Les modifications du capitalisme et la financiarisation du droit des sociétés ont conduit au déclin de la notion de titre de capital telle qu'elle résulte de la théorie classique qui la définit comme une fraction du capital social représentant un droit d'associé dans une société de capitaux. Ce déclin se manifeste notamment par la remise en cause de la notion d'apport, l'instrumentalisation de la titularité du titre de capital par la pratique ainsi que la décadence des fonctions traditionnelles du capital social. Les incertitudes conceptuelles induites par la financiarisation invite ainsi à s'interroger sur l'utilité de la notion de titre de capital sous l'effet de la dégénérescence du capital social et l'érosion de la distinction entre actions et obligations. Or, force est de constater que la notion garde un intérêt, d'abord parce que l'examen de l'avenir du capital social montre que son abandon n'affecte pas la notion de titre de capital qui peut se désolidariser du capital social à travers la consécration des actions sans pair comptable représentant une fraction des capitaux propres. Ensuite parce que la remise en cause de la dichotomie actions/obligations ne fait pas disparaître la distinction plus large entre titres de capital et titres de créance qui garde un intérêt certain en droit des sociétés. Cependant, la recherche d'une nouvelle frontière rend nécessaire la délimitation du domaine réservé des titres de capital et la détermination de la place des valeurs mobilières donnant accès au capital du fait de leur caractère hybride. / The developments brought by the evolution of capitalisrn and finance to corporate law have led to the erosion of the traditional definition of equity securities, which were conventionally defined as a fraction of the share capital of a company that represents shareholders' rights. This is evidenced by the decline of capital contributions, the exploitation of ownership interests in the company in practice and the weakening of the traditional legal notion of capital. These conceptual uncertainties invite us to reconsider the utility of the concept of equity securities faced with the changing legal understanding of capital stock and the erosion of the traditional distinction between shares and bonds. Nonetheless, despite these developments, the concept of equity securities remains useful for two main reasons : first, upon evaluating the future of the legal capital, it becomes evident that the changes to the legal concept of capital stock should not affect the very existence of equity securities if shares with no par value are introduced ; and second, the overarching distinction between equity and debt remains essential in corporate law and cannot therefore be eliminated. However, il is necessary to redefine the boundaries between equity and debt and to clarify the legal nature of certain hybrid forms of securities.

The aim of this study is to investigate the occurrence of sexist language-use in the British online newspaper The Daily Mail. The material consists of 162 articles that were analysed by using feminist stylistics. The scope of the study was limited to selected features from feminist stylistics at word- and discourse-level. The features of linguistic sexism analysed were the use of gendered generic words, naming of females and males and how female and male characters are described. The gender of the journalists was also analysed to examine if it affected the language-use in terms of sexism. The results show that linguistic sexism is expressed to some extent at both word-level and discourse-level. At word-level linguistic sexism is expressed inthe generic use of some masculine words, the difference of how first name and surname are used to refer to women and men and in the use of titles. At the level of discourse linguistic sexism is expressed in the difference of how women and men are referred to in terms of their relationship to others and in terms of appearance. The gender of the journalist did not show any significance for the language-use in terms of sexism. Considering the limited material of the study, the results might not be suitable for generalisations. The results are nonetheless interesting and it can be concluded that the toolkit of feminist stylistic is relevant to this day and that linguistic sexism exists to some extent in the online version of The Daily Mail.

This thesis gives an overview of Jesus in the basic sources of Islam, the Qur'an and Sunnah. In a brief biography of Prophet Muhammad, it deals with the influence of Christians in his life. It follows the creation of the Qur'an and mentions some aspects of its doctrine. The thesis selects the Qur'anic verses about Christians and especially those which are related directly or indirectly to Jesus. It analyzes the meaning of the names, which the Qur'an assigns to Jesus. The selected Hadiths, in which some of the names of Jesus appear, are systematized into thematic areas. The thesis observe the role that this Islamic tradition assigns to him. It compares the differences between the view on Jesus in Islam and Christianity. It notes that there are different meanings in both religions under the same sounding names and titles of Jesus. The thesis brings reason why the image of Jesus in Islam is different. It shows whether the person of Jesus can be the object and starting point for interreligious dialogue. In conclusion, it offers the possibilities of inspiration for restoring Christian faith by Muslim Jesus.

The objective of this thesis was to explore whether there are alternatives to the established search ranking algorithm Best Matching 25 (BM25) when searching for shorter documents, in particular for the search of titles. Five search engines were compared to BM25, three of them being variants of the BM25 algorithm and the other two being based on a binary independence model that does not take term frequency or length normalisation into account. The evaluation data consisted of titles of Wikipedia articles from the fair ranking track retrieved from the main conference in the field, Text REtrieval Conference (TREC), and user logs collected from user search queries from Spotify. It was found that none of the alternative models consistently outperformed the standard BM25 for a query q where the number of words in q ranges between 1 ≤ |q| ≤ 8. Yet, for shorter queries |q| ≤ 3, the binary independence model and BM25 adaptive term (BM25adpt) outperformed the standard BM25. Furthermore, a 1% increase in Mean Average Precision (MAP) score was acquired with a binary independence model and BM25adpt compared to BM25 when sampling queries from the user log data. However, because of the bias in the evaluation data together with the small percentage increase in MAP score, it was concluded that the potential benefit of using the methods explored in this thesis is not enough to justify switching from the BM25 algorithm when searching for titles. / Målet med avhandlingen var att undersöka om det finns alternativ till den vedertagna sökalgoritmen Best matching 25 (BM25) vid sökning bland kortare document, närmare bestämt vid titelsökning. Fem sökmotorer jämfördes med BM25, tre av dem var varianter av BM25 och de andra två varianter av en binär oberoende modell. Den senare modellen använder sig inte av ordfrekvens eller längdnormalisering i sin beräkning, till skillnad från de tidigare modellerna. Evalueringsdatan bestod av titlar från Wikipedia som hämtats från den främsta konferensen inom informationssökning, Text retrieval conference (TREC), och även användarloggar hämtade från användarsökningar från Spotifys datasamling. Ingen av de alternativa modellerna presterade konsekvent bättre än BM25 när antalet ord i söktexten q varierade mellan 1 ≤ |q| ≤ 8. För kortare söktexter |q| ≤ 3 kunde både en binär oberoende modell och en BM25 adaptive term-modell (BM25adpt) prestera bättre än BM25. Vidare så kunde man se en ökning på den genomsnittliga precisionen (MAP) på 1% både hos den binära oberoende modellen och BM25adpt-modellen jämfört med BM25 när flera stickprov från användarloggdatan gjordes. På grund av att evalueringsdatan har en bias tillsammans med att den potentiella ökningen av MAP endast når upp till 1% drogs slutsatsen att fördelen med att använda en annan modell inte rättfärdigar bytet från BM25 vid titelsökning.

NASCAR has become one of America's fastest growing spectator sports, and corporate sponsors have played an important part in this upsurge in popularity. Race teams, drivers, and sanctioning bodies use the income that sponsors provide to operate at NASCAR events. This study provides an analysis of how corporate sponsorships have changed the way that NASCAR is presented in print journalism. Using Burke's method of indexing, NASCAR-related titles in the New York Times and the Johnson City Press from 1950 to present day are analyzed. The analysis reveals not only a steady increase in the number of NASCAR-related titles, but 4 indices of meaning that are most often used (Specific Races/Locations, NASCAR, Specific Names, and Sponsors) and that organizations should consider before they plan to promote their products using NASCAR.

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Over the years sectional ownership satisfied the psychological need of many South Africans to acquire home-ownership and it is currently estimated that there are more than 780 000 sectional title units throughout South Africa. The concept of sectional ownership consists of three elements, namely individual ownership of a section (residential or commercial); joint ownership of the common parts of the sectional title scheme and membership of the body corporate which governs the sectional title community. Sectional ownership is therefore a unique statutory institution with its own characteristics. An imperative of every sectional title scheme is to strive for financial stability, happiness and harmony in an intensified, diverse community where the objects of ownership, the individual units, are physically interdependent. The Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986, as amended, therefore imposes numerous financial and social obligations on sectional owners. These obligations require each owner to give up a certain degree of freedom that he might otherwise enjoy in separate, privately owned property. Ultimately the success of a sectional title scheme will depend upon the necessary co-operation and support of its members for compliance with these obligations. Since non-compliance can destroy the financial stability and social harmony in a sectional title scheme, effective procedures for the enforcement of these financial and social obligations are essential. Accordingly, effective sanctions are a sine qua non for a financially viable and socially successful sectional title scheme. This thesis provides a critical analysis of the various financial and social obligations that are imposed on sectional owners, as well as the measures available for their enforcement. It will become evident that the sanctions in the South African sectional title legislation for non-compliance with these obligations are conspicuously few and far between. It is generally accepted that the Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986 does not have sharp enough „teeth‟ to deal effectively with the non-compliance of these obligations. Consequently, the thesis will also focus on sanctions that are used in foreign jurisdictions to enforce sectional owners‟ financial and social obligations, with the aim to identify sanctions that may be adopted in the South African context to render the enforcement of these obligations more efficient and effective. In conclusion it will be recommended that the only manner in which financial stability and social harmony can be restored in a troubled sectional title scheme is to introduce legislation which allows the body corporate as a last resort to exclude a persistent offender who makes it impossible for the other sectional owners to share the sectional owners‟ community with him or her temporarily from this community. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die verloop van tyd sedert die eerste deeltitelwetgewing in 1971 in Suid Afrika ingevoer is, het deeleiendom die droom van menige Suid-Afrikaners verwesenlik om eiendomsreg van „n eie woning te verkry. Huidige statistieke dui daarop dat daar meer as 780 000 deeltiteleenhede in Suid Afrika is. Drie elemente word in die begrip „deeleiendom‟ saamgevat, naamlik individuele eiendomsreg van „n deel (residensiëel of kommersiëel), mede-eindomsreg van die gemeenskaplike gedeeltes van „n skema en lidmaatskap van „n regspersoon. Deeleiendom is dus „n unieke statutêre instelling met sy eie ongewone karaktertrekke. Die belangrikste doelwit van elke deeltitelskema is om finansiële stabiliteit, geluk en harmonie in „n geϊntensifeerde, diverse gemeenskap waar individuele eiendomseenhede, fisies interafhanklik is, te bewerkstellig. Die Wet op Deeltitels 95 van 1986, soos gewysig, onderwerp deeleienaars daarom aan verskeie finansiële en sosiale verpligtinge wat meebring dat elke deeleienaar „n sekere mate van vryheid moet prys gee wat hy andersins sou geniet het as hy eienaar was van „n huis op „n private erf. Die uiteindelike sukses van „n deeltitelskema is grotendeels afhanklik van die samewerking en ondersteuning van sy lede wat betref die nakoming van hierdie verpligtinge. Omdat nie-nakoming die finansiële stabiliteit en sosiale harmonie kan versteur word doeltreffende maatreëls vereis vir die afdwinging van hierdie finansiële en sosiale verpligtinge. „n Deeltitelskema kan slegs met sukses bestuur word indien op doeltreffende sanksies gesteun kan word. Hierdie tesis fokus op „n kritiese analise van die verskeie finansiële en sosiale verpligtinge waaraan deeleienaars onderhewig is, en die maatreëls wat aangewend kan word om hierdie verpligtinge af te dwing. Daar sal aangetoon word dat die sanksies in die Suid-Afrikaanse deeltitelwetgewing vir die nie-nakoming van hierdie verpligtinge gans te min, en boonop uiters ondoeltreffend is. Daarom word algemeen aanvaar dat die „tande‟ van die Wet op Deeltitels 95 van 1986 nie skerp genoeg is om die nie-nakoming van hierdie verpligtinge doeltreffend te straf nie. Gevolglik sal die tesis ook fokus op sanksies wat in buitelandse regstelsels aangewend word om die finansiële en sosiale verpligtinge van deeleienaars af te dwing. Die oogmerk hiermee is om buitelandse sanksies te identifiseer wat met vrug in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks aangewend kan word ten einde die nie-nakoming van hierdie verpligtinge doeltreffend hok te slaan. Ter afsluiting sal voorgestel word dat finansiële stabiliteit en sosiale harmonie in „n erg ontwrigte deeltitelskema slegs herstel kan word indien wetgewing aangeneem word wat die regspersoon toelaat om „n deeleienaar wat ondanks waarskuwings dit vir mede-deeleienaars onmoontlik maak om saam met hom of haar in dieselfde deeleiendomsgemeenskap te leef tydelik van die skema te verwyder.

Rapid growth of cities has become a trend in most countries, this is caused by urbanisation wherein people move from the rural areas to the urban areas in search of employment. It goes without saying that such population needs housing. However, it is unusual to find land for housing in an already crowded place. Therefore, to curb this shortage in housing, countries like South Africa have resorted to adoption of fragmented property holding in and around the cities. Thus, in an attempt to curtail housing shortages in the urban area as well as land shortage, communal property schemes were adopted together with their governing legislation namely, Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986, Share Blocks Act 59 of 1980 and Property Time-sharing Control Act 75 of 1983 to name a few. Likewise, Maseru, the capital city of Lesotho is also experiencing rapid growth in population. Hence, with the introduction of Lesotho’s Sectional Titles Bill 2013 came a ray of hope that the land and housing shortage in Maseru would be addressed. With this in mind, this suggested that the Government of Lesotho together with all concerned stakeholders thought it necessary to address this problem through the 2013 Bill which, for the most part follows the South African Sectional Titles Act of 1986. It is for this reason that this study was embarked on to show other forms of property holding akin to sectional titles as well as their regulation, which can all be used to eliminate housing shortages in Lesotho. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Rapid growth of cities has become a trend in most countries, this is caused by urbanisation wherein people move from the rural areas to the urban areas in search of employment. It goes without saying that such population needs housing. However, it is unusual to find land for housing in an already crowded place. Therefore, to curb this shortage in housing, countries like South Africa have resorted to adoption of fragmented property holding in and around the cities. Thus, in an attempt to curtail housing shortages in the urban area as well as land shortage, communal property schemes were adopted together with their governing legislation namely, Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986, Share Blocks Act 59 of 1980 and Property Time-sharing Control Act 75 of 1983 to name a few. Likewise, Maseru, the capital city of Lesotho is also experiencing rapid growth in population. Hence, with the introduction of Lesotho’s Sectional Titles Bill 2013 came a ray of hope that the land and housing shortage in Maseru would be addressed. With this in mind, this suggested that the Government of Lesotho together with all concerned stakeholders thought it necessary to address this problem through the 2013 Bill which, for the most part follows the South African Sectional Titles Act of 1986. It is for this reason that this study was embarked on to show other forms of property holding akin to sectional titles as well as their regulation, which can all be used to eliminate housing shortages in Lesotho. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the conveyancing process in South Africa with a view to identify how the process might be improved in terms of its efficiency and effectiveness. Land is an asset and still remains a valuable factor in production, even in the modern knowledge economy. In many parts of the world, land is a limited resource, therefore, in most countries, custodianship and ownership of land and landed properties generally tend to be guarded through the meticulous capturing, recording and storage of appropriate data and information. Legislative provisions for the transfer of custodianship and/or ownership require the involvement of a variety of role players in the conveyancing processes that culminate in the registration of land and associated immovable property. In some countries, the conveyancing processes tend to be complex and cumbersome. The study provides a conceptual framework for conveyancing processes based on a content-based review of land and immovable property registration systems in five countries, namely, Barbados, the Netherlands, Australia, Taiwan and South Africa. The study further investigates the South African conveyancing processes. Quantitative questionnaires were completed by six respondent groups from the conveyancing service chain, and qualitative interviews were conducted with two of the four major banks in South Africa. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the quantitative data, and content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. The findings were used to develop a de-bottlenecking framework for South African conveyancing. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

This is a semantic study, dealing with style and technique in the short stories of D. B. Z. Ntuli. The study as a whole analyses Ntuli' s first six volumes of short stories. The first chapter is an introduction, dealing with the aim of the study. The second sub-section after aim is Ntuli's biographical notes. Full details of this author from high school attendance to his contribution during his working experience are given. Ntuli's biography is followed by the scope of study. Under this sub-heading, short story volumes to be analysed are clearly stated. The fourth sub-heading is the method of approach and a conclusion. Chapter two deals with various types of repetition, a literary technique. It analyses Ntuli's use of language, and repetition of sentences approaching it from different angles. Chapter three and four deal with choice of words. The former chapter handles the various types of language elements semantically and the latter deals specifically with the ideophone. The ideophone is sub-divided into two sub-sections: classification and usage. Chapter five deals with proverbial expressions and these are sub-divided into two sections: idioms and proverbs. The usage of idiomatic expressions is discussed under: verbs, nouns and qualificatives, while the proverbs are analysed under classification and syntax. Imagery is dealt with in chapter six. Imagery is further sub-divided into four categories: metaphor, simile, personification and symbolism. Style and structure are discussed in chapter seven. In this chapter various elements of language forms are handled: types of sentenceidiophonic; negative forms of the ideophone, with conjunctives; sentences with adverbs; the demonstratives; titles of short story volumes and naming of characters. Chapter eight is the general conclusion, reflecting on Ntuli's style and technique with special emphasis on his unique use of the language. Reference is made to discoveries regarding the author's use of vocabulary, and his techniques in using repetition as well as avoiding it, which is part of his style. His choice of words and how he arranges them on paper is also discussed. Ntuli's choice of titles in naming his short story volumes is summed up showing that these have been influenced by his background. The study concludes by suggesting areas that still require further analysis in Ntuli 's short stories. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)