The maping of the everyday´s life and the public holidays of the small traders in the beginning of 20th century in the city of České Budějovice, their political affiliation, the religion or the entertainment. The everyday´s life of the small traders in the city České Budějovice in the first half of 20th century.

This study focused on the impact of vegetable sales on household income of hawkers in the Limpopo province. A stratified sampling technique was used. The population of hawkers was selected from the five district municipalities of the province. Three major towns from each district were randomly selected for 366 questionnaire administration. Multiple regression analysis (linear, semi-log and double-log) was used to determine the impact of vegetable sales on the household income of hawkers. The outcome of the study revealed that, nine independent variables had a significant impact on the vegetable sales of hawkers when the linear regression model was applied. On application of the semi-log regression, 11 independent variables had a significant impact on the vegetable sales. Ten independent variables had a significant impact on vegetable sales when considering the double-log regression. The cross tabulation of total sales according to districts showed that an average of 1.6 respondents earned less than R200 which is close to, but lower than R174 which is the poverty line measure in South Africa. The study showed the degree of significance of different variables that have an impact on hawkers’ vegetable sales. Vegetable hawkers generate enough income from their sales to live above the poverty line. The recommendation was that the local municipalities should build new markets and improve the infrastructure of existing markets, and also provide proper sanitation and clean water to avoid unhygienic situations in hawkers’ markets. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-11-21T11:51:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Augusto Felippe Caramico dos Santos.pdf: 1308243 bytes, checksum: 4a9f444e0b4ed4d812a0cacfb653b505 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-21T11:51:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Augusto Felippe Caramico dos Santos.pdf: 1308243 bytes, checksum: 4a9f444e0b4ed4d812a0cacfb653b505 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-11 / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / This thesis aims to investigate if traders have better decision management under stress, obtaining greater financial results. The Iowa Gambling Task was used to verify the hypothesis of research and the influence of the somatic markers in decision making, integrated to the theories of Behavioral Finance and Emotional Finance. The results indicated trading floor operators has better quality of decision making, faster learning, greater adaptability and superior financial result compared to control group. Among the subgroups of operators, there was a significant difference in the learning process and financial result obtained, demonstrating better ability to recognize patterns and higher financial results of the floor traders when compared to the group of electronic desk traders / Esta tese tem como objetivo investigar se traders possuem melhor qualidade decisória sob estresse, obtendo maiores resultados financeiros. Foi utilizada a metodologia do Iowa Gambling Task como meio de verificar as hipóteses de pesquisa e a influência dos marcadores somáticos na tomada de decisão dos indivíduos, integrada às teorias das Finanças Comportamentais e das Finanças Emocionais. Os resultados indicaram que os operadores de pregão apresentaram melhor qualidade de tomada de decisão, aprendizado mais rápido, maior adaptabilidade e resultado financeiro superior ante o grupo de controle. Entre os subgrupos de operadores foi verificada diferença significativa no processo de aprendizagem e resultado financeiro obtido, demonstrando melhor capacidade no reconhecimento de padrões e maiores resultados financeiros dos operadores de mesa quando comparados ao grupo de operadores viva-voz

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T19:18:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia2.pdf: 792629 bytes, checksum: e75757ebab89e6913f3d7023ad03d53f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The effects of a linked world commercially are today a challenge to the professionals of foreign commerce. The interface between cultures and habits many times antagonistics demands from the professionals of the exporting companies, new abilities. It was intended, with the present research, to identify the competences of the international salesmen of ten exporting companies of the region of Grande Florianópolis. In order to do that, the profile of the international negotiator regarding age, sex, gender, domain of languages, performancing time in the company, performancing time in the exportation area as well as qualification for the function had been identified. Equally, the knowledge of the international salesman in relation to social cultural aspects of the countries with which it works was verified. The research also raised the abilities of the international salesman necessary to the performance of its functions, as well as identified the atitudes of the international salesman. The research presented qualitative approach by interviewing with depth ten international salesmen, as well as five immediate superiors. The quantitative approach of the research is shown in the profile of the international salesman, as well as of its immediate superior with respect to the age, sex, performance time in the company and performance time in foreign commerce. The research suggests that the international salesmen of companies of the region of Grande Florianópolis are predominantly of the masculine gender, has age up to 40 years, and only one of the ten interviewed international salesmen had not completed the graduation. Reliability and honesty, related to knowing how to be, were the most indicated answer when the international salesmen as well as its immediate superior had been questioned about which were the most important behavior characteristics that an international salesman should have / Os efeitos de um mundo interligado comercialmente são hoje um desafio aos profissionais de comércio exterior. A interface entre culturas e hábitos muitas vezes antagônicos dos países que compõem a arena internacional, demandam do capital humano das empresas exportadoras, habilidades ainda pouco difundidas. Pretendeu-se, com a presente pesquisa, identificar as competências dos vendedores internacionais de dez empresas exportadoras da região da Grande Florianópolis. Para isso, foram identificados o perfil do negociador internacional com relação à idade, sexo, escolaridade, domínio de idiomas, tempo de atuação na empresa, tempo de atuação na área de exportação e qualificação para a função desempenhada. Igualmente, foi verificado o conhecimento do vendedor internacional em relação aos aspectos sócio-culturais dos países com os quais atua. A pesquisa também levantou as habilidades do vendedor internacional necessárias ao desempenho de suas funções, bem como identificou as atitudes do vendedor internacional das empresas pesquisadas. O estudo apresentou abordagem qualitativa ao entrevistar com profundidade dez vendedores internacionais, bem como cinco superiores imediatos. A abordagem quantitativa da pesquisa refere-se ao perfil do vendedor internacional, bem como de seu superior imediato no que concerne à idade, sexo, escolaridade, tempo de atuação na empresa e tempo de atuação em comércio exterior. A pesquisa sugere que os vendedores internacionais de empresas da região da Grande Florianópolis são predominantemente do sexo masculino, têm idade até 40 anos, e em relação à escolaridade, apenas um dos dez vendedores internacionais entrevistados não havia completado a graduação. Confiabilidade e honestidade, referem-se ao saber ser, e, lideraram as citações, quando tanto os vendedores internacionais quanto seus respectivos superiores imediatos, foram questionados acerca das características comportamentais consideradas indispensáveis para o desempenho das atribuições de um vendedor internacional

Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2013-12-13T18:47:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Braga, Nilza-Disser-2013.pdf: 18016395 bytes, checksum: 6d01df9ddbf40cb8ec4e3c9ab3b057a2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-13T18:47:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Braga, Nilza-Disser-2013.pdf: 18016395 bytes, checksum: 6d01df9ddbf40cb8ec4e3c9ab3b057a2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A presente dissertação discute a trajetória mercantil e honorífica de Elias Antonio Lopes, um dos maiores negociantes que atuou na praça mercantil do Rio de Janeiro em fins do século XVIII e nos primeiros quinze anos do século XIX. Ele emigrou da cidade do Porto para o Rio de Janeiro em aproximadamente 1770, para tentar a sorte nos ofícios mercantis. Ele concentrou em suas mãos uma grande fortuna, advinda de diferentes ramos mercantis, como o tráfico negreiro, arrecadação de contratos reais, comércio interno e externo. O negociante angariou variadas mercês, fundamentais em sua mobilidade social ascendente, em fins do século XVIII e principalmente após a vinda da Corte joanina em 1808. Isso aconteceu, após o negociante ter doado sua chácara em São Cristóvão e futura Quinta da Boa Vista para servir de residência da família real portuguesa. Neste sentido, discutiremos que o ideal aristocrático do Antigo Regime português esteve presente no início do século XIX quando os negociantes procuraram status social ao serem agraciados com mercês em retribuição aos serviços prestados a Dom João. Elias Antonio Lopes faleceu no ano de 1815 deixando uma grande herança, disputada entre seus herdeiros e a Coroa portuguesa pelo fato de ele não ter deixado testamento. Portanto, este estudo perpassa, desde a emigração de Lopes para o Rio de Janeiro, até sua trajetória mercantil e honorífica, encerrando-se com seu falecimento e disputa por sua herança. / In this dissertation, a detailed discussion of the mercantile and honorific route of Elias Antonio Lopes is explored. Elias was the greatest dealer, who played a significant role in the Rio de Janeiro imperial market by the ends of XVIII century and the first years of XIX century. He emigrated from the Porto city, Portugal, to the Rio de Janeiro, probably in the year of 1770 in order to get a chance in the market place of Rio de Janeiro. He got a great fortune from different facets of the mercantile area such as slave trade, the getting of royal contracts, as well as getting from internal and foreign markets. As a trader, he could assemble a great deal of benefices (mercês), which were fundamental in order to get social nobility in the XVIII, when the Portuguese royals arrived in 1808. All these took place after the donating of his own farmland in São Cristóvão, neighbourhood, the future Portuguese royal house. In this sense, it is discussed here that the aristocratic ideal in that time was commonplace in the beginnings of the XIX century, when the traders used to urge in getting social status by acquisition of titles through services provided to Dom João. Elias Antonio Lopes passed away in the year of the 1815 leaving a great inheritance, eagerly rivaled by his heirs and the Portuguese Crown, as he did not leave any testament. Therefore, this study is a large passing through of his route since his emigration to Rio de Janeiro, his honorific dealings in the mercantile marketing, ending up with his suddenly death and the eagerly rivalry of his properties.

Une petite communauté luthérienne, originaire surtout d’Allemagne, existe depuis le XVIe siècle à Lyon. Elle bénéficie d’une Église, installée à Genève, à partir de 1707. Il s’agit surtout de négociants, qui se rendent à Genève quatre fois par an pour la Cène. Mais, à partir de 1770, quand les réformés lyonnais ont enfin un pasteur, les luthériens participent de plus en plus à l’Église réformée de Lyon et délaissent Genève.Pendant près de 75 ans, les luthériens lyonnais disparaissent de l’histoire lyonnaise. Au tournant des 18e et 19e siècles, la communauté luthérienne vit sa vie à l’ombre de la communauté réformée. Entre 1800 et 1850, le mouvement d’immigration de suisses, allemands, alsaciens s’accélère. En 1851, après plusieurs tentatives infructueuses pendant les cinquante années précédentes, le pasteur luthérien Georges Mayer crée une église évangélique allemande qui rapidement se rattache à l’Eglise de la confession d’Augsbourg.La communauté allemande dirige cette église pendant une trentaine d’année jusqu’à l’installation du premier pasteur luthérien français de Lyon. S’ensuivront près de trente années de relations houleuses entre les communautés allemande et française La première guerre mondiale signe l’arrêt de mort de la paroisse allemande. L’église française survit difficilement entre 1914 et 1938. La renaissance aura lieu grâce à deux pasteurs à la personnalité exceptionnelle : André Desbaumes et Henry Bruston. L’église luthérienne devient une pièce incontournable de l’œcuménisme lyonnais et s’ouvre sur le monde. L’année 2007 marque le début du rapprochement entre les églises réformée et luthérienne. Une nouvelle histoire commence. / A small lutheran community coming from Germany exists in Lyon from the 16 century. This group owned a church, settled in Geneva from 1707.It was mostly composed of traders who went to Geneva four times a year for the holy communion. But, from 1770 onward, when the Calvinists from Lyons got their priest, the Lutherans went more and more to that church, letting down Geneva.For about 75 years, the Lutherans disappeared from Lyons. At the turn of the eighteen and nineteen centuries, the community spent her life in the shade of the Calvinist church. Between 1800 and 1850, the immigration movement of swiss, germans and Alsatians was quickening.In 1851, after multiples fruitless tries during the last fifty years, the Lutheran reverend Georges Mayer create an evangelic german church which is quickly linked with the Augsburg Confession.The german community managed the church for nearly 30 years until the arrival of the first French vicar in Lyons .For another 30 years, the relations were stormies between the two communities.The first world war marked the death of the german parish. The French church survived with difficulties during the twenties and thirties. The “renaissance” was due to two extraordinary personalities: André Desbaumes and Henry Bruston The Lutheran church became an inescapable part of the Lyons’s oecumenism and opened itself to the world.2007 marked the beginning of the merger between the Calvinist and Lutheran churches. A new story began.

Historians use different types of sources when reconstructing the past. of the two major categories of sources, the primary sources are of major importance for attaining information, as they are contemporary to the period which is being researched. They are often more reliable than the other category, namely secondary sources, which are literally second-hand information. However, all possible sources, both primary and secondary, must be approached critically so as to obtain a balanced version of the past. In the South African situation, for an extensive period of time, most of the historical writing on the early periods was based on the records which were made by the Europeanoriginated Whites who had the advantage of being able to put their accounts in writin~. This led to the European-White perspective dominating and monopolising the historiographical stage for quite a long time. The perspective of the indigenous inhabitants of South Africa had been overshadowed owing to their inability to read and write. The written sources on the Blacks in South Africa date back to the time when the first Europeans set foot here. The early European travellers (traders, hunters, natural scientists, etc.) came into contact with the Black communities and they made records on them. Obviously these travellers based such records on their own interests and also wrote from a Eurocentric position, with cultural differences as well as racial prejudices and superior attitudes towards the Blacks. The missionaries, who were mostly of European origin, also made records about the Blacks among whom they worked. The missionaries also had their own agenda, although different from that of the travellers. The records which they kept mostly reflected their "fight" against what they thought were barbaric and backward ways of the Blacks' lifestyle. In addition to the records made by the early travellers and missionaries about the Blacks, there were records which were made by the Boer and British government officials. In this study the official records pertaining to the Blacks in the Transvaal between 1902 and 1907 are discussed. Firstly, a historiographical overview is presented and secondly, the official records themselves are analysed and evaluated. The importance of those records as sources of information on the Blacks in the Transvaal, especially the Northern Sotho, is evaluated by using different criteria, including the Principle of internal criticism. There are numerous flaws and limitations found in these records about Blacks such as cultural differences, subjectivity, prejudice, bias, etc. However, even though these records contain such flaws, they are still important sources of information. Their most important value is that they form the basis and point of departure from where historical reconstruction is made. Research, even in future, would still heavily depend on these records as sources of information. But, as already pointed out, the information obtained in them has to be tested by different criteria in order to detect the limitations, so that a more balanced reconstructions can be achieved. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2001. / gm2014 / Historical and Heritage Studies / Unrestricted

The study focuses on the regulation of informal trading, specifically street traders, within Polokwane Local Municipality. Municipalities required to manage street trading, and to deal with the challenge of increasing numbers of informal traders, which is affecting the formal trading economy. A small income and the limited ability of the government and the formal business sector to provide sufficient employment opportunities to people in the economically active age categories are two of the main reasons for informal trading in South African cities. As a result, the informal street trading sector plays an important role in providing a security net for millions of unemployed in the South African economy. However, informal street trading is not without its problems (Willemse, 2011:7). Often people blame government for not creating employment. When government is unable to provide sustainable employment to all the people, informal jobs emerge. Thus informal trading has become the only option for survival. Informal trading is a major source of income for the majority of the urban poor and therefore requires a properly regulated environment to address issues of income and unemployment for the poor. This study undertook to investigate how Polokwane Local Municipality regulates informal trading in the city of Polokwane. The research method employed in this study is qualitative. The main finding of the study is that because informal trading plays a significant role in creating employment, it must be well regulated and supported by the municipality in order to be organised. The main recommendation on the basis of this finding is that there should be a new approach, especially in terms of enforcement of by-laws. Most informal traders have applied for permits and have been waiting for a response from the Polokwane Local Municipality for years. In this regard, most of the informal traders are dissatisfied with municipal treatment of informal trading in the city. This dissatisfaction is also caused by lack of consultation.

This diploma thesis deals with the taxation of Czech tax residents with income from another EU member state – namely from providing services in the Federal Republic of Germany. The thesis includes description of relevant legislation, recommended steps in order to start sole trader business in the FRG and calculation of the individual´s tax in both countries.

A sociological approach is used to analyze incidences of extreme opportunism in financial markets. Through an analysis of arguably the most widely publicized "rogue" trader events in recent history, a determination is made of the validity of explaining these events as aberrations, attributable to the actions of "rogues". The primary focus is the role of structural factors underlying these incidences of extreme opportunism in financial markets. A diverse range of documentary and other sources is used to avoid any form of bias as far as possible. It was found that structural factors act as countervailing forces to inhibit such behavior or as motivators and facilitators acting as catalysts for extreme opportunism. The balance between these factors largely determines the level of opportunistic behavior in a particular environment. Extreme opportunism is therefore not an aberration or "rogue" occurrence but a manageable phenomenon intrinsic to the social structural context within which it occurs. By conceptualizing these factors as countervailing forces one is forced to view structural factors, like compensation structures and formal and informal restraints, relative to one another and no longer in isolation. This realization translates into the conclusion that restraints and oversight systems for example, should be designed relative to the relevant motivators and facilitators in its area of application. In an environment where traders of highly geared financial products are motivated with multimillion USD incentive packages, a low budget oversight system and inexperienced regulatory staff, is clearly not the appropriate tools to control and manage extreme opportunism. / Criminology / D.Phil. (Sociology)