The fact that companies currently need to streamline their production is largely due to the rapid pace of change and the competitive situation in the society. Using lean production is a common way to achieve higher productivity. The report has been carried out as a case study and aims to analyze the current production of a company to get a picture of which wastes are predominant in production and how the company can follow up on its data. Thereafter, an analysis of these data will be carried out. In addition, proposals for how the company can involve its employees in the improvement work will be presented. To perform the data collection, the Business Intelligence (BI) system is used, and for analysis, Microsoft Excel and the tools Power Query and Power Pivot are used. Interviews with management teams have also been conducted. The company has a low efficiency and currently lacks a greater overview of contributing factors to this despite the fact that they have several systems that collect data. The data that were analyzed also have many sources of error and since the company had not previously followed up its production results, verification of the data is problematic. Monitoring production and finding out which wastes are the major or most costly and then working on these wastes can help the company increase its efficiency. The company should therefore introduce OEE as a KPI where availability and performance are multiplied together to get a clear picture of the situation. Analyzing downtime will also give the company a greater understanding of which activities are contributing to the low efficiency.

A primeira parte do estudo consistiu em caracterizar as amostras de termoplástico elastomérico poliéster (TPE-E) modificadas via irradiação gama (γ) em presença de atmosfera de oxigênio e irradiadas com fonte de 60 Co nas doses de 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 e 100 kGy. Na segunda parte foram realizadas as caracterizações das dispersões coloidais de prata metálica adsorvida em sílica pirogênica (AgNPs_SiO2) e do óxido de zinco aditivado com prata metálica adsorvida em sílica pirogênica (AgNPs_ZnO). Na terceira e última parte, as concentrações de 250, 500, 1000 e 5000 ppm, em massa , de AgNPs_SiO2, idem para AgNPs_ZnO, foram misturados mecanicamente por 30 minutos com 1 % em massa de óleo ALKEST TW 80, 0.3 % em massa de anti-oxidante Irganox 1010 e grânulos de TPE-E, posteriormente processados, independentemente, via injeção plástica, extrusão monorosca e irradiação com prensagem a quente. As técnicas de caracterização utilizadas no trabalho foram: espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), difração de raios X (DRX), espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de comprimento de onda (WD-XRF), microscopia eletrônica de varredura com espectroscopia por dispersão de energia de raios X (MEV-EDS), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão com espectroscopia por dispersão de energia de raios X (MET-EDS), índice de fluidez (MFR) e ensaios de tração. As amostras de TPE-E irradiadas apresentaram diminuição da temperatura de degradação (Tonset) e do índice de fluidez (IF) com o aumento da dose de irradiação. Foi possível observar nos resultados obtidos por espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de comprimento de onda a presença de prata nos compostos de sílica pirogênica e de óxido de zinco com sílica pirogênica. Todas as amostras de TPE-E contendo aditivos AgNPs_SiO2 e AgNPs_ZnO obtidas pelas diferentes técnicas apresentaram atividade bactericida para bactéria Gram-negativa Escherichia coli (E.Coli) e a bactéria Gram-positiva Staphylococcus aureus (S.Aureus), sendo os melhores resultados obtidos nos filmes de TPE-E irradiados e prensados com 0.5 % de AgNPs_ZnO com doses de 20 e 50 kGy e 0.5 % AgNPs_SiO2 com doses de 0 e 20 kGy. / The first part of the study consisted of characterizing samples of thermoplastic polyester elastomeric polyester (TPE-E) modified by gamma irradiation (γ) in the presence of oxygen atmosphere and irradiated with a 60 Co source at doses of 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 kGy. In the second part, the characterization of the colloidal dispersion of silver silicon adsorbed pyrogenic silica (AgNPs_SiO2) and the zinc oxide added with colloidal dispersion of metallic silver adsorbed on silica pyrogen (AgNPs_ZnO). In the third and final part, concentrations of 250, 500, 1000 and 5000 ppm, mass%, of AgNPs_SiO2, identical to AgNPs_ZnO, were mixed mechanically for 30 minutes with 1% by mass of ALKEST TW 80 oil, 0.3% by mass of Irganox 1010 anti-oxidant and TPE-E granules, further processed independently, via plastic injection, monosulfur extrusion and irradiation with hot pressing. The characterization techniques used in the work were: infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry by wavelength dispersion WD-XRF), scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (TEM-EDS), melt flow index (MFR) and traction tests. The irradiated TPE-E samples showed a decrease in degradation temperature (Tonset) and melt flow index (IF) with increasing irradiation dose. It was possible to observe in the results obtained by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry by wavelength dispersion the presence of silver in the silica pyrogenic compounds and of zinc oxide with pyrogenic silica. All the TPE-E samples containing additives AgNPs_SiO2 and AgNPs_ZnO obtained by the different techniques presented bactericidal activity for Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.Aureus), being the best results obtained in the TPE-E films irradiated and pressed with 0.5% AgNPs_ZnO at doses of 0, 20 and 50 kGy and 0.5% AgNPs _SiO2 at doses of 0 and 20 kGy.

A primeira parte do estudo consistiu em caracterizar as amostras de termoplástico elastomérico poliéster (TPE-E) modificadas via irradiação gama (γ) em presença de atmosfera de oxigênio e irradiadas com fonte de 60 Co nas doses de 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 e 100 kGy. Na segunda parte foram realizadas as caracterizações das dispersões coloidais de prata metálica adsorvida em sílica pirogênica (AgNPs_SiO2) e do óxido de zinco aditivado com prata metálica adsorvida em sílica pirogênica (AgNPs_ZnO). Na terceira e última parte, as concentrações de 250, 500, 1000 e 5000 ppm, em massa , de AgNPs_SiO2, idem para AgNPs_ZnO, foram misturados mecanicamente por 30 minutos com 1 % em massa de óleo ALKEST TW 80, 0.3 % em massa de anti-oxidante Irganox 1010 e grânulos de TPE-E, posteriormente processados, independentemente, via injeção plástica, extrusão monorosca e irradiação com prensagem a quente. As técnicas de caracterização utilizadas no trabalho foram: espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), difração de raios X (DRX), espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de comprimento de onda (WD-XRF), microscopia eletrônica de varredura com espectroscopia por dispersão de energia de raios X (MEV-EDS), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão com espectroscopia por dispersão de energia de raios X (MET-EDS), índice de fluidez (MFR) e ensaios de tração. As amostras de TPE-E irradiadas apresentaram diminuição da temperatura de degradação (Tonset) e do índice de fluidez (IF) com o aumento da dose de irradiação. Foi possível observar nos resultados obtidos por espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de comprimento de onda a presença de prata nos compostos de sílica pirogênica e de óxido de zinco com sílica pirogênica. Todas as amostras de TPE-E contendo aditivos AgNPs_SiO2 e AgNPs_ZnO obtidas pelas diferentes técnicas apresentaram atividade bactericida para bactéria Gram-negativa Escherichia coli (E.Coli) e a bactéria Gram-positiva Staphylococcus aureus (S.Aureus), sendo os melhores resultados obtidos nos filmes de TPE-E irradiados e prensados com 0.5 % de AgNPs_ZnO com doses de 20 e 50 kGy e 0.5 % AgNPs_SiO2 com doses de 0 e 20 kGy. / The first part of the study consisted of characterizing samples of thermoplastic polyester elastomeric polyester (TPE-E) modified by gamma irradiation (γ) in the presence of oxygen atmosphere and irradiated with a 60 Co source at doses of 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 kGy. In the second part, the characterization of the colloidal dispersion of silver silicon adsorbed pyrogenic silica (AgNPs_SiO2) and the zinc oxide added with colloidal dispersion of metallic silver adsorbed on silica pyrogen (AgNPs_ZnO). In the third and final part, concentrations of 250, 500, 1000 and 5000 ppm, mass%, of AgNPs_SiO2, identical to AgNPs_ZnO, were mixed mechanically for 30 minutes with 1% by mass of ALKEST TW 80 oil, 0.3% by mass of Irganox 1010 anti-oxidant and TPE-E granules, further processed independently, via plastic injection, monosulfur extrusion and irradiation with hot pressing. The characterization techniques used in the work were: infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry by wavelength dispersion WD-XRF), scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (TEM-EDS), melt flow index (MFR) and traction tests. The irradiated TPE-E samples showed a decrease in degradation temperature (Tonset) and melt flow index (IF) with increasing irradiation dose. It was possible to observe in the results obtained by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry by wavelength dispersion the presence of silver in the silica pyrogenic compounds and of zinc oxide with pyrogenic silica. All the TPE-E samples containing additives AgNPs_SiO2 and AgNPs_ZnO obtained by the different techniques presented bactericidal activity for Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.Aureus), being the best results obtained in the TPE-E films irradiated and pressed with 0.5% AgNPs_ZnO at doses of 0, 20 and 50 kGy and 0.5% AgNPs _SiO2 at doses of 0 and 20 kGy.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la contingence culturelle de l'intention-action de création d'entreprise. Elle met en oeuvre une recherche empirique qui permet, au travers de la démarche de triangulation, d'explorer le rôle de la culture nationale dans ces notions. Une analyse théorique des principaux concepts dans le domaine de l'entrepreneuriat et de la culture nationale, permettra de mettre en évidence un cadre conceptuel adapté à l'étude de la contingence culturelle de l'intention entrepreneuriale. En effet, ce dernier propose une approche intégrant les différents niveaux d'analyse de la culture nationale et leurs incidences sur la formation de l'intention entrepreneuriale. La thèse présente son projet en termes de problématique et de méthodologie, au travers d'un processus de collecte de données, par entretiens et questionnaires, sur 35 études de cas de créateurs de TPE en provenance de la région Lorraine (France) et de la région Grand Tunis (Tunisie). Les traitements de ces données (analyses qualitative et quantitative) conduisent à adopter la contingence culturelle de la désirabilité et de la faisabilité perçues de se lancer en affaires. La recherche suggère aux acteurs décideurs que l'intention entrepreneuriale ne peut-être considérée comme universelle. En revanche, elle peut être investie au travers de certaines caractéristiques culturelles spécifiques, notamment les valeurs et croyances culturelles, le contexte relationnel, les motivations, les modèles d'entrepreneurs, etc. Ainsi, cette étude met en avant l'imbrication de la culture nationale et la culture entrepreneuriale. / This thesis is dedicated to study a cultural contingency of the entrepreneurial intention-action. It uses empirical research which permits, through a triangulation method, to explore the role of national culture in these notions. A theoretical analysis of main concepts on entrepreneurship and national culture enables to suggest an adapted conceptual framework for studying cultural contingency on entrepreneurial intention. In fact, this framework proposes an approach that permits to integrate different analysis levels of national culture and their effects on the entrepreneurial intention formation. The thesis presents its problematic and methodological project, through interviews and questionnaires applied in 35 case studies of small business creators, coming from "Lorraine" region (France) and "Grand Tunis" region (Tunisia). The data treatment (quantitative and qualitative analysis) brings to adopt the cultural contingency of perceived desirability and feasibility to start a business. The research suggests that intention of business creation can't be considered as universal. On the other hand it can be surrounded according to specific cultural characteristics, particularly, cultural values and beliefs, relational context, motivations, entrepreneurs' roles models, etc. It defends also the imbrication's entrepreneurial and national cultures.

En France, on estime à 150 000 le nombre d’accident vasculaire cérébraux par an. Avec un coût de 8,3 milliards d’euros, c’est devenu une problématique de santé publique. Les dépenses sont, entre autres, lié aux séquelles, car 43,2 % sortent d’hospitalisation en étant dépendant physiquement.Ces séquelles vont séquelle vont être à l’origine de limitations, provoquant un cercle vicieux d’inactivité, et amenant un déconditionnement. Pour lutter contre ce déconditionnement, il semble pertinent de respecter les recommandations des sociétés savantes en termes d’activité physique (AP). Néanmoins en retour à domicile, très peu de patients atteignent le minimum d’AP requis. L’éducation thérapeutique du patient (ETP) semble être une option pertinente pour remédier à ce problème.Ce travail de recherche s’est donc intéressé à l’effet d’un programme ETP à l’AP chez des patients en phase subaigue. Le programme était effectué au domicile des patients, et était composé de visites à domicile et d’appels téléphoniques. L’AP était contrôlée grâce à un actimètre et des livrets de suivi.Après les 6 mois du programme, il ressort une augmentation du périmètre de marche, mais pas d’impact sur la force des membres inférieurs, la composition corporelle, la fatigue et la dépression.Les principales caractéristiques des patients volontaires à un programme ETP à l’AP étaient la persistance de la fatigue, la dépression, peu de séquelles neuro-motrices physiques et un fort soutien de l’entourage. Enfin, au cours des 6 mois de suivi, les patients ont maintenu des durées d’AP qui étaient au-dessus des recommandations en termes d’AP. / In France, we estimate at 150,000 the number of cerebral vascular accident per year. With a cost of 8.3 billion euros, it has become a public health issue. The expenses are, among others, related to legacy, as 43.2% leave hospital being physically dependent.These effects will aftereffect will cause limitations, causing a vicious cycle of inactivity and deconditioning bringing. To fight against this deconditioning, it seems appropriate to follow the recommendations of learned societies in terms of physical activity (PA). Yet back home, very few patients reach the minimum required AP. Therapeutic patient education (TPE) seems to be a relevant option to address this problem.This research is therefore interested in the effect of ETP to the AP in patients with subacute phase. The program was conducted in patients' homes, and consisted of home visits and phone calls. The PA was controlled through a actimeter and monitoring booklets.After 6 months of the program, it appears an increase in the walking distance, but no impact on the strength of lower limbs, body composition, fatigue and depression.The main characteristics of volunteer patients to ETP to the PA were persistent fatigue, depression, few physical neuro-motor sequelae and strong support from the entourage.Finally, during the 6 months follow-up, patients maintained durations of AP which were above recommendations in terms of AP.

No description available.

Dans l’optique de développement de matériaux performants avec une approche respectueuse de l’environnement, l’obtention de copolymères à blocs de type hard-soft avec une forte proportion de polydiméthylsiloxane (PDMS) en utilisant le procédé d’extrusion est une étape vers des élastomères thermoplastiques d’intérêt. Afin de s’affranchir de la faible réactivité des extrémités de chaînes des longues macromolécules, la voie originale mise en avant consiste en la réalisation de copolymères ayant une partie centrale PDMS courte puis en l’allongement de celle-ci selon les propriétés visées. L’étape critique d’allongement est effectuée à l’aide de bases phosphazènes comme agents de polymérisation de décaméthylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). Dans un premier temps, une approche chemio-rhéologique de la polymérisation du D5 à l’aide de ces superbases a été réalisée. L’acquisition des données intrinsèques de cette réaction permet de mettre au point la modélisation de l’évolution de viscosité du système en cours de réaction, vérifiant ainsi sa compatibilité avec l’utilisation de l’extrusion réactive. Dans un second temps, l’utilisation d’une architecture modèle de PDMS fonctionnalisé en bout de chaîne par des groupements chimiques volumineux de type naphtyl valide l’hypothèse d’allongement du chaînon central par insertion de D5 selon cette catalyse. Finalement, cette approche a été appliquée à des architectures macromoléculaires de type poly(styrène-b-diméthylsiloxane-b-styrène). Dans ce cas, les résultats sont, à cette heure, moins probants. Ceci est potentiellement dû à l’aspect procédé de nos manipulations. Cette dernière observation révèle l’intérêt de l’extrusion dans ce type de synthèse. / Nowadays the development of performing new materials using an environmental friendly route is a challenge. To produce hard-soft block copolymers based on a high polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) content using reactive extrusion process is a milestone to reach thermoplastic elastomers. Because of the low reactivity of high molecular weight macromolecule chain ends an original route is described. It consists in the synthesis of copolymers containing low central PDMS and then increasing the molecular weight of this central part. This crucial step is performed using phosphazene bases as polymerization agents of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). Firstly, the polymerization of D5 by phosphazene bases has been investigated by chemiorheological means. To define intrinsic data of this reaction allows modelling the viscosity change during the chemical reaction. Thus, it is observed this polymerization system is compatible with reactive extrusion. Secondly, we investigate the hypothesis of increasing the molecular weight of a short central PDMS part in a triblock copolymer by D5 insertion using the catalysis system previously described. Naphtyl end-chain functionalized PDMS was used as a model. So we confirmed this route as an interesting one to achieve the targeted macromolecular architectures. Finally, we tried to produce poly(styrene-b-dimethylsiloxane-b-styrene) through this way. In this case, early investigations are not so convincing. This may come from the experimental device used. This last observation stresses out the great potential of extrusion process to implement such a route to reach thermoplastic elastomers based on high polysiloxane content.

Sedan människor började använda energetiska material har risken för oönskade explosioner alltid varit ett problem. Många produktionsanläggningar och förråd har förstörts på grund av oönskad antändning energetiska material. Idag är nitrocellulosa en komponent i de flesta kanonkrut. En negativ egenskap hos nitrocellulosa är att den bryts ner över tid och eftersom det är en naturprodukt så kommer det alltid att finnas en viss skillnad mellan olika batcher. Genom att ersätta nitrocellulosa med en produkt som inte bryts ner men som fortfarande ger liknande övriga egenskaper kan kanonkrutssäkerheten öka. Termoelaster undersöktes då de är smältbara och tåliga. Smältpunkt och glastransitionstemperaturen bestämdes med differentiell svepkalorimetri, viskositeten mättes vid flera temperaturer med en reometer och mekaniska egenskaper utvärderades i en dragprovningsmaskin. De två mest lovande polymererna blandades sedan med hexamin som är ett inert material för att simulera ett kompositkrut. Agglomerering av hexamin undveks genom tillsats av små mängder pyrogen kiseldioxid. Fyllnadsgraden i systemet nådde 70 viktprocent hexamin i en polymer. Kompositmaterialen dragprovades och resultaten jämfördes med motsvarande data för två nitrocellulosabaserat krut. Kompositmaterialen hade lägre brottgräns än det ena nitrocellulosabaserade krutet men högre brottgräns än det andra nitrocellulosabaserade krutet. Kompositmaterialen hade högre E-modul än det nitrocellulosabaserade krutet men lägre brottöjning. Resultaten är lovande och visar att termoelasterna har stor potential att användas i kompositkrut. Med fortsatt undersökning och optimering av kompositmaterialen kan ett säkrare alternativ till nitrocellulosa skapas.

Submitted by RENATO CARVALHO RESENDE (htc.renato@gmail.com) on 2017-03-30T23:23:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado Renato Carvalho Resende.pdf: 9175175 bytes, checksum: 3d504c6ae855f8c5ee734700afd5a7cc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-04-06T14:17:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 resende_rc_me_bauru.pdf: 9175175 bytes, checksum: 3d504c6ae855f8c5ee734700afd5a7cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T14:17:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 resende_rc_me_bauru.pdf: 9175175 bytes, checksum: 3d504c6ae855f8c5ee734700afd5a7cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / Os elastômeros termoplásticos (TPE) têm sido bastante empregados em substituição às borrachas tradicionais, por terem custo reduzido de matéria prima, facilidade no processamento e serem recicláveis. Apresentam propriedades mecânicas semelhantes, porém quando utilizados em componentes de vedação apresentam limitada resistência à corrosão em água clorada. Assim, o desenvolvimento de tratamento superficial que não modifique as características originais, mas tornem o material mais resistente são desejáveis. Para tanto, este trabalho pretende desenvolver uma metodologia a plasma para melhorar esse quesito. O elastômero termoplástico de copoliéster (COPE) foi escolhido por ser o mais empregado em componentes de vedação. O tratamento a plasma de baixa pressão com hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF6) foi empregado visando tornar a superfície do COPE hidrofóbica através da incorporação de grupos fluorados. A implantação iônica por imersão em plasmas (IIIP) de argônio foi utilizada para criar uma camada superficial mais coesa e entrelaçada, além da possibilidade de torná-la hidrofóbica após envelhecimento. Para o tratamento com SF6, os parâmetros de excitação do plasma (12 Pa e 80 W) foram mantidos, variando-se o tempo do tratamento entre 2 e 180 minutos de modo a encontrar uma condição ótima para esse processo. Para a IIIP de Ar os parâmetros de excitação do plasma (5 Pa e 60 min) foram mantidos e a potência da radiofrequência foi variada entre 10 e 150 W. A energia de superfície e ângulo de contato foram obtidos pelo método da gota séssil em um goniômetro automatizado. A morfologia da superfície foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). Espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) e espectroscopia de fotoelétrons de raios X (XPS) foram utilizadas para análises da composição química e estrutura molecular. Corrosão por plasma de O2 e imersão em água clorada foram utilizados para avaliar a resistência antes e após os tratamentos a plasma. Os resultados mostram que as amostras tratadas por 90, 120 e 180 minutos em plasmas de SF6 tornam-se hidrofóbica, mesmo após o envelhecimento, apresentando incorporação de flúor, alterando assim a composição química e morfológica da superfície do COPE. Melhorias substanciais foram observadas nessas amostras após os ensaios de corrosão, indicando que um aumento na vida útil do material em situações reais de uso possam ter sido alcançadas. A IIIP de Ar tornou as amostras inicialmente mais hidrofílicas do que a amostra como-recebida, porém após a ação do tempo, algumas amostras permaneceram hidrofóbicas enquanto outras amostras retornaram à condição inicial. Apesar da hidrofobicidade não ter sido alcançada em todas as amostras, alterações na rugosidade e na morfologia foram verificadas, principalmente nas amostras tratada com 100 W de potência do plasma, ocasionando em melhora na resistência do COPE à água clorada. Essa melhora na resistência é atribuída ao aumento da conectividade da estrutura pelo estabelecimento de reticulações geradas pelo processo de IIIP, densificando o material tornando a permeação de íons da solução mais difícil. / Thermoplastic elastomers have been widely used in substitution for conventional rubber, given that the feedstock is cheaper, easier to process and recyclable. Its mechanical properties are similar, but when applied to sealing components its resistance is limited due to the chlorine present in water, therefore, it is interesting to develop a surface treatment that do not alter the original characteristics, but make the material more robust. To achieve such result, we chose to submit the copolyester thermoplastic elastomer (COPE) to plasma. This material was naturally chosen, once it is widely used for sealing purposes in this specific industry. By using low pressure plasma with sulfur hexafluoride, we expect to alter COPEs surface by incorporating fluorine groups, thus making it hydrophobic. We also submitted the sample to a second treatment, by submersion to argon plasma, making the outer layer less defective and more entangled with aging, as observed in previous experiments. For SF6 treatment, the exiting plasma parameters (12Pa and 80W) were kept and the treatment time was varied between 2 to 180 minutes in order to find the optimal treatment time. For Argon IIIP, the plasma exciting parameters (5Pa and 60 min) were maintained, while the radio frequency variation was between 10 to 150W. Surface energy and contact angle were obtained by and automatic goniometer, through the sessile drop method. The surface's morphology was analyzed by electronic scanning microscope and atomic force microscopy. Dispersive energy spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy were responsible for the chemical composition and molecular structure analyses the new surface's resistance was tested by O2 plasma corrosion and immersed in chlorinated water. Results show the samples treated for 90,120 and 180 minutes in SF6 plasma became hydrophobic, even after aging. The samples were substantially improved and its resistance prolonged its lifespan in conventional usage. Argon IIIP made the surface more hydrophilic. However, after time part of the material restored its original characteristics. Although hydrophobic it was not achieved, the roughness and morphology alteration (especially when treated with 100W of plasma) improved COPE'S resistance. The results are explained by the increase in the structure's ability to connect by the establishment of reticulate one generated by the IIP process, making the component denser and the ionic solution less permeable.

La Très Petite Entreprise (TPE) / Petite et Moyenne Entreprise (PME), comme toutes entités socioéconomiques, est confrontée à des risques variés durant la conduite de ses activités (Incendie, perte d'un fournisseur important, Accident du travail, échec d'un partenariat, espionnage industriel,...). A la différence de leurs homologues de grande taille, celles-ci n'ont pas à leur disposition d'outils dédiés pour les gérer dans leur globalité et donc assurer leur pérennité. Fort de ce constat, le Groupe AFNOR en collaboration avec le Centre de recherche sur les Risques et les Crises de Mines ParisTech, a initié une réflexion qui permettrait d'apporter des réponses à cette problématique.Cette thèse présente donc les fondements et la conception d'une démarche de maîtrise globale des risques des TPE / PME. Les résultats de ces travaux s'adressent bien entendu aux dirigeants des TPE / PME mais également aux différents " acteurs relais " (associations d'entreprises, des CCI, des CRCI, des Chambres des Métiers, des assureurs ...) qui les accompagnent et assistent dans le cadre de leur démarche de maîtrise des risques.Elle repose sur la définition et la construction d'un outil de diagnostic qui permet la mise en évidence et la réduction des vulnérabilités des TPE / PME face à leurs risques majeurs. Pour cela, la caractérisation des vulnérabilités des TPE / PME a abouti à la mise en évidence de leur caractère transitoire grâce au concept de cycle de vie. Une fois décrites, leur modélisation conduit à l'identification des critères qui font varier la nature et / ou la gravité des dommages quand un Évènement Non Souhaité (ENS) survient. Ces critères de vulnérabilités sont les constituants prépondérants du diagnostic. Ce dernier permet de mettre en évidence les faiblesses de l'organisation afin d'apporter des propositions adaptées d'améliorations (formation, diagnostic ou autodiagnostic spécifique, accompagnement, conseil, sensibilisation,...).