Autor: Bc. et Bc. Adéla Markvartová Title: The views of the runners on the middle and long distance to regeneration in the sport Objectives: The aim of diploma thesis is to detect views of runners on the middle and long distance to regeneration in the sport in terms of their use due to gender and to specialization of runners. Methods: Diploma thesis is divided to two parts - theoretical and practical. Theoretical part is about regeneration in sport and the practical part talks about opinions of of runners on the middle and long distance to regeneration in the sport. Compares each methods of regeneration due to gender and to specialization of runners. It was used nonstandard questionnaire, during championship of the Czech republic in athletics (from 18th to 19th June) in Tábor. Number of 110 runners on the middle and long distance were interviewed. Questionnaire was filled by 91 athletes, 46 men ad 45 women. Results: Research showed that runners realize importance of regeneration in training process. Men are more confident about positive influence of regeneration in performance and also in injury prevention. The most used methods and types of regeration are mechanotherapy, massage (automassage), thermotherapy (sauna, steam bath) and also regeneration by move - stretching excercises, swimming and...

Title: Sports career biography of Imrich Bugár Objectives: The main aim of this paper is to evaluate and present a twenty-year long sports career of discus-thrower Imrich Bugár by the means of content analysis of newspaper articles published in the journal Czechoslovakian sport. Methods: Biographic research was used as one kind of a case study. The paper is divided into three main parts. The first part is concerned with the summary of all newspaper articles written during Bugár's sports career. I have statistically categorized the articles according to the criteria stated by Jan Volf in his diploma paper of 2007. The second part of the paper is concerned with information gained from Imrich Bugár personally, during a conducted interview. The third part shows a summary of Bugár's best achievements. Results: Based on the accessible materials, I have described and evaluated the sports career of Imrich Bugár. In total, I have evaluated n = 348 articles concerned with his sports career. The next part presents a commented evaluation of the conducted interview with Imrich Bugár. When categorization of the articles is taken into account, most articles about the course of Bugár's career are of an informative character and describe his participation in competitions. Imrich Bugár participated in n = 433...

Title A Project of Educational Bicycle Trail in Kokořínsko Protected Landscape Area. Objective The aim of this work is to create a project of Educational bicycle trail in Protected Landscape Area (PLA) Kokořínsko, create an information brochure, which could be distributed to tourist information centres in the region. Methods The discussion with employees of Kokořínsko PLA and collection of information on existing bicycle trails, bicycle tracks, educational trails, natural and cultural assets in the area. Classification and verification of collected data. Using the information obtained for creating an Educationl bicycle trail. Presenting a summary in an information brochure. Assessment of the project via questionaires. Results The result of this work is a proposal of two educational cycle trails with possible combinations in Kokořínsko in form of an information brochure. The brochure includes educational texts connected to the areas on the trail, photographs and maps. Keywords Kokořínsko, Educational trail, bicycle trail, bicycle track, protected landscape area (PLA).

La mise en place de trains à grande vitesse a rendu de plus en plus cruciale la compréhension et la prévision du comportement dynamique à long terme des voies ferrées. En particulier, le tassement des infrastructures conditionne le coût de maintenance des voies. Ce tassement d’infrastructure est par ailleurs étroitement lié aux propriétés des matériaux constitutifs sollicités par le chargement cyclique. La thèse décrit les résultats obtenus pour la caractérisation d’un matériau de type « micro-ballast » de constitution semblable à celle d’un ballast utilisé en infrastructure ferroviaire, mais de taille de grain réduite (d/D=6/24). L’expérimentation utilise des appareils triaxiaux de deux diamètres F300mm et F100 mm. 1. Essais sous sollicitation monotone: Les essais poussés jusqu’à rupture ont permis de mettre en évidence une courbure de la courbe intrinsèque sous faible niveau de chargement et un effet d’échelle sensible entre les deux tailles d’échantillon. 2. Essais sous chargement cyclique: Le plan d’expériences a permis de prendre en compte l’influence de la fréquence d’application de la sollicitation cyclique, de la pression de confinement, de la charge appliquée et du nombre de cycles. Les résultats obtenus sont interprétés dans le cadre d’une loi de comportement adaptée à l’étude de sollicitations cycliques à grand nombre de cycles / The use of high-speed trains makes it crucial to understand and predict the long term dynamic behavior of railway tracks. In particular, the settlement of infrastructures incurs track maintenance costs. This settlement of infrastructure is besides closely linked to the physical properties of the material, when stressed by a cyclic loading. The thesis describes the experimental results obtained on a so called « micro-ballast » material whose grain properties are similar to those of a ballast used for train tracks, but having reduced grain size (d/D=6/24) . Experiments are performed by using triaxial testing on tow diameters (300 mm and 100 mm). 1. Tests under monotone compression: failure tests provided evidence for a curvature of the failure envelop and a significant scale effect between both sample sizes. 2. Tests under cyclic loading: The experimental plane took into account the influence of the application frequency used for the cyclic loading, the confining pressure, the applied charge and the number of cycles. An interpretation of the results in the context of constitutive equations which can be used for the simulation of a high number of cycles is presented

Master of Science / Department of Computer Science / Daniel A. Andresen / New to K-State??? No worries!!! This app will be your first friend and help you with everything you may need. Every new incoming student to K-State has to do a set of mandatory activities before they start their classes. Many times they use a pamphlet or word of mouth by students or faculty around, on what to do and whom to visit. But, this information may not be reliable or could have been expired/updated, and students miss on certain crucial things which delays their work. The same follows with various events organized by the college to welcome new students. This app will be a solution for all these problems. It will provide students with all the details they need before they actually become familiar with the school and even after that. Each student gets to see the To-Do's which are a set of mandatory activities, he/she has to do before they enroll for the classes and also, he can know about various events happening around the university. Students can also suggest new events if they are not already updated in the events list. All these activities are monitored and controlled by the Admin.

Aim Recent studies of Swedish track and field athletes have shown that there is a substantial risk of injury. None of these studies have investigated the potential role of how athletes perceive their injury risk, and how it may play a part in the occurrence and prevention of sport injures. The aim of the study was to explore how Swedish track and field athletes perceive their injury risk, and examine the potential correlation with prior injury experience using a quantitative design. Method The sample comprised 69 Swedish junior elite track and field athletes. The athletes filled out a two-part online questionnaire. The first part requested relevant personal information including gender, track and field event and previous injuries in the past 12 months; the second part consisted of "The Perception of Risk of Injury Scale", but modified accordingly to the targeted sport. For the statistical analysis, the R version 3.5.2 software was used and the results were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's non-parametric test. Results 52 out of the 69 athletes in the study reported at least one injury during the past 12 months, and the most commonly reported period of time lost due to injury was between eight and 28 days. Non-significant results (p=0,095) were found between gender and perceived injury risk. If an athlete reported more than one injury in the past 12 months, they perceived their re-injury risk (p<0,025) to be higher. Significant results were found between perceived injury risk and the severity of the injury (p<0,006), with a negative correlation (r=-0,32). When the severity of the injury increased, the tendency of perceived injury risk decreased. Conclusions A history of previous injury has a small correlation to perceived injury risk. This study comes one step closer to understanding the potential impact of perceived risk of injury on occurrence of actual injury. With this knowledge, it may be possible to reduce the negative perceptions concerning re-injury in athletes with higher perceptions of injury risk. Finally, awareness of reinjury should be increased among athletes with a history of severe injury. / Syfte Studier inom Svensk Friidrott har visat att friidrottare löper en påtaglig skaderisk. Inga av dessa studier har studerat den potentiella rollen av hur skadefria friidrottare uppfattar sin skaderisk eller hur det kan påverka skadeförekomst och prevention. Syftet med studien var att undersöka förekomsten av uppfattad skaderisk hos svenska friidrottare på elitnivå samt att undersöka den potentiella korrelationen med skadehistorik. Metod Totalt inkluderades 69 juniorer på elitnivå inom Svensk Friidrott. Friidrottarna fyllde i en tvådelad webbaserad enkät. Första delen bestod av bakgrundsfrågor som inkluderade kön, friidrottsgren och skadehistorik de senaste 12 månaderna. Den andra delen innefattade ”The Perception of Risk of Injury Scale”, modifierad för att passa idrotten friidrott. Till den statistiska analysen användes statistikprogrammet R version 3.5.2 och resultatet analyserades med Mann-Whitney U-test samt Spearmans icke parametriska test. Resultat 52 av de 69 inkluderade friidrottarna rapporterade minst en skada under de senaste 12 månaderna och vanligaste skattad frånvarotid på grund av skada var åtta till 28 dagar. Ingen signifikant skillnad (p=0,095) påvisades mellan kön och uppfattad skaderisk. Friidrottare som rapporterade mer än en skada de senaste 12 månaderna uppfattade sin skaderisk som högre för återfallsskada (p<0,025). Signifikanta resultat fanns mellan uppfattad skaderisk och skadans allvarlighetsgrad (p<0,006), där sambanden var negativa (r=-0,32). När skadans allvarlighetsgrad ökade så tenderade den uppfattade skaderisken att minska hos friidrottarna. Slutsats Skadehistorik har ett mindre samband med uppfattad skaderisk. Denna studie är ett steg mot en ökad förståelse för den potentiella inverkan som den egna uppfattade skaderisken har på den faktiska risken för skada. Med denna kunskap kan det vara möjligt att minska de negativa uppfattningarna gällande återfallsskador hos friidrottare som uppfattar en högre skaderisk. Resultatet kan även användas för att medvetengöra friidrottare med en historik av allvarliga skador om risken för återfallsskada.

O expressivo crescimento do setor ferroviário com o processo de privatizações das operações a partir de 1996, fez com que a modalidade aumentasse sua participação na matriz de transportes brasileira. Porém, essa expansão, obtida essencialmente com a substituição e aumento de locomotivas e vagões, juntamente com a modernização do sistema de controle de tráfego, deverá em breve encontrar limites impostos pela geometria e superestrutura da malha ferroviária. O objetivo da dissertação é analisar como esses fatores afetam a capacidade de processamento de trens através de uma linha ferroviária singela. Para alcançar este objetivo desenvolveu-se um modelo capaz de identificar as características da via que restringem as velocidades e o headway das composições ferroviárias. O modelo proposto permite, através da análise de desempenho em cada um dos arcos de um trecho de linha ferroviária, obter uma medida de desempenho global no trecho e identificar os gargalos. O método adotado para determinar a capacidade do trecho para cenários operacionais alternativos é o da utilização de diagramas espaço-tempo. Os diagramas espaço-tempo são elaborados através de um algoritmo em MatLab que soluciona os conflitos nos cruzamentos para um determinado tempo de cruzamento nas estações e efetua a contagem de pares de trens. O desempenho dos trens em cada um dos arcos, dado de entrada do algoritmo, é adquirido através de um modelo de simulação de desempenho de trens elaborado pela Association of Amerian Railroads (AAR). Como aplicação prática apresenta-se uma análise de capacidade para um dos principais corredores de exportação, um trecho da Brasil Ferrovias S.A. entre as cidades de Santa Fé do Sul e Araraquara no estado de São Paulo. A análise dos resultados mostra que o principal fator limitante da velocidade média no espaço dos trens é a atual condição da superestrutura ferroviária e que, uma vez eliminada esta restrição, a supressão de passagens de nível e a relocação de estações de cruzamento, produzem ganhos expressivos. / The expessive growth of the railway sector due to the privatization of the operations since 1996, is increasing the participation of this mode in the brazilian transport matrix. However, this growth is obtained mainly from the replacement and increase of the rolling stock and the modernization of the traffic control system, and will soon reach some important limits imposed by the railway geometry and superstructure. The thesis objective is to analyze how these factors affect the capacity to process trains through a single track railroad line. To reach this objective, a model that identifies the restrictions that impose limits to the speed and headways of the trains was developed. Through the performance analysis on each arc of a railway segment, the model obtains a global performance measure for the whole segment and identifies the bottlenecks. Time-space graphs are developed to determine the capacity of the segment for different operating scenarios. To build the space-time graphs, solve the conflicts at the crossings for a given time to cross and count the trains per day, an algorithm using the MathLab software was developed. The train performance on each arc is obtained through a simulation model developed by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). As a practical application, a capacity analysis of one of the most important export corridors is presented, a segment of the Brasil Ferrovias S.A. network between the cities of Santa Fé do Sul and Araraquara in the state of São Paulo. The analysis of the results shows that the present railway superstructure condition is the main train average space speed limiting factor and, once this restriction is eliminated, the supression of at grade crossings and the relocation of the crossing stations produce expressive gains.

Dentre os diversos tipos de defeitos estruturais a que um pavimento está sujeito, a deformação permanente em trilha de roda da camada de rolamento é um dos mais importantes, pois além de propiciar uma degradação acelerada da estrutura do pavimento, ele reduz consideravelmente a segurança do usuário. Este trabalho pesquisa os processos que levam à deformação permanente de revestimentos asfálticos, utilizando como estudo de caso uma pista-teste localizada na Rodovia BR 376 PR, construída com a finalidade principal de estudar os afundamentos em trilha de roda. Foram executados 10 trechos, com 200 m de extensão cada um, em aclive, na 3ª faixa de rolamento, sujeita a tráfego pesado de caminhões lentos. Os trechos experimentais consistem de restauração de pista existente, onde foram executados diferentes tipos de revestimentos asfálticos, variando-se o tipo de graduação e também o tipo de ligante asfáltico, todas dosadas pelo método Marshall. Três dos dez trechos foram submetidos ao ensaio acelerado por um simulador de tráfego móvel de pista, em escala real. As misturas asfálticas foram igualmente ensaiadas em laboratório para verificação da dosagem por equipamento giratório francês e por simulador de tráfego tipo LPC. Além disso, foram extraídas placas do revestimento asfáltico da pista-teste as quais foram submetidas ao simulador de tráfego de laboratório. O objetivo central desta pesquisa foi de estudar a consistência dos resultados obtidos em campo e em laboratório, e a previsibilidade de deformações em campo através do método laboratorial. A pesquisa verificou e analisou a redução do volume de vazios das misturas asfálticas em pista e em laboratório associadas à deformação permanente, procurando relacionar a redução do volume de vazios com a deformação. A pesquisa mostrou que os ensaios de laboratório com o simulador de tráfego LPC podem ser empregados para prever as ocorrências de afundamentos em pista. Os resultados indicam a adoção do limite máximo de 5% de deformação permanente no equipamento de laboratório para os tipos de misturas asfálticas testadas para reduzir as possíveis ocorrências de deformações permanentes de revestimentos asfálticos sujeitos a tráfego muito pesado. Nas condições dos ensaios laboratoriais da pesquisa, que se aplicam à pista-teste, as misturas asfálticas mais recomendadas quanto à resistência à deformação permanente são as misturas com asfalto modificado por polímero SBS e RET, e as misturas com asfalto-borracha. Dependendo das características do ligante, o CAP 30/45 também pode ser empregado; no entanto, o CAP 50/70 mostrou-se inadequado para tráfego pesado e lento. A graduação é uma característica relevante para a estabilidade das misturas asfálticas, devendo os agregados estarem bem entrosados no caso das graduações contínuas e bem-graduadas; no entanto a macrotextura resultante deve ser estudada para evitar superfícies fechadas que reduzam a segurança dos usuários em pistas molhadas. Foram estudadas duas misturas descontínuas gap-graded que se mostraram adequadas para tráfego pesado quanto à deformação permanente e à textura superficial. A pesquisa mostra a importância da seleção criteriosa dos materiais e rigor nos estudos de dosagem, com determinação de propriedades mecânicas para melhor prever comportamento em campo de revestimentos asfálticos sujeitos a tráfego pesado e lento. / Among the many types of structural distresses that a pavement is subjected, wheel track rutting is one of the most important because it leads to accelerated deterioration of the pavement structure and also reduces the road safety. This research focus on the processes that lead to rutting in asphalt mixes, using experimental test sites located at Highway BR 376 PR (heavy and slow traffic), which were built with the primary purpose of studying wheel path depressions. Ten testing tracks of 200 m long (total of 2 km) were built on the third lane (upward sloping). The testing tracks were part of the rehabilitation of an existing pavement. Different asphalt mixtures were designed by the Marshall method, varying the aggregate size distribution and the type of asphalt binder. Three of the ten sections were subjected to Accelerated Pavement Testing by the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (in situ). The asphalt mixtures were also prepared and tested in laboratory by the French gyratory compactor and LPC traffic simulator, respectively, in order to verify the mixtures design. In addition, plates were extracted from the asphalt surfaces in the field and then subjected to the traffic simulator in laboratory. The main purpose of this study was to compare the permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures observed in the field to that obtained in the laboratory; and also to evaluate the prediction of permanent deformation based on laboratory evaluation. This research verified the correlation between reduction in the air voids of asphalt mixtures and rutting potential (samples extracted from the field and also prepared in laboratory were analyzed). The research showed that the LPC traffic simulator is a good device to predict permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures in the field. The results indicate 5% as the threshold for the permanent deformation in laboratory to reduce the occurrence of permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures subjected to heavy traffic. For the test conditions used, the mixtures that presented better resistance to permanent deformation were the ones with asphalt modified by SBS and RET, and the asphalt-rubber mixtures. Depending on the asphalt binder characteristics, the CAP 30/45 (classification by penetration) can be used; however the CAP 50/70 presented inadequate behavior for heavy and slow traffic. The aggregate gradation is another important parameter for the stability of asphalt mixtures, where the stones need to present a good interlocking and be wellgraded. The resulting macrotexture should also be evaluated to avoid surfaces with reduced safety to the users in wet conditions. Two mixtures with gap-graded gradation were evaluated and presented good results in respect to permanent deformation and superficial characteristics (texture). This research shows the importance of materials selection, design procedure, and mechanical behavior evaluation to predict the performance of asphalt surfaces subjected to heavy and slow traffic.

A exposição da população em geral à radiação ionizante surge principalmente a partir de fontes naturais. A principal contribuição é decorrente da inalação do radônio (Rn-222), um gás que ocorre naturalmente (UNSCEAR, 2000). A concentração de Rn-222 num ambiente é controlada por fatores como a permeabilidade do solo e teor de água, a variabilidade meteorológica, características de construção da fundação e da pressão diferencial positivo habitual entre o solo e o ambiente interno. Estudos indicam que a concentração de radônio, apresenta uma variação significativa no subsolo, térreo e andares superiores das edificações. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar os níveis de radônio, nos subsolos, térreos e andares acima do nível do solo, em uma universidade na cidade de São Paulo e um edifício residencial na cidade de Peruíbe. As medidas de Rn-222 foram realizadas através do método passivo com detectores de traços nucleares de estado sólido (CR-39). Os ambientes estudados apresentam concentrações de Rn-222 bastante inferiores aos valores recomendados pela Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica, publicados no documento de 2009, de 300 Bq/m3 para residências e 1000 Bq/m3 para locais de trabalho. No edifício residencial na cidade de Peruíbe, analisaram-se ainda, as concentrações de Ra-266, Th-232 e K-40 em materiais de construção utilizados na construção do edifício, por meio de espectrometria gama. A dose efetiva total para o morador devido à exposição externa foi de 0,8 mSv a-1, inferior ao limite de dose anual para público em geral de 1 mSv a-1. / Exposure of the general population to ionizing radiation comes mainly from natural sources. The main contribution is due to inhalation of radon (Rn-222), a gas that occurs naturally (UNSCEAR, 2000). The Rn-222 concentration in the environment is controlled by factors such as soil permeability and water content, the weather variability, materials used in the foundation and the usual positive pressure differential between the soil and the internal environment. Studies indicate that the concentration of radon shows a wide variation in the basement, ground floor and upper floors of buildings. The objective of this study is to determine radon levels in basements, ground floor and floors above ground level, at a university in the city of São Paulo and in one residential building in the city of Peruíbe. Rn-222 measurements were performed using the method with nuclear track of solid state detectors (CR-39). The studied environments present Rn-222 concentration well below the values recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, published in the 2009 document, of 300 Bq/m3 for homes and 1000 Bq/m3 for the workplace. In the residential building, the concentration of Ra-266, Th-232 and K-40 in the materials used in the building construction was also analyzed, by gamma spectrometry. The effective total dose for the resident due to external exposure was 0.8 mSv y-1, lower than the annual dose limit for the general public of 1 mSv y-1.

Cyclones distribution and intensities impact directly on human activities, mainly due to their associated intense precipitation and winds. The main aim of this thesis is to understand changes in the cyclones originated in the South Atlantic focusing on their genesis and intensifying mechanisms. Cyclones are identified and tracked based on the relative vorticity field at 850 hPa computed from the winds. The characteristics of the cyclones are obtained by diagnostic variables sampled within a radial distance from each cyclone center and to produce a spatial distribution of the cyclone properties at the time of genesis. Also, cyclone centered composites are used to analyze the cyclone structure and the evolution of cyclones during their genesis. The climatology of cyclones was done using NCEP-CFSR and shows four main cyclogenesis regions in the South Atlantic Ocean: on the Southern Brazilian coast (SE-BR, 30°S), over the continent near the La Plata river discharge region (LA PLATA, 35°S), on the southeastern coast of Argentina (ARG, 40°S-55°S) and on the Southeastern Atlantic (SE-SAO, centered at 55°S and 10°W). To access changes in cyclone development, we used the CMIP5 HadGEM2-ES historical experiment (1980-2005) and RCP8.5 future projection (2074-2099). The HadGEM2-ES can represent the main South Atlantic characteristics of cyclones according to NCEP-CFSR climatology. However, there is an underestimation in cyclone frequency in the equatorward side of the storm track, particularly in the LA PLATA region. The HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 future projection shows a general decrease of approximately 10% of cyclogenesis in the South Atlantic domain, which is mainly related to the poleward shift of the storm track. However, LA PLATA region presents a slight increase in its cyclogenetic activity (6.1 and 3.6%), in the summer and winter, respectively). The increase in genesis at 30°S over the continent is associated with the strengthening of the upper-level jet and the increase of warm and moisture advections at the same location. The enhance in the moisture transport from the tropics is also related to the intensification of the cyclone in the domain, mainly northward of 35°S. Finally, a downscaling using WRF was performed in an attempt to improve the climate model resolution. However the downscaling produces less and weaker cyclones in the NCEP-CFSR and HadGEM2-ES runs. The only region that presented an improvement was LA PLATA, due to the better representation of local features related to orography and moisture processes. The downscaled HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 also shows an increase in cyclogenesis in the LA PLATA region and other locations. The HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 projection and its downscaling shows that the cyclogenesis in some locations of South America is increasing, mainly due to the increase in the low-level moisture content and the strengthening of the equatorward flank of the upper-level jet. The cyclones in this locations will be slightly intense (between 20°S and 30°S) and will affect a narrow area close to the South American coast. / A distribuição e intensidade dos ciclones afeta diretamente as atividades humanas devido a precipitação e fortes ventos associados a esses sistemas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é entender as mudanças nos ciclones gerados no Atlântico Sul devido às mudanças climáticas, focando em seus mecanismos geradores e intensificadores. Os ciclones foram identificados e rastreados utilizando a vorticidade relativa em 850hPa, calculada a partir do campo de ventos horizontal. Também foram usadas composições centradas para a análise da estrutura e evolução dos ciclones durante seu desenvolvimento. A climatologia de ciclones feita com o NCEP-CFSR mostra quatro regiões ciclogenéticas principais no Oceano Atlântico Sul: na costa sul do Brasil (SE-BR, 30°S), sobre o continente próximo da desembocadura do Rio da Prata (LA PLATA, 35°S), na costa sudeste da Argentina (ARG, 40°S-55°S) e no Sudeste do Atlântico (SE-SAO, centrada em 55°S, 10°W). Para analisar as mudanças no desenvolvimento dos ciclones, nós utilizamos os experimentos histórico (1980-2005) e RCP8.5 (2074-2099) do HadGEM2-ES (CMIP5). O HadGEM2-ES é capaz de reapresentar as principais características dos ciclones do Atlântico Sul, quando comparado à climatologia. No entanto, existe uma subestimativa do número de ciclones no lado equatorial da região de máxima atividade ciclônica, principalmente na região LA PLATA. A projeção futura HadGEM2-ES no cenário RCP8.5 mostra uma redução de aproximadamente 10% na ciclogêneses no domínio do Atlântico Sul, principalmente associada ao deslocamento em direção ao polo da região de máxima atividade ciclônica. Porém, a região LA PLATA apresenta um pequeno aumento em sua atividade ciclogenética (6.1 e 3.6%), no verão e inverno, respectivamente). O aumento na ciclogênese em 30°S está associada ao fortalecimento do jato de altos níveis e ao aumento da advecção quente e de umidade nessa localidade. O aumento do transporte de umidade dos trópicos está associado também à intensificação dos ciclones observada na projeção futura, principalmente ao norte de 35°S. Por fim, uma regionalização com o modelo WRF foi usada para melhorar a resolução do modelo climático. Porém, as simulações regionais subestimaram os ciclones em número e intensidade. A única região que em as regionalizações apresentaram melhor desempenho foi a LA PLATA, devido a uma melhor representação de feições locais associadas a orografia e processos úmidos. A regionalização do cenário futuro RCP8.5 também apresentou aumento da ciclogênese do LA PLATA, mas para o inverno. Tanto a projeção RCP8.5 do HadGEM2-ES quanto sua regionalização mostram que a ciclogênese em algumas regiões da América do Sul está aumentando, principalmente devido ao aumento de umidade em baixos níveis da atmosfera e fortalecimento do lado ramo equatorial do jato de altos níveis. Os ciclones nessas localidades serão intensos (entre 20°S e 30°S) e tendem a afetar uma região mais próxima à costa.