Drinking coffee is often part of everyday life and thus, also strongly linked to our travel experience as well as tourism as a broad phenomenon then. The goal was to demonstrate the importance of different café cultures for developing coffee tourism by determining how much café culture affects a visitor's experience. Data was gathered using a qualitative method first, to examine how a nation's history in relation to coffee has shaped its own café cultures. Four countries were looked into closely, two Asian countries, Vietnam and Japan, and two European countries, the Netherlands and Sweden. It has shown an idea on the impact of café culture on the chain of visitor experiences using the qualitative approach of global cases followed by a quantitative approach of a survey, investigating past tourist experiences related to these countries and their unique café cultures. With the gathered data, the authors made a conclusion regarding the extent of what café culture influences the travel experience, loyalty and their criteria for coffee houses.

The research question addressed by this thesis is: To what degree the results of the statistical analysis will corroborate the main theoretical assumptions of the proposed theoretical model of new authentic transformatory cultural tourism experience as transmodern phenomenon of equality of two Cartesian levels of reality, material (objective authenticity) and experiential (constructive authenticity) in informing the intrapersonal existential authenticity as outcome transformatory tourist experience. The main reason for undertaking this study is to resolve the evident crisis of postmodern authenticity discourse arising from a failure of postmodern theoretical framework to integrate three social authenticity theories into a coherent authenticity discourse. The research design adopted in the study is theory-testing theory-building paradigm which incorporates both deductive and inductive logic and was applied in three successive phases. In the first phase the new theoretical model of transformatory cultural tourism experience was proposed, underpinned by transmodern flat ontology and philosophy of the Speculative Realism. In the second phase the main theoretical assumptions of equal contribution of objective and constructive authenticity as independent variables in informing the transformatory experience as dependent variable were empirically tested by standard multiple regression analysis. In the last deductive phase the results of all empirical tests were inferred onto initial theoretical assumptions of the original model and new modified model of transformatory cultural tourism experience has been proposed with an addition of two newly identified transmodern experiential constructs, epistemological and ontological authenticity. For a primary data collection the instrument was a self-administered questionnaire and the sampling strategy was a non-probability sampling. The data was collected during the period 01st and 18 April 2011 at two sites, Constitution Hill and Hector Peterson Memorial in Johannesburg. The sample size from two sites was N=406. The scales of measurements were already developed in the earlier questionnaire and the confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the variables contained in each factor, namely objective and constructive authenticity as independent variables and transformatory experience as the dependent variable. The results of a standard multiple regression analysis confirmed the importance of the model as independent variables explained 30.7% of the variances (R2=.307) in the model. An unexpected result was that objective authenticity explained 34.5% of the variance in the model (β = .345) which is significantly higher than 30.5% of variance explained by constructive authenticity (β = .305). The results of standard multiple regression analysis confirmed the main theoretical assumption of the model of equality of material and experiential levels of Cartesian duality in informing the new transformatory experience regarded as a transmodern phenomenon. The standard, stepwise and hierarchical multiple regression tests were further conducted to establish if any moderating variables should be added into the original model containing two independent variables. The tests included five demographic variables (gender, place of residence, connection with culture, and two items of education (pre-tertiary education and Bachelors degree) and none of the variables explained a level of variability which warranted their inclusion into the model. Consequently, the results of the retests of the model did not change its initial conceptualisation. Finally, the t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests identified a significant difference between the two groups in the level of authenticity of their experience derived from two sites. A group having stronger inclination for authenticity is identified as Cultural Creatives, who are known as the forerunners of transmodernism. Based on the results of all statistical tests the final model was modified to reflect the important theoretical findings pertaining to two new types of transmodern authenticity. Epistemological authenticity denotes combined effects of objective and constructive authenticity in feeding the ontological authenticity of transformatory experience. The ontological authenticity is further identified as a confirmation of authentic-self which is required by Cultural Creatives. With proposition of new modified model the theory-testing theory-building research design came to its conclusion. The importance of research findings presented in this study lies not only in resolving the current crises of authenticity discourse in tourism but in the proposed New theoretical and conceptual model of transformatory cultural tourism experience underpinned by objective ·and constructive authenticity which will open a whole new field in tourism research arising from new transmodern experiential paradigm. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The research question addressed by this thesis is: To what degree the results of the statistical analysis will corroborate the main theoretical assumptions of the proposed theoretical model of new authentic transformatory cultural tourism experience as transmodern phenomenon of equality of two Cartesian levels of reality, material (objective authenticity) and experiential (constructive authenticity) in informing the intrapersonal existential authenticity as outcome transformatory tourist experience. The main reason for undertaking this study is to resolve the evident crisis of postmodern authenticity discourse arising from a failure of postmodern theoretical framework to integrate three social authenticity theories into a coherent authenticity discourse. The research design adopted in the study is theory-testing theory-building paradigm which incorporates both deductive and inductive logic and was applied in three successive phases. In the first phase the new theoretical model of transformatory cultural tourism experience was proposed, underpinned by transmodern flat ontology and philosophy of the Speculative Realism. In the second phase the main theoretical assumptions of equal contribution of objective and constructive authenticity as independent variables in informing the transformatory experience as dependent variable were empirically tested by standard multiple regression analysis. In the last deductive phase the results of all empirical tests were inferred onto initial theoretical assumptions of the original model and new modified model of transformatory cultural tourism experience has been proposed with an addition of two newly identified transmodern experiential constructs, epistemological and ontological authenticity. For a primary data collection the instrument was a self-administered questionnaire and the sampling strategy was a non-probability sampling. The data was collected during the period 01st and 18 April 2011 at two sites, Constitution Hill and Hector Peterson Memorial in Johannesburg. The sample size from two sites was N=406. The scales of measurements were already developed in the earlier questionnaire and the confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the variables contained in each factor, namely objective and constructive authenticity as independent variables and transformatory experience as the dependent variable. The results of a standard multiple regression analysis confirmed the importance of the model as independent variables explained 30.7% of the variances (R2=.307) in the model. An unexpected result was that objective authenticity explained 34.5% of the variance in the model (β = .345) which is significantly higher than 30.5% of variance explained by constructive authenticity (β = .305). The results of standard multiple regression analysis confirmed the main theoretical assumption of the model of equality of material and experiential levels of Cartesian duality in informing the new transformatory experience regarded as a transmodern phenomenon. The standard, stepwise and hierarchical multiple regression tests were further conducted to establish if any moderating variables should be added into the original model containing two independent variables. The tests included five demographic variables (gender, place of residence, connection with culture, and two items of education (pre-tertiary education and Bachelors degree) and none of the variables explained a level of variability which warranted their inclusion into the model. Consequently, the results of the retests of the model did not change its initial conceptualisation. Finally, the t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests identified a significant difference between the two groups in the level of authenticity of their experience derived from two sites. A group having stronger inclination for authenticity is identified as Cultural Creatives, who are known as the forerunners of transmodernism. Based on the results of all statistical tests the final model was modified to reflect the important theoretical findings pertaining to two new types of transmodern authenticity. Epistemological authenticity denotes combined effects of objective and constructive authenticity in feeding the ontological authenticity of transformatory experience. The ontological authenticity is further identified as a confirmation of authentic-self which is required by Cultural Creatives. With proposition of new modified model the theory-testing theory-building research design came to its conclusion. The importance of research findings presented in this study lies not only in resolving the current crises of authenticity discourse in tourism but in the proposed New theoretical and conceptual model of transformatory cultural tourism experience underpinned by objective ·and constructive authenticity which will open a whole new field in tourism research arising from new transmodern experiential paradigm. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

La recherche se propose de définir l’engagement client (EC) dans le cadre des destinations touristiques, son contenu et sa mesure. Elle propose d’intégrer ce concept novateur comme nouvelle variable résultat dans les modèles de compréhension des comportements touristiques. Elle montre aussi l’influence de la valeur de consommation et de la valeur globale dans la création d’un engagement envers la destination et les effets modérateurs de l’expérience sur ces mêmes relations. La recherche répond à trois objectifs : (1) définir le concept d’EC dans le contexte des destinations, ses dimensions et sa mesure , (2) conceptualiser la valeur perçue dans le cadre des destinations, (3) modéliser les influences des dimensions de la valeur de consommation et la valeur globale sur l’EC en fonction de l’expérience touristique vécue. Le terrain de recherche est La Réunion, une PDI (Petite Destination Insulaire). La démarche méthodologique s’appuie sur deux études empiriques : une étude qualitative exploratoire menée auprès de 15 touristes à La Réunion via des entretiens semi-directifs et une étude quantitative exploratoire menée auprès de 572 répondants : 350 novices n’ayant jamais visité la destination mais étant familiers à cette dernière et 222 expérimentés ayant effectivement visité la destination pour un motif de loisirs/vacances. L’étude qualitative permet de compléter et d’adapter les échelles de mesure de la valeur de consommation dans le cadre des destinations. La recherche distingue 8 dimensions de la valeur de consommation d’une destination touristique spécifique : La Réunion. L’étude quantitative permet (1) de développer un instrument de mesure de l’EC dans le cadre des destinations, (2) de valider empiriquement les échelles de mesure de la valeur de consommation et de la valeur globale, (3) de mettre en évidence l’influence de la valeur perçue sur l’EC. La recherche a comme principaux apports la conceptualisation de l’EC dans le cadre des destinations et la mise en évidence des effets de la valeur perçue et de l’expérience dans sa formation. Elle indique en conséquence la nécessité d’orienter les stratégies d’offres expérientielles et de promotion en fonction des dimensions identifiées. Elle propose également des outils permettant aux managers de la destination de soutenir les comportements et états d’EC envers la destination. / The research aims to define customer engagement (CE) in the context of tourism destinations, its content and its measurement. It proposes to integrate this innovative concept as a new outcome variable in the models conceptualising tourism’s behaviors. It also shows the influence of consumer value and customer value in creating an engagement towards the destination and the moderating effects of the experience on those same relationships. The research has three objectives: (1) define the concept of CE in the context of destinations, its dimensions and its measurement, (2) conceptualize the perceived value in the context of destinations, (3) measure the influences of the dimensions of consumer valeur and customer value on EC depending on experience. The methodology is based on two empirical studies: an exploratory qualitative study conducted among 15 tourists in Reunion via interviews and a quantitative exploratory study conducted among 572 individuals: 350 novices who had never visited the destination but familiar with it and 222 experienced having actually visited the destination for leisure / vacation. The studies concern Reunion Island, qualified as a SDI (Small Destination Island).

Resor har länge varit en del av människors liv och kan bidra till både välmående ochökad livskvalitet. Dock har inte alla samma förutsättningar när det kommer till attresa. Det gäller bland annat personer med funktionsnedsättningar. Trots att 15procent av världens befolkning tros leva med en funktionsnedsättning finns idagbegränsade möjligheter för dem att ta del av resor på lika villkor som andra. Detverkar gälla även inom Sverige. Resa utan hinder är med det sagt en studie inomforskningsområdet tillgänglig turism som avser att undersöka tillgängligheten inomden svenska besöksnäringen. I syfte att uppmärksamma eventuellaförbättringsområden utgår studien från hur personer med någon form avrörelsenedsättning uppfattar sina möjligheter att resa inom Sverige. Dessauppfattningar kartläggs med en enkätundersökning och används sedan som grund föratt presentera möjliga utvecklingsmöjligheter för den svenska besöksnäringen.Resultatet visar att personer med rörelsenedsättningar på grund av bristandetillgänglighet inte kan ta del av resor till den grad de önskar inom Sverige. Detframkommer att begränsningarna beror på bristfälligheter inom både besöksnäringenoch samhället i stort. Vidare uppmärksammas brister gällande den fysiska miljön,tillgång till tillförlitlig information samt negativa attityder. Med det som grundföreslås att den svenska besöksnäringen såväl som andra aktörer i samhället i enhögre grad bör prioritera tillgänglighet, förmedla mer tillförlitlig information,samarbeta, be om hjälp från sakkunniga, säkerhetsställa kompetensen hosmedarbetarna och göra rätt från början. / Due to accessibility barriers, people with disabilities do not have the sameopportunities to participate in tourism activities as others. This is a problem that canbe seen worldwide, with Sweden not being an exception. In this study, a survey hasbeen used to collect comprehensive data from people with mobility impairments inorder to identify possible improvements for the tourism industry in Sweden. Theresult shows that the barriers are mainly associated with the physical environment,access to information and attitudes. This in turns has contributed to suggestedimplications for both actors in the tourism industry and the society. The implicationsconcern prioritizing accessibility improvements, communicating reliableinformation, increasing co-operations, receiving inputs from experts, increasingcompetence among personnel and making right decisions from the start.

The COVID-19 pandemic had considerable effects on the tourism industry as well as on individuals. The lockdown led to long-lasting mental health consequences. Equally, awareness of well-being increased, and consequently, demand for tourism experiences that focus on well-being rose. Concerning the tourism industry, a rethinking process was evoked through the pandemic. Tourism scholars were in consensus that a paradigm shift was needed to counteract current sociocultural and environmental challenges while responding to the need to provide tourist offers that support the mental and physical health of consumers. The regenerative tourism paradigm offers a solution as it withdraws from the pro-growth agenda of the current tourism industry and strives towards a net positive impact on nature, people, and planet. The rise in well-being for the whole system is thereby aimed.The study contributed to the understanding of the regenerative tourism paradigm from the traveler's perspective. Thereby, travelers’ well-being is conceptualized in a multidimensional way including hedonic, eudaimonic, and social well-being. The aim of this study is to understand how different dimensions of well-being are experienced in regenerative tourism. A qualitative approach is applied by using interviews and observations to gather information. The case and research setting is thereby Mahakala Retreats Center in Montenegro which aligns with the principles of a regenerative tourism space. The narrative analysis following an inductive approach leads to the identification of three core themes that represent the answer to the research question. Findings reveal that hedonic well-being is experienced through being in a safe space, surrounded by beauty and nature. The dimension of social well-being is experienced by connecting with other retreat guests and lastly, eudaimonic well-being is experienced through self-reflection. These experiences are all fostered by the regenerative tourism space. It is argued that well-being itself constitutes the regenerative tourism experience, not an activity. The study furthermore identifies three new aspects of a regenerative tourism experience that go beyond the current established principles. Hence, experiencing beauty, experiencing a safe space and the balance between solitude and connection are aspects that are of high importance in regenerative tourism from the travelers' perspective.