For widespread use of biochar in agriculture and horticulture, it must be ensured that application will neither adversely affect soil and plants, nor exceed legislated contaminant concentrations. The most relevant groups of contaminants in biochar are potentially toxic elements (PTEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). In this thesis, the concentrations of these groups of contaminants were analysed in 90 different biochars produced by slow pyrolysis. Subsequently, the concentrations were compared to legislation/guideline threshold values and linked to production conditions. The risk these contaminants pose to plant growth was also assessed, to give recommendations on production of safe biochar. PTEs can neither be formed nor destroyed, which means their presence in biochar is predominantly determined by feedstock type. However, significant levels of Cr, Fe and Ni were introduced into biochar from the furnace steel, whilst PTEs with low boiling points, such as As, Cd and Zn, partially evaporated during pyrolysis. PTEs were not responsible for phytotoxic effects observed for PTE-rich biochars despite biochar’s exceedance of available and total PTE threshold values for soil and soil amendments. Although initial tests were promising, the risk that PTE-rich biochars as amendment for soil and growing media pose, needs further investigation. The PAH concentration in biochar was markedly reduced by increasing carrier gas flow rate, and the type of feedstock also influenced the PAH content. However, there was no clear dependence of pyrolysis temperature on PAH concentrations, which was attributed to PAHs being increasingly formed and evaporated at higher pyrolysis temperatures. Ultimately, condensation of pyrolysis vapours and deposition on biochar was identified as the main risk for biochar contamination with PAHs, as this resulted in elevated concentrations of high-risk, higher molecular weight PAHs. Weaknesses in the pyrolysis unit design, such as cold zones, resulted in elevated concentrations of VOCs, as well as PAHs, in biochar. Comparing concentrations and phytotoxic potential of both compound groups, it was concluded that observed toxic effects were much more likely caused by VOCs in biochars containing both contaminants. Overall, formation of VOCs and PAHs cannot be prevented, but their presence in biochar resulting from retention and deposition can be minimised.

This thesis attends to recent calls and decades of demands to de-whiten and de-colonise the discipline of Geography and higher education more broadly. This manuscript contributes unique empirical research and analysis on race, gender, sexuality and everyday life to geographies of intersectionality, visceral geographies of (micro)aggressions, and toxic geographies. Intersectionality is a Black Feminist framework that centres the entanglement of race and gender, (micro)aggressions are often unconscious and subtle insults experienced at the scale of the body by marginalized people, and toxic geographies are spaces with high concentrations of (micro)aggressions. The main objectives are to explore the co-constitutive nature of (micro)aggressions and space, engage intersectionality in practice through Participatory Action Research (PAR), and to centre the lives and promote the agency of students of colour, women, queer, transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) students in US higher education. The empirical research of this thesis is a PAR project and team composed of eleven people, myself included, on race, gender, and sexuality based (micro)aggressions at an elite US residential institution of higher education. The PAR team collectively curated a public art event where the university community was invited to share stories of (micro)aggressions experienced, witnessed, and produced. The PAR team’s efforts resulted in a powerful encounter that led to changes in policy and practice to mitigate toxicity in one particular place. The analysis of the empirical research involves an exploration of the fluidity, fixity, and spatiality of toxic geographies along the axes of race, gender and sexuality and within the context of the academic-military-prison industrial complex (AMPIC), a framework of structural violence. In addition, this thesis applies the higher-level analytic of intersectionality to the empirical research, connecting the micro level of (micro)aggressions, the meso level of the PAR team, and the macro level of the AMPIC to provide an empirical example of the complexity of toxic geographies, and an avenue for future research, by highlighting the material impact of the neoliberal university on the mental health of students of colour, women, queer, and TGNC students.

Esta tese apresenta a aplicação de biossorventes alternativos obtidos a partir da casca da noz pecã (Carya illinoensis) e da casca do pinhão (Araucaria angustifólia) na remoção de íons metálicos tóxicos presentes em soluções aquosas. O biossorvente de casca de nozes foi aplicado com sucesso na remoção dos íons metálicos: Cu(II), Mn(II), Pb(II), Cr(III), Fe(III) e Zn(II), enquanto que o biossorvente obtido a partir da casca de pinhão apresentou, também, excelente capacidade de adsorção de íons de Cr(VI) em soluções contaminadas pelo mesmo. Os biossorventes casca de nozes PNS (do inglês: pecan nutshell) e casca de pinhão PW (do inglês: Piñon Waste) foram caracterizados química e fisicamente através de: isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de N2, espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, microscopia de varredura eletrônica, análise elementar, determinação da composição mineral e quantificação de grupos funcionais. A capacidade de adsorção desses biossorventes foi investigada utilizando procedimentos de biossorção em batelada. Os efeitos causados pela modificação de parâmetros experimentais como pH, dosagem de biossorvente e concentração inicial dos íons nos sistemas de adsorção também foram pesquisados. Testou-se a adequação de cinco modelos de cinética de adsorção aos dados experimentais obtidos com o biossorvente PNS, constatou-se que os modelos de ordem-fracionária e o de difusão intrapartícula apresentaram os melhores resultados. Já para adsorções de Cr(VI) em PW o melhor modelo cinético foi o de quimiossorção de Elovich, apresentando taxas de biossorção de 284,9, 396,9 e 461,5 mg g-¹ h-¹ para os níveis de concentração inicial de Cr(VI) de 500,0, 700,0 e 1000,0 mg l-¹ respectivamente. O estudo do equilíbrio de adsorção envolveu a aplicação dos modelos de isotermas de: Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson e Sips aos dados experimentais no intuito de verificar o modelo mais apropriado para descrever os sistemas de adsorção quando em equilíbrio. Avaliou-se, utilizando a função estatística de erro, que o modelo de Sips foi o que mais se adequou aos dados experimentais obtidos nos diversos sistemas pesquisados (biossorvente - ion metálico). A capacidade máxima de adsorção para íons de Cr(III), Fe(III), Zn(II), Cu(II), Mn(II) e Pb(II) em PNS foi de 93,0, 76,6, 108,0, 85,9, 98,0 e 195,9 mg g-¹, respectivamente, enquanto que a de Cr(VI) em PW foi de 240,0 mg g-¹. / This thesis reports the possibility of applying the alternative biosorbent pecan nutshell (PNS- Carya illinoensis) used to remove the followed metallic ions: Cu(II), Mn(II), Pb(II), Cr(III), Fe(III), Zn(II) from aqueous solutions. This thesis also shows the application of Brazilian-pine fruit coat, named piñon wastes (PW; Araucaria angustifolia) as biosorbent to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The PNS and PW biosorbents were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, mineral composition determination, and functional groups detection. The biosorbents ability to remove the metallic ions was investigated by using batch biosorption procedure. The effects of changing experimental parameters such as, pH, biosorbent dosage and initial ion concentration on the biosorbents adsorption capacities were studied. Five kinetic models were tested, being the adsorption kinetics better fitted to fractionary-order kinetic model. Besides that, the kinetic data were also fitted to intra-particle diffusion model, presenting three linear regions, indicating that the kinetics of adsorption should follow multiple sorption rates. The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models. Taking into account a statistical error function, most of PNS biosorption equilibrium data were best fitted to Sips isotherm model. The maximum biosorption capacity of PNS were 93.0, 76.6, 108.0, 85.9, 98.0 and 195.9 mg g-¹ for Cr(III), Fe(III), Zn(II), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Pb(II), respectively. The adsorption kinetics followed the Elovich chemisorption kinetic model, obtaining the following the initial adsorption rate, 284.9, 396.9 and 461.5 mg g-¹ h-¹ using a 500.0, 700.0 and 1000.0 mg L-¹ initial concentration of Cr(VI), respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of PW was 240.0 mg g-¹ for Cr(VI), using Sips isotherm model. This high adsorption capacity of PW places this biosorbent as one of the best adsorbents for removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous effluents.

Phytoremediation is considered to be an economically promising and an ecologically correct technology for the removal of toxic materials from the environment since it employs natural physico-chemical and biochemical processes for the clean up of degraded areas. Guadua angustifolia (Bambusoideae, Poacea), a bamboo that is native in Central and South America and which presents tall, robust and prickly culms, shows considerable potential in the phytoremediation of toxic metals for the following reasons: a) it presents an extraordinary capacity for multiplication and vegetative reproduction; b) it is efficient at fixing CO2 from the atmosphere, thus contributing to the reduction in the socalled 'greenhouse effect'; c) it is not part of the human food chain; d) it presents ornamental traits that can be used to advantage in the landscaping of polluted areas, such as those previously occupied by landfills; and e) the aerial biomass may be used either in civil construction or in the furniture industry after completing its phytoextractive function. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential of G. angustifolia for the phytoremediation of zinc and cadmium. The absorption and translocation of these metals from roots to leaves, together with their distribution in the different tissues, were analysed. Additionally, the production of metal transporter proteins (phytochelatins) and the formation of complexes between metals and low molecular weight organic compounds were investigated. The experiments were conducted in hydroponic and soil conditions. Soil that had been artificially contaminated with zinc or cadmium sulphate solutions, was distributed in perforated plastic bags. Bamboo shoots, previously maintained in vermiculite, were transplanted to the contaminated soil and kept in the greenhouse at room temperature for 180 days with periodical watering. The washed plants were dried at room temperature and root, culm, leaf and soil samples were digested with a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids (3:1; v/v) for 3 h at room temperature and for 3 4 h at 120°C. The determination of zinc and cadmium in the samples was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy at 213.9 and 228.8 nm respectively. Based on the absolute average concentration values, the bioconcentration and translocation factors (BCF and TF, respectively) were calculated. The accumulation of metals in organs of the plants cultivated in contaminated soil followed the order roots > culms > leaves. The accumulation of zinc in the roots was 57.2% (2720 mg/kg dry weight), whilst in the aerial parts it was 42.8% (2032 mg/kg). The accumulation vii of cadmium in the roots was 79.9% (770 mg/kg), whilst in the aerial parts it was 20.1% (194 mg/kg). Thus, G. angustifolia fulfils one of the criteria employed to define hyperaccumulator plants in that the concentration of zinc in the aerial parts of plants grown in contaminated substrate was approximately 20.2-fold higher than the average value found in plants grown under control (non-polluted) conditions, whilst the concentration of cadmium was 194-fold higher than the control value. Further analyses showed that the concentration of zinc in contaminated soil that had supported the cultivation of bamboo was reduced by 65.5%, whilst the level of cadmium was reduced by 60.2%. The high values of BCF (> 1) related to zinc indicated that the roots and aerial tissues had not attained saturation and/or that the transport systems were still active under the experimental conditions employed such that even larger quantities of metal could be absorbed and transported. Regarding cadmium, the values of BCF indicated that saturation and/or inactivation of roots had not been attained, as in the case of zinc, whereas this was not valid for the aerial tissues. TF values for both metals were low (< 1) indicating that zinc and cadmium transport in G. angustifolia tissues was not very efficient. One of the greatest obstacles to the use of G. angustifolia in phytoremediation of these metals appears to be related to the translocation in the tissues, mainly from culms to leaves. Although this aspect limits the applicability of G. angustifolia in the phytoremediation of zinc and cadmium, it is clear that this species offers significant potential since the larger portion of its biomass is represented by the culms. Such potential could be exploited by using appropriate agronomic techniques in order to allow the growth of plants in polluted soils, and genetic engineering technology to facilitate the mobility of metals from roots to shoots. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A fitorremediação é considerada uma tecnologia economicamente promissora e ecologicamente correta porque utiliza processos físico-químicos e bioquímicos naturais para a limpeza de áreas degradadas. A Guadua angustifolia (Bambusoideae, Poacea), um bambu nativo da América do Sul e Central, que apresenta colmos robustos, altos e espinhosos, apresenta considerável potencial para a fitorremediação de metais tóxicos pelas seguintes razões: a) possui extraordinária capacidade de multiplicação e reprodução vegetativa; b) pode resgatar CO2 da atmosfera eficientemente, contribuindo para a diminuição do chamado 'efeito estufa'; c) não faz parte da cadeia alimentar; d) possui atributos ornamentais que podem ser utilizados no paisagismo de áreas poluídas, como aquelas previamente ocupadas pelos lixões; e) a biomassa aérea pode ser aproveitada na construção civil ou na indústria moveleira, após cumprido o papel fitoextrator. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o potencial da G. angustifolia para a fitorremediação dos metais pesados zinco e cádmio. Os processos de absorção e translocação dos metais das raízes para as partes aéreas e sua distribuição nos diferentes tecidos foram analisados. Além disso, a produção de proteínas transportadoras de metal (fitoquelatinas) e a formação de complexos de metal com compostos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular foram investigados. Os experimentos com G. angustifolia foram conduzidos tanto em condições hidropônicas, quanto no solo. O solo artificialmente contaminado com soluções de sulfato de zinco ou cádmio foi distribuído em saquinhos de plástico perfurados. As mudas de bambu, previamente mantidas em vermiculita, foram transplantadas para o solo contaminado e conservadas na casa de vegetação, à temperatura ambiente, durante 180 dias, com regas periódicas. As plantas foram então lavadas e dessecadas à temperatura ambiente e as amostras de raízes, colmos, folhas e solo foram digeridas com uma mistura de ácido nítrico e ácido perclórico (3:1; v/v) durante 3 h à temperatura ambiente e posteriormente por 3 a 4 h à 120 °C. A determinação da concentração de zinco e cádmio nas diferentes amostras foi realizada através de espectroscopia de absorção atômica a 213,9 e 228,8 nm respectivamente. Com base nos valores médios absolutos da concentração, os fatores de bioconcentração (FBC) e de translocação (FT) foram calculados. O acúmulo de zinco e cádmio nas plantas cultivadas no solo obedeceram à ordem raízes > colmos > folhas. O acúmulo de zinco nas raízes do bambu foi de 57,2% (2720 mg/kg peso seco), enquanto que v nas partes aéreas foi de 42,8% (2032 mg/kg peso seco). O acúmulo de cádmio nas raízes foi de 79,9% (770 mg/kg) e nas partes aéreas foi de 20,1% (194 mg/kg). As análises demonstraram que ocorreu uma redução de 65,5% na concentração de zinco e 60,2% na concentração de cádmio, no solo contaminado, após o cultivo com bambu. No que diz respeito ao zinco, os altos valores de FBC (> 1) indicaram que as raízes e os tecidos aéreos ainda não haviam sido saturados e/ou os sistemas de transporte ainda estavam ativos nas condições experimentais empregadas e uma quantidade ainda maior de metal poderia ser absorvida e transportada. Com relação ao cádmio, os valores de FBC indicaram que ainda não havia ocorrido saturação e/ou a inativação dos sistemas de transporte nas raízes, ao contrário dos tecidos aéreos que já se encontravam saturados. Os valores de FT para ambos os metais foram baixos (< 1) indicando que o sistema de transporte de zinco e cádmio nos tecidos da G. angustifolia não são muito eficientes. Assim, a G. angustifolia atende um dos um dos critérios usados para definir plantas hiperacumuladoras, em que a concentração de zinco nas partes aéreas das plantas desenvolvidas em substrato contaminado foi aproximadamente 20.2 vezes maior do que o valor médio encontrado em plantas desenvolvidas em solos não poluídos, enquanto que a concentração de cádmio foi 194 vezes maior. Outras análises mostraram que a concentração de zinco no solo contaminado, que havia sido cultivado com bambu, foi reduzida em 65,5%, enquanto que o nível de cádmio foi reduzido em 60,2%. Um dos maiores obstáculos ao emprego da G. angustifolia para a fitorremediação desses metais parece estar relacionado com a translocação nos tecidos, principalmente dos colmos para as folhas. Embora esses aspectos limitam a aplicação da G. angustifolia na fitorremediação do zinco e cádmio, podemos afirmar que essa espécie apresenta grande potencial, visto que a maior parte da biomassa da planta é representada pelos colmos. Esse potencial poderia ser explorado através do uso de técnicas agronômicas adequadas para viabilizar o crescimento das plantas em solos poluídos e de técnicas de engenharia genética para facilitar a mobilidade dos metais das raízes para as folhas.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to process an overview of previously known knowledge about acute mushroom poisonings. Thesis draws mainly from foreign literature. Provides basic information about mushrooms, their toxins and syndromes that cause. Beside the general information, one part of the thesis is devoted to the cases and studies from around the world. They describe individual clinical cases of mushroom poisoning or deal with their epidemiological situation mostly between the years 2001 - 2016. Obtained information is processed into overview tables. Thesis is particularly focused on the situation of macromycete poisonings in the Czech Republic and contains data from specialised facilities. The most intoxications occurs after ingestion of the edible fungi species. The most common intoxications by mushrooms containing toxins are after ingestion A. phalloides, A. pantherina and Psilocybe. The most frequent reported symptoms are gastrointestinal. According to the severity, mushroom poisonings are classified as less dangerous with onset of symptoms within 6 hours and life-threatening with the onset of symptoms after more than 6 hours. Mushroom poisonings should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal problems. Key words: macromycetes, mushroom poisonings, mushroom...

xvii, 147 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Supramolecular chemistry is a relatively new and exciting field offering chemists simplistic approaches to generating complex assemblies through strategically designed ligands. Much like the many spectacular examples of supramolecular assemblies in nature, so too are chemists able to construct large, elegant assemblies with carefully designed ligands which bind preferentially to target metal ions of choice. An important concept of supramolecular chemistry, often subtle and overlooked, is secondary bonding interactions (SBIs) which in some cases, act as the glue to hold supramolecular assemblies together. This dissertation examines SBIs in a number of systems involving the pnictogen elements of arsenic and antimony as well as aromatic interactions in self-assembled monolayers. The first half of this dissertation is an introduction to the concepts of supramolecular chemistry and secondary bonding interactions and how they are used in the self-assembly process in the Darren Johnson laboratory. Chapter I describes how secondary bonding interactions between arsenic and aryl ring systems and antimony and aryl ring systems assist with the assembly process. Chapter II is a continuation of the discussion of SBIs but focuses on the interactions between arsenic and heteroatoms. The second half of this dissertation will describe work performed in collaboration with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, WA. This work was performed under the guidance of Dr. R. Shane Addleman in conjunction with Professor Darren W. Johnson of the University of Oregon. This portion describes novel systems for use in heavy metal ion remediation from natural and unnatural water sources. Chapters III-V describe functionalized mesoporous silica for use in heavy metal uptake from contaminated water sources. Chapter V describes a new technology invented during this internship at PNNL which utilizes weak bonding interactions between aryl ring systems to produce regenerable green materials for toxic metal binding. This work is ongoing in the Darren Johnson lab. This dissertation includes my previously published and co-authored material. / Committee in charge: Michael Haley, Chairperson, Chemistry; Darren Johnson, Member, Chemistry; Shih-Yuan Liu, Member, Chemistry; James Hutchison, Member, Chemistry; Eric Johnson, Outside Member, Biology

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A contaminação do solo no município de Santo Amaro (BA) por metais tóxicos provocada pelas atividades da empresa Plumbum Mineração tem gerado impactos sobre a saúde ambiental e humana. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a viabilidade da remediação deste solo contaminado por chumbo e cádmio, utilizando diferentes fontes de fosfatos e fitorremediação com o capim vetiver [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)]. O estudo foi realizado em colunas de PVC onde amostras de solo foram colocadas com a aplicação de fosfato dihidrogênio de potássio (KH2PO4) (T1); fertilizante fosfato natural reativo (FNR) (T2) e; uma mistura do KH2PO4 e de fertilizante FNR (T3). Amostras de solo contaminado sem tratamento (T0) foram utilizadas como controle. Após 60, 120 e 180 dias, alíquotas do solo foram retiradas das colunas para análises. Ao final de cada período, mudas de capim vetiver [(Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)] foram plantadas em vasos com as amostras de solo: T0, T1, T2 e T3 em triplicata. Para a determinação das concentrações de chumbo e cádmio no solo e tecidos vegetais foi utilizado o ICP-OES. A partir das análises física e química constatou-se que o solo possui textura argilosa e capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) elevadas. As extrações com solução de ácido dietilenotriaminopentaacético (DTPA) e Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) mostraram que o tratamento T1 seguido do T3 foram os mais eficientes na imobilização de Pb e Cd. Entretanto, todos os tratamentos resultaram em concentrações de metais ainda disponíveis no solo que excediam os limites estabelecidos pela USEPA, sendo o solo, portanto, considerado tóxico mesmo após o tratamento. Com base nas concentrações de metais extraídos através da extração sequencial pelo método BCR após a remediação e a fitorremediação do solo, foi verificado que todos os três tratamentos com fosfatos foram eficientes em imobilizar o Pb e Cd nas formas menos solúveis, porém, o Cd permaneceu mais solúvel e com maior mobilidade do que o Pb. Os ensaios de letalidade utilizando minhoca Eisenia andrei mostraram que a mortalidade observada no solo após 60 dias de tratamento foi significativamente reduzida após 120 e 180 dias de tratamento. A perda de biomassa pelas minhocas também foi reduzida de acordo com o tempo de tratamento. O teste de germinação com alfaces (Lactuca sativa L.) indicou que as amostras de solo tratadas continuam bastante tóxicas, apesar da disponibilidade reduzida do Pb e do Cd como visto nos resultados da extração por TCLP e por BCR. A avaliação de risco ecológico potencial indicou que os tratamentos do solo com fosfatos associado à fitorremediação reduziram a mobilidade do Pb, principalmente nos tratamentos T1 e T3. Para o Cd o risco ecológico potencial aumenta consideravelmente quando comparado com o Pb demonstrando que esse elemento, apesar dos tratamentos com fosfatos mais a fitorremediação continua móvel. O tratamento com KH2PO4 (T1) foi o mais eficiente na redução da mobilidade, disponibilidade e da toxicidade dos metais, seguido pelo T3 e T2 para o Pb e o T3 seguido pelo T1 e T2 para o Cd. / The soil contamination by toxic metals in Santo Amaro municipality (BA) by the industry Plumbum Mining has caused impacts on the environment and human health, as well as economic and social impacts due to the high levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in the air, soil and water. The aim of this research was to access the feasibility of remediating this soil using different sources of phosphates associated to the phytoremediation by vetiver grass [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)]. Soil samples were treated in PVC columns with the application of dihydrogen potassium phosphate (KH2PO4) (T1), reactive natural phosphate fertilizer (RNP) (T2) and a mixture of KH2PO4 and RNP fertilizer (T3). Untreated contaminated soil samples (T0) were used as control. Soil samples were taken from the columns for analysis after 60, 120 and 180 days of treatment. At the end of each time period, vetiver grass [(Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)] was planted in pots in triplicate with soil taken from the columns T0, T1, T2 and T3. To determine the concentration of Pb and Cd an ICP - OES was used. Based on the physical and chemical analyzes was found that the soil has clayey and high cation exchange capacity (CEC) that are found in Vertisols. Extractions with DTPA and TCLP showed that the most effective treatment to immobilize Pb and Cd was T1 followed by T3, however, exceeded the regulatory limit established by the USEPA and is therefore considered toxic. In the sequencial extractions with BCR method after remediation and phytoremediation has been verified that all three treatments were effective in restraining Pb and Cd in the less soluble forms, however, the Cd is more soluble and has higher mobility than the Pb. Lethality tests using earthworms Eisenia andrei showed mortality was higher in the treatments 60 days, reducing registration of deaths at 120 and 180 days. The loss of biomass was reduced according to the treatment time. The germination tests with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) indicated that samples of treated soil still was toxic, although they have reduced the availability of Pb and Cd as seen in the results of the TCLP and BCR. The ecological potential risk assessment indicated that the treatment of the soil with phosphates and more phytoremediation reduced mobility of Pb, especially for T1 and T3. For Cd the ecological potential risk considerably increased compared with the element Pb demonstrating that despite therapy with phytoremediation more phosphates remains quite soluble. KH2PO4 Treatment with (T1) was the most effective in reducing mobility, availability and toxicity the metals followed by T3 and T2 to Pb and T3 followed by T1 and T3 to Cd.

Submitted by GILBERTO DIAS DE ALKIMIN null (gilberto_cdz@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-15T17:08:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_FINAL.pdf: 6110695 bytes, checksum: c7822bb8a9272890beb5ba8faae113c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-19T19:40:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alkimin_gd_me_soro.pdf: 6110695 bytes, checksum: c7822bb8a9272890beb5ba8faae113c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T19:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alkimin_gd_me_soro.pdf: 6110695 bytes, checksum: c7822bb8a9272890beb5ba8faae113c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A contaminação dos ambientes aquáticos por metais é uma preocupação mundial, pois são elementos bioacumulativos e persistentes. Diversos desses compostos possuem a capacidade de alterar o sistema endócrino (denominados interferentes endócrinos – IE), sendo o cádmio (Cd) e o zinco (Zn) suspeitos dessa atuação, segundo a literatura. Para verificação dessa potencialidade algumas análises biológicas são indicadas como: 1) a realização do teste de dessorção no auxílio ao posterior cálculo do fator de bioconcentração (FBC), para detecção do real valor incorporado do contaminante pelo organismo e predição dos efeitos tóxicos causados; 2) análises histológicas de órgãos como as gônadas e o fígado e 3) análise de vitelogenina (VTG) no fígado de machos. Dessa forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi averiguar a atuação endócrina dos metais Cd e Zn em concentrações permitidas em ambientes aquáticos para a proteção da vida aquática por meio de: a) estudo do tempo de dessorção de Cd e Zn da parte externa do organismo; b) determinação do FBC de Cd e Zn em D. rerio após exposição crônica; c) avaliação da possibilidade de Cd e Zn provocarem alterações histológicas em gônada e fígado de machos e fêmeas de D. rerio e d) análise da capacidade de Cd e Zn em induzir a produção de VTG no fígado de machos de D. rerio. Para a realização do teste de dessorção, organismos adultos de D. rerio, foram expostos por 72 horas a Cd (1 µg de Cd/L) e Zn (180 µg de Zn/L) seguindo-se a lavagem do organismo-teste em ácido nítrico 2% por diferentes tempos (0h; 5; 60; 90; 120; 150 e 180 minutos) e posterior construção da curva de dessorção. As análises de FBC, histologia e histoquímica foram realizadas após exposição crônica (21 dias) em regime semi-estático, com troca total da solução a cada 72 horas, em separado a concentrações permitidas por legislação nacional (1 µg de Cd/L e 180 µg de Zn/L) e internacional (0,25 µg de Cd/L e 120 µg de Zn/L) para proteção da vida aquática. Desse modo, após o final da exposição organismos foram levados a digestão, leitura da concentração do contaminante e o FBC foi calculado, bem como machos e fêmeas foram sacrificados e passaram por procedimento de preparo histológico, corados com hematoxilina e eosina e análise qualitativa de gônada e fígado e machos após preparo histológico sofreram marcação histoquímica para detecção de VTG no fígado. Pelos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que a dessorção dos metais apresentou diferença, sendo a dessorção de Cd realizada em 90 minutos e a de Zn em 60 minutos; a bioconcentração de Cd foi semelhante nas duas concentrações de exposição e a de Zn foi inversamente proporcional à concentração exposta. As análises histológicas mostraram que Cd e Zn provocam alterações de forma pronunciada tanto em gônadas quanto em fígados de fêmeas, enquanto gônadas de machos não sofreram graves alterações e os fígados apresentaram lesões que podem comprometer o funcionamento do órgão, além disso, observou-se a produção de VTG no fígado de machos de D. rerio expostos a Cd e Zn. Por fim, a união das técnicas utilizadas comprova que Cd e Zn, mesmo em concentrações permitidas por legislação são capazes de atuarem como IE em D. rerio, necessitando de mudanças na legislação para valores mais restritivos com a finalidade de garantir a saúde endócrina dos organismos aquáticos. / The contamination of aquatic environments by metals is a global concern because they are bioaccumulative and persistent elements. Several such compounds have the ability to change the endocrine system (called endocrine disruptors - ED), and cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) that suspicious activity, according to the literature. To verify the potential some biological analyzes are given as: 1) the realization of the desorption test to aid the subsequent calculation of bioconcentration factor (BCF), for determining the real corporate value of the contaminant by the body and prediction of toxic effects; 2) histological analysis of organs such as the gonads and liver and 3) analysis of vitellogenin (VTG) in the liver of males. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the endocrine actions of Cd and Zn in allowed concentrations in aquatic environments for the protection of aquatic life through: a) study time desorption of Cd and Zn from outside the body; b) determination of CBF of Cd and Zn in D. rerio after chronic exposure; c) assessment of the possibility of Cd and Zn cause histological changes in the liver and gonads of males and females of D. rerio d) analysis of the ability of Cd and Zn in inducing the production of VTG in the liver of males of D. rerio. To perform the desorption test, adult organisms of D. rerio were exposed for 72 hours Cd (1 µg/L of Cd) and zinc (180 µg/L of Zn) followed by washing of the organism under test 2% nitric acid for different times (0 h, 5, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes) and subsequent construction of desorption curve. The analyses of BCF, histologic and histochemical were performed after chronic exposure (21 days) under semi-static system, with complete exchange of the solution every 72 hours in separat concentrations allowed by national legislation (1 µg of Cd/L and 180 µg of Zn/L) and international (0.25 µg Cd/L and 120 µg Zn/L) for protection of aquatic life. Thus, after the end of exposure organisms were taken digestion, of the contaminant concentration of the reading and the CBF was calculated as well as males and females were euthanized and underwent histological preparation procedure, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and qualitative analysis of gonads and liver histological was performed and males after preparing suffered histochemical staining VTG detection in the liver. This waythe desorption of metals it was different, with desorption of Cd performed in 90 minutes and Zn in 60 minutes, the bioconcentration of Cd was similar in both exposure concentration and the Zn was inversely proportional to the concentration exposed, histological analyzes show that Cd and Zn cause pronounced changes in both gonads, as in female livers, but the gonads of male suffered no serious changes and livers showed lesions that can compromise the function of organ, besides, it was observed VTG production in the liver D. rerio males exposed to Cd and Zn. Finally, the union of techniques shows that Cd and Zn, even at concentrations allowed by law are able to act as IE in D. rerio, requiring changes in legislation for more stringent values in order to ensure the endocrine health organisms water.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-05-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_dav_me_jabo.pdf: 709265 bytes, checksum: 549843b546eae78f9f905d68ab445a15 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar morfologica e citogeneticamente as especies de plantas toxicas: Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey., Ricinus communis L., Cassia occidentalis L. , Canavalia ensiformis D.C. e Amaranthus spinosus L.. Para a morfologia utilizou-se sementes e plantulas que foram esquematizadas com auxilio de estereomicroscopio equipado com camara clara.Para a citogenetica utilizou-se pontas de raizes, hidroxiquinoleina e coloracao Giemsa. Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. apresenta sementes com variados tons de castanhos. A germinacao e epigea e fanerocotiledonar. O embriao e cotiledonar e o endosperma mucilaginoso. Apresenta numero cromossomico 2n = 16 cromossomos, com comprimento medio geral de 3,340 Êm } 0,689. Ricinus communis L. possui sementes com testa mesclada em tons castanhos, com caruncula visivel localizada na parte inferior da semente, germinacao epigea e fanerocotiledonar.O embriao e cotiledonar e o endosperma oleaginoso. O numero cromossomico 2n = 10 cromossomos, com comprimento cromossomico medio de 1,123 Êm } 0,327. Cassia occidentalis apresenta sementes com tons marrom-escuro, embriao cotiledonar e endosperma mucilaginoso. A germinacao e epigea e fanerocotiledonar. Possui 2n = 26 cromossomos com comprimento cromossomico medio e de 1,672 0,400. Canavalia ensiformis D.C apresenta sementes com uma coloracao branca e lignificada, embrião cotiledonar e endosperma mucilaginoso. A germinacao e do tipo epigea e fanerocotiledonar. Apresenta numero cromossomico 2n = 22 cromossomos com comprimento medio de 1,388 Êm 0,249...... / This work had as objective to characterize morphologic and citogenetics some species of toxic plants: Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey., Ricinus communis L., Cassia occidentalis L., Canavalia ensiformis D. C. and Amaranthus spinosus L.. For the morphological studies were used seeds and seedlings that were schematized with of stereomicroscoppe equipped with camera lucida. The cytogenetic already used points of rootses, Hidroxiquinoleina and Giemsa coloration. Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. present seeds with varied tones of chestnut . Its germination is phanerocotyledonar and epigeous. The seeds are kidney shaped and the embryo is cotyledonary with a mucilaginous endospermic. They present chromosome number 2n = 16 chromosomes, with general medium length of 3,340mm l 0,689. Ricinus communis L. presents seeds with forehead several mixed many tones chestnut, wich visible caruncula located in the inferior part of the seed, germination is phanerocotyledonar and epigeous. The seeds are kidney shaped and the embryo is cotyledonary and an oleaginous endospermic. Its chromosome number is 2n = 10 chromosomes, with length medium chromossomic of 1,123mm l 0,327. Cassia occidentalis presents seed with tones brown-darkness whose interior presents an embryo is cotyledonary and a mucilaginous endospermic. Its germination is phanerocotyledonar and epigeous. The evaluation cytogenetic shows us 2n = 26 chromosomes with length medium chromossomic are of 1,672mm l 0,400. Canavalia ensiformis D.C presents seeds with a white coloration and lignification. In its interior it is located an embryo cotyledonary... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 domingues_e_dr_rcla.pdf: 3318861 bytes, checksum: 4fb1e8d32700d735da2485108750737a (MD5) / Estudos sobre a poluição difusa, motivados pela preocupação com o uso sistemático de agrotóxicos na agricultura são pouco conhecidos, muito localizados ou específicos e basicamente avaliam o comportamento dessas substâncias tóxicas ou suas concentrações nos solos. A proposta apresentada é desenvolver um modelo de consulta em banco de dados para analisar e avaliar aspectos do potencial para contaminação por agrotóxicos dos meios solo/água e do risco ao ambiente, tomando como referência a lavoura da cana-de-açúcar na bacia do Rio Pardo. Considera-se que para tal seja necessária a realização de estudos mais abrangentes e com mais variáveis, analisadas de forma integrada e sistêmica. As derivações conseqüentes das interações que se operam no âmbito do sistema solo/água podem ser melhor compreendidas utilizando-se ferramental apropriado, um banco de dados. Finalmente a estruturação de uma base de dados apoiará o desenvolvimento dos indicadores do potencial para contaminação dos meios solo/água. Uma base conceitual e uma série de procedimentos operacionais dão conta das tarefas necessárias para a construção do banco. Partiu-se da interpretação em imagens de satélite, passando pelas análises estatísticas, das características do meio físico que interagem com as substâncias tóxicas até a organização das consultas que apóiam a definição de indicadores do potencial para contaminação por agrotóxicos / Studies on diffused pollution generated from sistematic using of pesticides on agriculture are not very common, much located or specific or, basically, evaluate the behavior of such toxic substances of their concentration in soils. The present proposition intends to develop a consulting pattern on a database to analyze and evaluate environment potential contamination of soil and water, and risking aspects, taking as reference sugar cane culture on Pardo river basin. It is understood that the achievement of such objectives demands much more including studies with more variables, which must be analyzed under an integrated and sistematic way. The outcoming interactions performed within the scope of such system could be better comprehended with an appropriate tool – a database. Finally the creation of a database will support the development of potential contamination indicators. A conceptual basis as well as a set of operational procedures both give account of the task that will be demanded to a database, starting with satellite image interpretation, going through analysis of statistical data, environment characteristics that interacts with toxic substances, even the organization of queries that give support to definition of potential contamination indicators