderar alla appar med mål att reglera och uppmuntra ett hälsosammare användande och andra verktyg, har kommit att spela en stor roll i utvecklingen av digital hälsa. Apparna och verktygens primära målsättning är således att påverka användarnas beteenden till att bli mer hälsosamma genom preventiva metoder. Denna studie ämnar besvara frågeställningen: ”Kan appar och andra verktyg av preventiv natur, i synnerhet appar och verktyg med fokus på̊ digital hälsa, ha en positiv inverkan och således påverka  användarens tidsplanering och samlade produktivitet?”  Tidigare forskning undersöker olika definitioner av influerande appar och verktyg. McGregor’s teori X och Y är senare använt och analyserat för att ge studien en bakgrund i hur det på verkar ens arbete. Vidare analyseras resultatet utefter Maslow’s behovstrappa. Utifrån Maslow’s behovstrappa identifieras två  huvudvariabler vilket studien fokuserar på , användarens tidsplanering och samlade produktivitet.  Studien genomförd en enkätundersökning för att samla information och utforska korrelationen mellan användarens tidsplanering och samlade produktivitet i kombination med preventiva appar och verktyg och deras effekter på  användarens tidsplanering och samlade produktivitet. Av enkätens 108 respondenter, använde 45 % (n=49) sina smarta telefoner i genomsnitt 4+ timmar per dag och 68 %  (n=73) har inte satt några tidsbegränsningar för deras användning. Dock visar studien att 76 % (n=82) av de tillfrågade är medvetna om apparna och andra digital verktygs på verkan på  deras hälsa och 57%  (n=61) tror att appar och andra digitala verktyg kan hjälpa dem att nå  deras mål.  Denna studie på visar empiriska bevis att preventiva appar kan förbättra respondenternas tidsplanering och samlade produktivitet. Sedermera, nära 60 % (n=62) litar på  att appar och verktyg som har effekt på  beteenden, kan hjälpa deras allmänna välmående

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Symptoms of ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) often involve difficulties with planning and organization. For many young adults with ADHD, it is therefore a stressful challenge to manage all the different aspects of life. As a help in everyday planning and organization, young adults with ADHD use digital time management tools. Previous research has identified that young adults with ADHD are dissatisfied with digital time management tools. However, it is not clear what challenges lead to this dissatisfaction. The purpose of this qualitative study was therefore to gain knowledge about the challenges experienced by young adults with ADHD in the use of digital time management tools. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine young adults with ADHD. The analysis of the interviews resulted in the identification of several areas that were particularly challenging in the use of digital time management tools. Notifications were perceived as distracting and interrupting, but also as not providing sufficient attention or being inadequately customizable. Difficulties in receiving support in creating routines and continued use of the digital time management tools were also addressed. Problems with overview as a result of using multiple digital time management tools were also mentioned. The study can contribute to increased understanding and knowledge of the challenges experienced by young adults with ADHD in the use of digital time management tools. / Symptom vid ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) innebär ofta svårighetermed planering och organisering. För många unga vuxna med ADHD är det därför enstressande utmaning att hantera alla olika aspekter av livet. Som en hjälp i vardagligplanering och organisering använder unga vuxna med ADHD digitalatidshanteringsverktyg. Tidigare forskning har identifierat att unga vuxna med ADHD ärmissnöjda med digitala tidshanteringsverktyg. Däremot framgår det ej tydligt vilkautmaningar det är som leder till missnöjet. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie vardärför att få kunskap om vilka utmaningar unga vuxna med ADHD upplever vidanvändandet av digitala tidshanteringsverktyg. Semistrukturerade intervjuergenomfördes med nio unga vuxna med ADHD. Analysen av intervjuerna resulterade iatt ett flertal områden identifierades som särskilt utmanande i användning av digitalatidshanteringsverktyg. Notifikationer uppfattades som att de är distraherande ochavbrytande men också att de inte ger tillräcklig uppmärksamhet eller är otillräckligtanpassningsbara. Svårigheter med att få stöd i skapandet av rutiner och fortsattanvändning med de digitala tidshanteringsverktygen togs också upp. Även problem medöversikt till följd av användning av flera digitala tidshanteringsverktyg påpekades.Studien kan bidra med ökad förståelse och kunskap om vilka utmaningar unga vuxnamed ADHD upplever vid användandet av digitala tidshanteringsverktyg.

This study examined age span between children as a significant factor which affected the time use of wives and husbands in 1,983 two-parent, two-child families. Data were derived from the Northeastern Regional Project, NE 113, sponsored by the Science and Education Administration of the United States Department of Agriculture. Using a multiple regression technique to investigate the individual activities that comprised household work time, it was found that age of the younger child, age of the older child, and age span, the interaction between the ages of the children, were significantly related to and were responsible for 49% of the variation in wives’ and nearly 16% of the variation in husbands’ time devoted to the physical care of other family members. Age span was not related to travel time use for any activity but was significantly related to secondary time use for non-physical care of family members by both parents. Age span, the interaction variable, accounted for differences between the ages of the children and explained the variation in effects of the differences at various ages. Plotting the significant interactions revealed five patterns of time use. The most prevalent pattern was when the age of the younger child was very young and the age of the older child increased, the most time was used for the activity; as the age of the younger child approached school age, and the age of the older child increased, the amount of time used for the activity leveled off, or, neither increased or decreased. Then, as the age of the younger child increased still further, and the age of the older child increased, time used for the activity, increased. This pattern fit wives’ time used for total work, household work, and physical care of family members; husbands’ time used for physical care of family members; and both parents’ secondary time used for physical care of family members. Wives’ time used for paid work and volunteer work followed an opposite pattern. The data have show that spacing of children has a direct bearing on parents’ time use decisions. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

The purposes of this study were to describe patterns of time use and to identify some of the sources of the gender gap in time expenditures in both urban and rural China. Based on previous theoretical perspectives, a number of individual and family structure characteristics were proposed to form a parsimonious and distinct model. Bivariate analysis, ANOVA, and multiple regression with interaction terms were used to test hypotheses that linked predictive variables with the dependent variables of the inquiry. Empirical work of the study was based on the 1990 survey data from a representative sample of adult Chinese persons living in Hubei Province, People's Republic of China. The descriptive results provided abundant information about gender differences in paid work, housework and leisure activities. On the whole, urban women had an equal amount of paid work as men had, their unpaid housework hours doubled or tripled their men's, and their leisure time was one hour less than men's. The gender gap in time use was larger in rural areas than in urban ones. The ANOVA results confirmed the majority of the aforementioned findings as significant. The multiple regression results identified the determinants of time use as follows: Once the other variables were held constant, (1) age, education, and income were predictive of paid work time; (2) sex, paid work time, education, and marital status had a significant impact on housework time; and (3) sex, time spent on paid work and housework, age, education, and income affected leisure time. The three models were found to be more applicable to the rural setting than to the urban one. The conclusions raised questions requiring policy development in China, and theoretical improvement and future research in both China and America. / Ph. D.