Lean management is a philosophy focused on identifying and eliminating waste throughout a product’s entire value stream. It originates from the manufacturing system of Japanese automotive manufacturer Toyota and attracted due to its tremendous success widespread attention worldwide. Lean promises significant benefits in terms of waste reduction, and increased organizational and supply chain communication and integration.Generally, in terms of operations and improvements service companies are far behind manufacturing industries. Transferring Lean management concept from the manufacturing shop floor to services might offer opportunities for improvements. Many manufacturing businesses have improved and profited by the use of Lean management methods and tools. Yet the benefits haven’t been as nearly as impressive for service industries applying Lean management principles.The challenge in applying Lean to services is the lack of widely available references for implementing Lean in a service organization. Although some successful examples of Lean implementations in service businesses could be noticed in the past no standardized framework or general guideline was solidified for implementing Lean management in service organizations. In addition, implementing Lean and achieving the levels of organizational commitment, employee autonomy, and information transparency needed to ensure its success is a complicated task.This paper approaches to develop a conceptual framework for implementing Lean management in service organizations. Based on a sound theoretical foundation of Lean management methods in production and considerations about service management, challenges of implementing Lean in a service environment are derived. Ultimately, a conceptual framework is developed to implement Lean management approach in service businesses using a specific set of Lean tools.

This dissertation is the developmental research report on the design and development of a multimedia tutorial on Anthropometry for university-level health science students. The practical implication of using Merrill's Model of Instructional Design for developing course work for senior students in the health sciences was investigated. The multimedia tutorial was designed and developed, and the prototype evaluated by a team consisting of subject and education experts. The prototype was tested by third-year dietetic students who had completed the lecture-based and paper-based course. The students were observed while using the program, then completed a structured questionnaire and finally were given the opportunity to express their views in an informal group discussion. It was found that if the activation of relevant existing knowledge does not take place, Merrill's Model will be turned inside-out: the student's own problem replaces the instructional problem. / Thesis (MEd (Computer-integrated Education))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Social Studies Education / unrestricted

The thesis is focused on the characteristic of coating methods and their division, on the morphology of defects and cause of wear in coated cutting tools of sintered carbides. The experimental part is focused on a comparing cutting performance testing of indexable cutting inserts coated with nanocrystaline composite TiAlSiN at the longitudinal turning.

I Sverige har bostadsbristen lagt ytterligare fokus på att bygga billigare och snabbare. Byggbranschen har konstanta krav på sig att bygga effektivare och samtidigt upprätthålla sin kvalitet. Branschen utvecklas hela tiden och många företag har skapat egna verktyg och metoder för att förbättra sin effektivitet samt kvalité. Ursprungsidéerna kommer från Toyotas produktionsidéer från 1900-talet. Därifrån har teorier om kvalitetstänk och effektivitet blivit populärt att implementera och begreppet har t ex utvecklats att inom byggbranschen kallas för Lean Contruction. Då det finns mycket teori inom området ansåg författaren att ämnet skulle vara relevant att undersöka samt hur Lean Construction fungerar i verkligheten. Därför är syftet med denna studie att undersöka om byggföretag skulle kunna tillämpa vissa verktyg och metoder som finns inom Lean Construction. Skulle dessa verktyg och metoder kunna generera mer effektivitet i byggföretagens dagliga arbete. För att kunna genomföra denna studie har frågeformulär skickats ut till tre olika byggföretag. I frågeformuläret fick respondenterna rangordna de olika verktyg och metoder som de ansåg hade effektivitet samt de som inte hade någon effektivitet. Där fick de svara på vilka verktyg och metoder inom Lean Construction som de trodde skulle kunna förbättra sin effektivitet och om de redan själva arbetade efter någon metod som skulle höja deras effektivitet. De flesta av respondenterna visste vad Lean Construction är för något, men alla hade inte använt sig av det. Mellan de olika företagen skiljde det sig på vad de ansåg var effektivt arbete och ej. För att fastställa uppsatsens metod har en bred undersökningsstudie gällande metoder gjorts, de olika metoderna har avvägts mellan varandra för att undersöka vilken som skulle komplettera insamlad data. Genom att använda sig av frågeformulär och insamlad teori, valdes en kvalitativ metod. Fördelen med detta val av metod är att författaren kan jämföra insamlad data med teorin. Författaren valde att endast använda sig av tre olika byggföretag då studien inte skulle bli generaliserande utan få en mer öppen och tolkande bild av hur det ser ut i byggbranschen. För att kunna besvara syftet har författarens gjort begränsningar, detta genom att endast fokusera på de verktyg och metoder som finns inom Lean som skulle kunna bidra till en högre effektivitet hos byggföretag. Utifrån respondenternas svar framkom att metoder inom 5S kan tillämpas inom byggbranschen. Den insamlade teorin och den empiriska datan analyserades och ledde fram till slutsatsen. Studiens slutsats visar på att 5S metoden är den metod som lättast kan tillämpas inom byggbranschen. Respondenterna ansåg att några av de metoderna inom 5S redan arbetades efter dagligen. / In Sweden housing has been given further focus to build cheaper and faster. Construction have constant requirements to build more effective and at the same time maintain their quality. The industry evolves all the time and many businesses have created own tools and methods to keep improving the efficiency and quality of their work. The original ideas came from Toyotas production ideas from the early 1900. The theories about quality thinking and efficiency have been popular to implement and the concept has for example developed within construction and is called Lean Construction. Since there is a lot of theory within the field the writer felt that the subject should be relevant to examine and see how Lean Construction is working in reality. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate if the construction firm should be able to implement some tools and methods that you can find within Lean Construction. Would these tools and methods be able to generate more efficiency in the construction firm’s daily work. To be able to implement this study, a questionnaire has been sent out to 3 different construction firms. In the questionnaire the respondents rank the different tools and methods they thought had efficiency and the one’s that didn’t have any efficiency. Where they answered which tools and methods within Lean construction that they thought would improve the efficiency and if they already have worked by a method that should rise the efficiency. Most of the respondents have heard of the Lean Construction before but not everyone had used it. Between the different construction firm’s opinions about what kind of methods about efficiency varied. A wide study of different methods was made to determine what kind of methods should be used when writing this essay, the different methods have been balanced between each other to determine which should complete the collected data. By using the questionnaire and collected theory, a qualitative method was selected. The benefit with this method was that the writer could compare the collected data with the theory. The writer chose only 3 construction firms so that the study shouldn’t be generalized but instead be more open for interpretive picture of how the work within construction looks like. To be able to answer the purpose, the writer set some limitations, by only focusing on the tools and methods within Lean that should contribute to a higher efficiency at the construction firm. Through the respondents answer it emerged that methods within 5S can be applied within construction. The collected theory and the empirical data were analyzed and led to the conclusion. The study showed that the 5s method is the easiest method to implement at the construction firm. Respondents meant that some of the methods within 5S already is applied in their daily work.

Global manufacturing accounted for 17% of global GDP in 2021. The heavy constructionequipment industry creates significant socio-ecological impacts through CO2 emissions, landdegradation and social risks. It is important to implement sustainability from the early phasesof product development. Research shows lack of cooperation between academia andbusinesses in testing to improve Sustainable Product Development (SPD) tools. The studyidentifies needs for implementing SPD and testing of relevant SPD tools for a heavyconstruction equipment manufacturer. It applies DSIP methodology as theoretical frameworkand focus group interviews / workshops, document content analysis and observation as datacollection methods. SAM4SIP supported in identifying the capability needs in relation toSPD implementation and informed the selection of the two SPD tools to be tested at the casecompany. First, the Leading Sustainability Criteria (LEASA) workshop generated 10measurable criteria covering all product life cycle phases which thereafter were furtherdeveloped in the Overall Sustainability Fingerprint template with respective compliancelevels to create design space. The results emphasize on the importance of taking a full-systemperspective to implement SPD on all decision levels of a company and giving opportunity tomanufacturers to utilise DSIP and find suitable tools to implement SPD.

Le remanufacturing est considéré comme une des stratégies clés pour le développement durable des produits industriels. Le but du remanufacturing est de récupérer la valeur du produit lorsque celui-ci ne répond plus aux besoins des utilisateurs. Ce processus complexe, qui comporte de nombreuses incertitudes, nécessite d’être pris en compte au tout début de la phase de conception pour que le produit remanufacturé soit adapté aux processus et aux futurs systèmes de remanufacturing.Un autre aspect essentiel pour aboutir à un remanufacturing durable est de bien planifier et coordonner sur le long terme, le système global de remanufacturing. La présence de nombreux outils et de méthodes académiques pour faciliter les processus de remanufacturing pourrait permettre de surmonter les défis posés et d’améliorer les qualités et quantités des produits intégrant le processus de remanufacturing. Malheureusement, ces outils et méthodes sont rarement utilisés par les acteurs du domaine de remanufacturing, probablement à cause du manque de plateformes pour faciliter leurs usages.L'objectif de cette thèse est donc d’aider les concepteurs et les fabricants à:1. Caractériser les produits et les processus remanufacturés, en lien avec le développement durable2. Classifier et aider au choix des outils ou des méthodes de remanufacturing pour améliorer le remanufacturing durablePour atteindre ces objectifs, un cadre à deux Dimensions (a Two Dimensional Framework for Remanufacturing - 2DFR), est proposé. Il combine les perspectives liées au développement durable et celles liées au système de remanufacturing. Une liste des contraintes liées au remanufacturing est ainsi proposée dans la première partie de la thèse selon ces deux perspectives. Elle a été validée comme un guide de conception pour le remanufacturing lors d’un atelier dans le cadre du projet européen ERN (H2020). Le 2DFR est ensuite utilisé dans la deuxième partie de la thèse pour développer la classification des outils et des méthodes de remanufacturing. Enfin, une méthode pour guider l’utilisateur dans le choix des outils et méthodes de remanufacturing est proposée. Elle est créée à partir de la liste des caractéristiques du remanufacturing apparues dans la première proposition et de la méthode de classification mentionnée précédemment. Un démonstrateur qui fonctionne comme une interface pour les deux méthodes de classification et de choix des outils est développée. Des études de cas permettent d’illustrer son utilisation.Les caractéristiques pour des produits et processus de remanufacturing durables définies dans la première proposition offrent ainsi aux utilisateurs un guide complet lors de la conception et de la prise de décisions. La deuxième proposition, quant à elle, encourage l'utilisation par l'industrie des outils et méthodes académiques existants liés au remanufacturing. / Remanufacturing is believed to be among the key strategies for sustainable development of industrial products. The aim of remanufacturing is to retrieve the product’s inherent value when it no longer fulfils the user’s needs. However, it is a non-linear process that poses many uncertainties. Therefore, integrating remanufacturing concerns during the early design phase is necessary to adapt products to the future remanufacturing processes and to the future remanufacturing system.Another crucial aspect in achievingsustainable remanufacturing activity is to plan and coordinate remanufacturing system in a sustainable way. The presence of various academic tools and methods to facilitate remanufacturing activities might overcome the challenges observed and enhance both the quality and quantity. Unfortunately, these tools/methods are rarely used by remanufacturing stakeholders, probably due to the lack of platform for them to facilitate the usage.The objective of this dissertation is to help the designers and remanufacturers to:• Characterize remanufactured products and processes in relation to sustainable development,• Classify and choose remanufacturing tools ormethods to improve sustainable remanufacturing.To achieve these objectives, a Two Dimensional Framework for Remanufacturing (2DFR) is proposed. It combines the sustainable development and remanufacturing system perspectives. A list of remanufacturing constraints from both perspectives is proposed in the first part of this dissertation. It was validated as a design for remanufacturing guideline during a remanufacturing workshop event in the framework of the European project ERN (H2020). The 2DFR is used again in the second part of this dissertation to develop a method to classify remanufacturing tools/methods. A method to guide and facilitate user in choosing remanufacturing tools/methods is proposed using the list of remanufacturing characteristics listed in the first proposition and the previous classification method. A configurator that functions as an interface for both the classification method and the choosing method is developed. Illustrated case studies are presented to validate its usage.The characteristics of sustainable remanufacturing products and processes defined in the first proposition offer to the users a comprehensive checklist when designing and making decisions. Meanwhile the second proposition encourages the usage by the industry of the existing academics tools/methods related to remanufacturing.

L'optimisation des processus de conception est une activité de recherche en pleine évolution, soulignée dans de nombreuses références et pratiques des entreprises dans l'objectif l'amélioration et le développement de produits nouveaux. Notre démarche s'inscrit dans la continuité de ces activités qui prend comme point de départ la diversité des processus de conception existants et la difficulté de réaliser un choix où une adaptation. D'ou notre problématique est résumée autour d'une question centrale que nous formulons de la manière suivante : comment optimiser le choix d'un processus de conception soumis à un environnement contraint ? La réponse à cette question est à travers la proposition d'un outil d'aide au choix qui converge vers l'installation d'un processus de conception. Cet outil est tridimensionnel, où la première dimension vise la préparation de la phase amont de conception, la deuxième dimension sélectionne un processus de conception sur une carte de classement et l'objectif de la troisième dimension est l'identification des métiers, outils et méthodes pour le développement des produits. La partie expérimentale de notre travail nous a conduit à valider l'outil développer et proposer comment l'exploiter par des concepteurs. L'optimisation est réalisée dans notre travail par la proposition de l'outil tridimensionnel d'un coté et de l'autre par l'exploitation des algorithmes d'optimisation pour la modélisation de l'outil. Des nouvelles pistes de recherche pour l'amélioration sont identifiées et proposées pour des futurs travaux. / The optimization of the design process is a research evolving highlighted in numerous references and business practices with the aim improving and developing new products. Our approach is a continuation of those activities that takes as its starting point the diversity of existing design processes and the difficulty of achieving a selection where adaptation. Hence our problem is summarized around a central question which we formulate as follows: how to optimize the choice of the design process subject to a constrained environment? The answer to this question is through the proposition of a tool Help in choosing which converges to the installation of a design process. This tool is three-dimensional, where the first dimension relates to the preparation of the upstream design phase, the second dimension selects a design process on a map classification and the objective of the third dimension is the identification of trades tools and methods for product development. The experimental part of our work has led us to validate the developed tool and propose how to use by designers. Optimization is achieved in our work by the proposal of a three-dimensional tool side and the other by the use of optimization algorithms for modeling tool. New avenues of research for improvement are identified and proposed for future work.

La thèse interroge les processus de conception développés par l'architecte français Henry Jacques Le Même (1897-1997). Nous nous donnons à comprendre le savoir-faire qu'il a mis en œuvre par la pratique du projet afin de répondre à des commandes variées tant au niveau de leurs programmes que de leurs échelles de conception, et ceci dans des contextes historiques multiples. L'objectif est de déconstruire intellectuellement une partie de son œuvre par l'analyse architecturale et en inscrivant les projets étudiés dans leurs contextes de production afin de saisir les outils et méthodes de conception du projet qui lui sont spécifiques. Afin de mener des analyses précises, nous convoquons un corpus constitué d'un nombre de projets restreints et qui ont été conçus à des moments d'articulations dans la carrière de Henry Jacques Le Même ou à des époques historiques charnières, révélatrices des transformations du métier de l'architecte. Une première partie de la recherche vise à comprendre en quoi la déclinaison du type architectural du chalet du skieur, qu'il invente à la fin des années 1920 et sur lequel il travaille pendant près de 60 ans, permet à Henry Jacques Le Même de se constituer des outils de projet pour rendre sa pratique efficiente et répondre de manière ajustée à ses commandes. L'analyse architecturale d'un échantillon de projets de 19 chalets du skieur a pour objectif de repérer les principes du type architectural et les raisons de leurs évolutions. Pour comprendre comment la préfabrication, l'industrialisation de la construction ainsi que la transformation du statut de la commande influent sur la pratique architecturale de Henry Jacques Le Même, nous analysons les premiers projets où il doit intégrer ces nouvelles modalités dans l'exercice de conception. À partir de l'étude d'une demi-douzaine de projets expérimentaux que l'architecte conçoit dans les années 1940-1950, notre objectif est de saisir la démarche qu'il développe pour penser l'idée de prototype, la transformation des processus de construction, et l'architecture destinée au grand nombre. L'analyse des processus de conception des projets étudiés permet de révéler une recherche conduite par Henry Jacques Le Même sur la pratique de projet en vue de réduire la complexité au moment de la projection de l'espace. Elle s'établit à partir d'un renouvellement de ses outils intellectuels issus de sa culture architecturale et se traduit par un travail sur la composition, la définition d'un parti architectural ou sur la conception modulaire. D'autre part, l'architecte développe une méthodologie qui consiste à produire des ensembles sériels graphiques qui lui permettent de noter ses idées et intentions afin de progresser dans la pensée du projet. Pour mener à bien notre recherche, nous nous appuyons essentiellement sur l'étude de documents provenant du fonds d'archives de Henry Jacques Le Même, conservé aux Archives Départementales de la Haute-Savoie. Ces sources premières témoignent de la pensée en acte de l'architecte au moment de l'élaboration de ses projets et nous ont permis d'élaborer le contenu de notre recherche par une analyse croisée de la documentation écrite et graphique. Parallèlement nous avons entrepris un travail de re-dessin de plans originaux associé à des analyses graphiques. Cette méthode de recherche qui utilise les outils de l'architecte a permis d'opérer un procédé de déconstruction-reconstruction des projets analysés pour rendre lisibles et intelligibles leurs organisations et spécificités spatiales. La compréhension des architectures analysées a été précisée par un travail de documentation historique et théorique. La thèse a été menée au sein du laboratoire les Métiers de l'Histoire de l'Architecture, édifices-villes-territoires, ENSA Grenoble, et dans le cadre d'une convention CIFRE avec le CAUE de Haute-Savoie. / This thesis questions the design process developed by architect Henry Jacques Le Même (1897-1997). Our goal is to understand the know-how he implemented by project practice to realize various commands both by their programs and their scales, in multiple historical contexts. The objective is to intellectually deconstruct part of his work by the architectural analysis, and considering the studied projects in their production context to capture the design tools of the project that are specific to it. To conduct detailed analyzes we consider a small number of projects that have been designed at key times during Henry Jacques Le Même career, or at pivotal historical moments for the transformation of the profession of the architect. The first part of the research is to understand how the variation of the architectural style of the skier's cottage - that he invented in the late 1920s and on which he worked for nearly 60 years - allows Henry Jacques Le Même to create project tools to make his practice efficient and to provide adequate responses to his orders. The architectural analysis of a sample of 19 skier's cottage projects aims to identify the principles of architectural type and the reasons of their evolution. The architectural practice of Henry Jacques Le Même has been influenced by prefabrication, industrialization of construction, and the transformation of the architectural command. To understand this we analyze the first projects in which he must integrate these new modalities in the design exercise. Based on the study of half a dozen experimental projects – that the architect designed in the years 1940-1950 -, our goal is to understand the process he developed to think the idea of prototype, the transformation of construction process, and the architecture destined for the masses. The analysis of the design process of studied projects reveals a research conducted by Henry Jacques Le Même on the project practice to reduce its complexity for spatial organization. This research is issued from a renewal of his intellectual tools from his architectural culture, and results in a work on the composition, the definition of an architectural style or modular design. Moreover, the architect develops a methodology which is based on producing serial graphics sets that allow him to record his ideas and intentions in order to bring forward the project thinking. To carry out our research, we first rely on the study of documents from the archives of Henry Jacques Le Même, preserved in the Departmental Archives of Haute-Savoie. These primary sources reflect the thinking of the architect during the development of his projects and helped us to develop the content of our research by a cross-analysis of the written and graphic documentation. In addition we have undertaken a re-drawing of the original plans associated with graphical analyzes. This research method uses the tools of the architect and allow us to operate a process of deconstruction and reconstruction of the analyzed projects to make readable and intelligible their organization and spatial characteristics. The understanding of the analyzed architectures has been specified by a work of historical and theoretical documentation. The thesis was conducted in the laboratory les Métiers de l'Histoire de l'Architecture, édifices-villes-territoires, ENSA Grenoble, and within a CIFRE agreement with the CAUE Haute-Savoie.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze and assess the quality management system in a chosen firm and to propose measures that would lead to the improvement of its functioning. The theoretical part deals with quality management in manufacturing companies, describes the individual approaches to quality management, tools and methods. The practical part describes the quality management system in the company Robert Bosch, spol. s r.o., České Budějovice and its assessment is performed based on an analysis of documents relating to quality management, interviews with managers and employees of the quality department and observing the functioning of the quality management system. Thesis is then focused on several areas with potential for improvement. One of them is documenting of product audit, with lack of evaluation of the records of the tests. Proposed measure is electronic archiving of records and statistical processing of data from tests on these records listed. Another area is related to the archiving of samples. Set of measures to improve the samples archiving system is applied, together with cost saving measures.

Water is an essential but vulnerable resource. A shortage of good quality drinking water is a threat to human health and society as a whole. Abundance of water in the form of floods can also be a serious threat which can have consequences for the drinking water supply. To reduce these risks there is a need for systematic risk reduction. In the last decades a risk management approach has been developed in the management of both flood and drinking water risks. This means that a reactive, ad hoc management is being replaced by a more proactive and systematic approach where risks are analysed and evaluated as a basis for prioritising counter-measures. The complex nature of water issues has also made it evident that there is a need for a holistic view of the management, involving a variety of actors and sectors. An integrated management approach to floods and water resources has emerged. This thesis aims to examine how local level risk management, especially risk assessments, of floods and drinking water supply have been or can be performed in practice in Sweden. The existing practices have been characterised in relation to current risk management frameworks. Furthermore, the thesis aims to investigate how the effects of flood on drinking water supply have been considered in risk assessment methods and in flood risk management plans, as well as whether flood and drinking water risks have been considered in an integrated manner. The studies are based on interviews with flood risk managers in Swedish municipalities and Swedish water producers as well as on document studies of risk assessment methods and flood risk management plans. There are large variations between different municipalities and water producers in how, and to what extent, risk assessments have been performed. Some have performed very little, if any, risk assessment while others have worked systematically. The tools used are often those that are promoted by national agencies and are often less advanced than those described in the literature. The risk assessments do not always cover all relevant aspects of the risk and few actors have discussed an acceptable risk level. Flood risk assessments focus mostly on the exposure of objects to flood and investigate the consequences of such an exposure only to a limited extent. The incomplete risk assessments may result in a biased view of the risk which in turn can lead to poor decision-making. The theoretical knowledge about risk management is in many cases low and there is still often a practical approach. Strategic and holistic approaches are mostly lacking. The consequences of flood on drinking water supply are not known in detail and are not considered in detail in risk assessments commonly used in Sweden. There is an awareness of the need to coordinate the management of flood and water resources. However, despite the good intentions regarding integration, there are few signs in the risk assessments and risk management plans that integration is actually occurring. Both the risk management approach and integrated management have started to be implemented in Swedish flood and drinking water risk management. It is however on a basic level and it is still a long way to go. Further guidance and knowledge about risk management as well as commitment from and collaboration among all actors concerned is needed to make this development possible. / Vatten är en livsnödvändig men sårbar resurs. Brist på dricksvatten av god kvalitet är ett allvarligt hot mot människors hälsa och för hela samhället. Även överflöd av vatten i form av översvämningar kan vara ett allvarligt hot och kan bland annat får konsekvenser för dricksvattenförsörjningen. För att minska dessa risker finns det behov av systematiskt riskreducerande arbete. De senaste decennierna har systematisk riskhantering (risk management approach) utvecklats inom hanteringen av översvämningar och dricksvattenförsörjning. Detta innebär att en reaktiv och osystematisk hantering ersätts med en mer proaktiv och systematisk hantering baserad på analys och utvärdering av risker som stöd för beslutsfattande. Den komplexitet som vattenfrågor omfattar har också gjort det tydligt att det finns behov av en helhetsyn på hur vatten hanteras och att ett flertal aktörer och sektorer behöver involveras. Teorier om integrerad hantering (integrated management) har vuxit fram och börjat implementeras. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka hur riskhantering, särskilt riskbedömningar, på lokal nivå utförs eller kan utföras i praktiken i Sverige. Praktiken har beskrivits och karakteriserats i förhållande till befintliga ramverk om riskhantering. Dessutom är syftet att undersöka hur konsekvenser av översvämningar på dricksvattenförsörjningen behandlas i metoder för riskbedömning och riskhanteringsplaner för översvämning liksom att studera om risker relaterade till översvämningar och dricksvatten har behandlats på ett integrerat sätt. Studierna är baserad på intervjuer med översvämningshanterare i svenska kommuner och svenska vattenproducenter samt dokumentstudier av metoder för riskbedömning och riskhanteringsplaner för översvämning. Det är stora skillnader mellan hur och i vilken omfattning olika kommuner och vattenproducenter har gjort riskbedömningar. Vissa har knappt gjort någon riskbedömning alls medan andra har arbetat mer systematiskt. De verktyg som används är ofta de som finns i handböcker från svenska myndigheter och är ofta mindre avancerade än vad som beskrivs i litteraturen. Riskbedömningarna täcker inte alltid all relevanta aspekter av risken och det är få som har diskuterat vad som är en acceptabel risknivå. Översvämningsbedömningarna har fokuserat på vilka objekt som exponeras vid en översvämning och möjliga konsekvenser på drabbade objekt har undersökts i mycket begränsad utsträckning. Ofullständiga riskbedömningar kan ge en felaktig bild av risken och därmed vara ett inkomplett underlag för beslutsfattande. Den teoretiska kunskapen om riskhantering är i många fall låg och många har en praktisk inställning till riskhanteringen. Det saknas oftast strategi och helhetstänkande. Kunskapen om konsekvenser av översvämning på dricksvattenförsörjningen är begränsad och behandlas inte heller i detalj i de metoder för riskbedömning som är mest vanligt förekommande i Sverige. Det finns en medvetenhet om behovet av att koordinera hanteringen av översvämning och vattenresurser. Trots de goda intentionerna om integrering visar riskbedömningar och riskhanteringsplaner få tecken på att integrering sker i praktiken. Både systematisk riskhantering och integrerad hantering är synsätt som har börjat utvecklas och implementeras inom svensk hantering av översvämningar och dricksvattenförsörjning. Det sker dock fortfarande på en relativt grundläggande nivå och det är en lång väg kvar. Det finns behov av ytterligare vägledning och mer kunskap om riskhantering liksom engagemang från och samarbete mellan alla berörda aktörer för att stödja vidare utveckling.