African immigrants in contemporary South Africa can be perceived as a problem – the threatening other. Based on a case study of the Johannesburg inner city, this thesis aims to deconstruct this notion. It does so by investigating the nature and types and contribution of African immigrant traders` businesses to the Johannesburg inner city. In deconstructing the perception that African immigrants are the threatening other, and being infinitely aware that perception issues and the experiential realities hospitable to its centred on the human subject, this case study adopted a humanist geographic and critical realist approach by deploying a qualitative in-depth interview technique of both African immigrant and South African traders. This thesis suggests three important outcomes. The first is that: to view all African immigrants as the threatening other is too simplistic an assessment of an otherwise complex and dynamic set of relationships and interrelationships amongst and between African immigrant and South African traders. Second, some African immigrant traders do make a meaningful contribution to the Johannesburg inner city, whereas others do not. Third, the activities of African immigrant traders that may be considered as a threat by a section of the population are treated as a benefit by another. These nuanced insights and findings in this study not only render any analysis that projects all African immigrants negatively as an incomplete appraisal, but also suggest that it can never be correct to view them as such without capturing the dynamics that this work suggests. Such a finding not only challenges distorted and partial reporting by the media and also questions policies, which may be built on the wrong assumption that all African immigrants are a problem, but also extends the study of migration related issues in a South African context. / Geography / D. Litt. et. Phil. (Geography)

Les juges et consuls : que sont-ils ? Qui représentent-ils ? Qui sont-ils ? L’analyse d’une affaire survenue à Angers, au-delà d’une querelle de préséance, pose en réalité cette question d’état relative à leur définition et donc à leur importance dans la ville. Si l’arrêt intervenu en 1736 les reconnaît comme députés de la juridiction consulaire, le débat est sans cesse relancé, notamment lors de l’application de la réforme Laverdy. Car, élus par leurs pairs, pour une charge initialement annuelle, pour rendre la justice de l’ordre des marchands au nom du roi, ils sont concomitamment les mandataires d’une compagnie coutumière des anciens, qui se prétend de justice, d’un corps des marchands, sorte de fédération des différents ‘corps des marchands de’ dont les membres sont éligibles au consulat, et dans les grandes villes d’une « corporation des négociants libres ». En effet, les « ayant passé par les charges » s’instituent membres de droit du conseil d’administration de ce corps des marchands, tout en s’en estimant distincts car encore revêtus de la dignité de la judicature, et ce rôle ne leur est contesté que par les gardes de certaines communautés unies dont ils sont par ailleurs également issus en grande partie. Cette représentation multiple est clairement assumée dans un jeu de pouvoir avec la ville, notamment en raison d’une compétence partagée du service public économique. Ils évoquent l’édit de Cremieu pour s’imposer de droit dans les assemblées générales de la cité et pour s’autonomiser de liens originels ; par ailleurs, ils sont souvent membres de droit des chambres particulières de commerce et jouent un rôle non négligeable dans la désignation des députés du commerce. Défenseurs naturels du commerce, ils veillent à ce que les marchands, le plus souvent des membres de leur compagnie, soient élus au sein des différentes institutions de la ville. Issus d’une sanior pars différente selon les villes et évoluant selon un mouvement de pas chassé, ils veillent à ce que la survivance de la dignité de la judicature efface les qualités personnelles selon le principe intangible de l’ordre de la matricule. La désignation des membres de leur compagnie suit une logique’ d’oligarchisation’, parfois subie, maintenue par une parfaite maîtrise du processus électoral. Un noyau dur est formé par certains anciens bénéficiant d’un cumul des charges à la fois en interne et de manière essaimée, posant la question de la multi-appartenance et des conflits d’intérêts. / Judges of the “juridictions consulaires”: what are they? Who do they represent? Who are they? A case occurred in Angers, beyond a quarrel over precedence, pose actually the question of their state and social and legal importance in the city. If the judgment reached in 1736 recognizes them as members of a jurisdiction, the debate is constantly revived, especially during the Laverdy reform. In fact, elected by their peers, initially for annual responsibility to render justice, they are simultaneously representatives of a customary former company that aspires to be of justice, of a united corporation of various “merchants of… communities” whose members are eligible for the Court, and in major cities of a “free trading community”. Indeed, “having passed through the charges” are established ex officio members of the board of these institutions, while considering themselves different because still dressed in the dignity of the judicature. This role is disputed to them by some unified communities guards. This multiple representation is clearly assumed in a power game with local authorities, mainly because of a shared competence of public economic service. They evoke the edit of Cremieu to impose themselves in the general assemblies of the city and to empower original links; moreover, they are often ex officio members in the “chambers of commerce” and they play a significant role in the appointment of the “députés du commerce”. Natural defenders of the business, they ensure that the merchants, most often members of their company, are elected in the various local institutions. Stemming from a different sanior pars according to cities and evolving to a movement of “pas chassés”, they ensure that their survival dignity of judicature erases the personal qualities according to the inviolable principle of the order of the roll. The elections of the members of their companies follow a logic of “oligarchisation”, sometimes suffered, maintained by a perfect control of the electoral process. A core is formed by some formers enjoying simultaneously loads, both internally and in a spray-out way, raising the question of multi-membership and conflicts of interests.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Virginia_Prestes_Bernardes_Camillo.pdf: 841849 bytes, checksum: 5e36432262fd5944c6116a5c3ad3cbe2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-06 / The present work has investigated from the point of view of the financial education, if the university??s students are a potential market for the popularization of equities investment and if the creation of a brokerage office, or something similar, within the educational environment, would be feasible. To achieve the general and specific objectives, it has been done interviews with managers from the educational area, managers from the capital market, and research through a questionnaire survey with students with a higher education and also a review of the literature related to financial education. The results of the research indicated that there are huge student??s interest in learning financial education; the creation of a brokerage office, or similar, within the university area was well received by educational managers as well as capital market managers, with the only requirement to combine financial practice to the theory given by the academy. It is intended that this research provides guidance popularization actions, both by the exchange as well as stockbrokers and investment agents, emphasizing the importance of bringing knowledge about finance to the people so we can have a solid foundation in the country of aware investors / O presente trabalho investigou do ponto de vista da educa????o financeira, se o p??blico universit??rio representa um mercado potencial para a populariza????o do investimento em renda vari??vel e se a cria????o de um escrit??rio de corretora, ou algo semelhante, dentro do ambiente educacional seja vi??vel. Para atingir os objetivos geral e espec??ficos foram realizadas entrevistas com gestores da ??rea de educa????o, gestores do mercado de capitais, pesquisa por meio de question??rio com alunos do ensino superior e revis??o da bibliografia relacionada ?? educa????o financeira. O resultado das pesquisas indicou que h?? claro interesse dos alunos em aprender educa????o financeira; a cria????o de um escrit??rio de corretora, ou similar, dentro de faculdades foi bem recebida tanto por gestores da ??rea educacional quanto do mercado de capitais, tendo como principal requisito aliar a pr??tica financeira ?? teoria ministrada pela academia, evitando-se eventuais conflitos de interesse. Pretende-se que esta pesquisa norteie a????es de populariza????o, tanto por parte da bolsa como tamb??m de corretoras de valores, agentes de investimentos e, finalmente, institui????es de ensino superior, enfatizando a import??ncia de levar conhecimento sobre finan??as ?? popula????o para que possamos ter no pa??s uma s??lida base de investidores conscientes

African immigrants in contemporary South Africa can be perceived as a problem – the threatening other. Based on a case study of the Johannesburg inner city, this thesis aims to deconstruct this notion. It does so by investigating the nature and types and contribution of African immigrant traders` businesses to the Johannesburg inner city. In deconstructing the perception that African immigrants are the threatening other, and being infinitely aware that perception issues and the experiential realities hospitable to its centred on the human subject, this case study adopted a humanist geographic and critical realist approach by deploying a qualitative in-depth interview technique of both African immigrant and South African traders. This thesis suggests three important outcomes. The first is that: to view all African immigrants as the threatening other is too simplistic an assessment of an otherwise complex and dynamic set of relationships and interrelationships amongst and between African immigrant and South African traders. Second, some African immigrant traders do make a meaningful contribution to the Johannesburg inner city, whereas others do not. Third, the activities of African immigrant traders that may be considered as a threat by a section of the population are treated as a benefit by another. These nuanced insights and findings in this study not only render any analysis that projects all African immigrants negatively as an incomplete appraisal, but also suggest that it can never be correct to view them as such without capturing the dynamics that this work suggests. Such a finding not only challenges distorted and partial reporting by the media and also questions policies, which may be built on the wrong assumption that all African immigrants are a problem, but also extends the study of migration related issues in a South African context. / Geography / D. Litt. et. Phil. (Geography)

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996) states that local governments are responsible for the creation of a socioeconomic environment that enables citizens to make a living for themselves. It is on the grounds of this responsibility that the study is based on the relationship between street traders and the City of Cape Town within the Cape Town CBD. This relationship is investigated with the aim of assessing what the nature of the relationship is between street traders and the City of Cape Town. A survey was conducted wherein 71 street traders were interviewed and to complement the survey interviews were conducted with individuals from local government and the private sector who deal with street traders on a daily basis. The survey results indicated that there is a positive relationship between traders and the City of Cape Town, but that local government does not live up to expectation when it comes to the facilitation of informal business development. At the hand off these findings; policy interventions are put forth that would lead to the creation of a facilitative relationship between the City of Cape Town and street traders. Proposed policy interventions are focussed on the improvement of channels of communication between street traders and local government. The proposed policy framework places emphasis on the active participation of local government in the formalisation process of informal traders. The study concludes by proposing policy intervention that would promote a facilitative relationship between street traders and local government and contribute to a sustainable street trading economy in Cape Town. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die grondwet van die Republiek van Suid Afrika (1996) daag elke plaaslike owerheid uit met die taak om ’n sosio-ekonomiese omgewing te skep wat dit vir landsburgers moontlik maak om ’n bestaan te kan maak. Dit is op grond van hierdie verantwoordelikheid dat die studie gebaseer is op die verhouding tussen straathandelaars, binne die sentrale sake kern, en Kaapstad se plaaslike owerheid. Die verhouding tussen straathandelaars en die Stad Kaapstad is ondersoek met die doel om die aard van die verhouding te omskryf. ’n Vraelys is uitgedeel aan 71 straathandelaars en om die opname te komplementeer is onderhoude gevoer met individue van beide die openbare en privaat sektor wat saam met straathandelaars werk op ’n daaglikse basis. Die resultate van die vraelys het gewys op die positiewe verhouding tussen handelaars en die Stad Kaapstad, alhoewel dit aan die lig gekom het dat plaaslike owerhede nie voldoen aan verwagtinge ten opsigte van die fasilitering van informele besigheidsontwikkeling nie. Beleidsmaatreëls wat ’n fasiliterende verhouding sou bewerkstellig; sowel as ’n beleidsraamwerk word voorgestel aan die hand van die bevindinge van die opname. Die voorstelle is grootliks gegrond op die verbetering van kommunikasie tussen die plaaslike owerhede en straathandelaars sowel as die aktiewe deelname van die plaaslike owerheid in die formaliseringsproses van informele handelaars. Deur die implementering van die voorgestelde beleidsmaatreëls is die studie van mening dat ’n fasiliterende verhouding tussen straathandelaars en plaaslike owerhede gevestig kan word met die doel om ’n bydra te maak tot ’n volhoubare straathandel-ekonomie in Kaapstad.

A sociological approach is used to analyze incidences of extreme opportunism in financial markets. Through an analysis of arguably the most widely publicized "rogue" trader events in recent history, a determination is made of the validity of explaining these events as aberrations, attributable to the actions of "rogues". The primary focus is the role of structural factors underlying these incidences of extreme opportunism in financial markets. A diverse range of documentary and other sources is used to avoid any form of bias as far as possible. It was found that structural factors act as countervailing forces to inhibit such behavior or as motivators and facilitators acting as catalysts for extreme opportunism. The balance between these factors largely determines the level of opportunistic behavior in a particular environment. Extreme opportunism is therefore not an aberration or "rogue" occurrence but a manageable phenomenon intrinsic to the social structural context within which it occurs. By conceptualizing these factors as countervailing forces one is forced to view structural factors, like compensation structures and formal and informal restraints, relative to one another and no longer in isolation. This realization translates into the conclusion that restraints and oversight systems for example, should be designed relative to the relevant motivators and facilitators in its area of application. In an environment where traders of highly geared financial products are motivated with multimillion USD incentive packages, a low budget oversight system and inexperienced regulatory staff, is clearly not the appropriate tools to control and manage extreme opportunism. / Criminology and Security Science / D.Phil. (Sociology)

L’objet de ce travail est de proposer une démarche d’évaluation puis de réduction du risque de fraude. Cette démarche est basée sur la notion d’appropriation, c’est-à-dire le degré d’intériorisation de son environnement par l’individu. Il s’agit d’améliorer les appropriations respectives (ce que nous appelons « appropriation croisée ») des opérateurs (gérants ou traders) et des contrôleurs. Promouvoir cette appropriation croisée permettra aux opérateurs et aux contrôleurs de développer des interrelations attentives et permettra aux opérateurs de s’affranchir de l’idée de mythe dans laquelle ils peuvent se sentir enfermés, ces deux points devant conduire à diminuer le risque de fraude. L’appropriation, par elle-même, permettant également de développer des capacités difficilement imitables, notre idée est que l’appropriation croisée favorise une performance économique de long terme de l’organisation. La démarche que nous proposons s’effectue en trois temps, il s’agit tout d’abord de faire en sorte que les acteurs concernés aient une connaissance partagée des rôles de chacun, ce qui permettra ensuite de déterminer les facteurs critiques à améliorer. Le troisième temps consistant à mesurer le déficit d’appropriation croisée à l’aide d’un outil : la balance appropriative et à diriger les appropriations afin de rééquilibrer cette balance. / The aim of this work is to suggest an appropriation-related framework for evaluating and reducing the risk of fraud in financial markets. Its purpose is to improve respective appropriations (what we call “cross appropriation”) of operators (traders or fund managers) and controllers (in charge of controlling operator’s position and operations). The enhancement of this cross appropriation should lead to heedful interactions which will permit operators to escape from the heavy mythological suit they might wear, resulting in less psychological pain. This appropriation, by itself, providing a competitive advantage, this approach should then give a long-term economic performance to the organization because appropriation is involved and respective appropriations are well balanced, resulting in less fraud. This framework is three-steps. The first one is to make sure every stakeholder has a shared understanding of the organization, which will allow a right selection of critical factors. The third step consist in measuring the quality of the cross-appropriation with a tool: the appropriation scales and to direct appropriations towards a better equilibrium of the scales if needed.

Cette étude est à replacer dans le débat sur le retard de l’agriculture française à la veille de la première guerre mondiale, et dans la façon d’aborder cette analyse, entre la macro et la micro-histoire. L’économie du blé au XIXe siècle est une des portes d’entrée de l’analyse. Le blé, culture alimentaire de première nécessité, couvrait la plus grande partie des terres labourables, alimentait des très nombreux moulins, donnait naissance à un trafic de grande envergure tant national qu’international, et se retrouvait, sous forme de pain, dans l’alimentation de tous les foyers. L’impact de cette céréale était si important, que la priorité de tous les gouvernements, était de nourrir en priorité le peuple de cette denrée pour assurer la paix sociale. Ainsi donc, d’un aspect agricole, on passait d’emblée à un aspect politique et social de l’étude. La façon dont le blé était collecté, emmagasiné, distribué, déterminait un marché, plus ou moins ouvert selon que les récoltes s’avéraient suffisantes, ou insuffisantes. L’étude ouvrait donc sur la politique commerciale de la France. Les revenus des producteurs de blé étaient fonction de leur place dans le marché, leurs gains dépendaient de l’élasticité du marché, de la loi de l’offre et de la demande, et des exigences des donneurs d’ordre. L’aspect économique de la question prenait tout son sens. Enfin, la quantité de blé récolté et livré était fonction de la taille de l’exploitation, de l’agencement des terres, de leur qualité et de l’habilité du paysan à optimiser les rendements. L’aspect purement agraire et technique de la production s’avéraient être un préalable à la réflexion. Autant de sujets de réflexion encore d’actualité. / This study is part of the debate about The French agriculture backwardness before the First World War, and in the way to situate this analysis between macro and micro history. Wheat economy in the XIXth century is one of the introductions to this analysis. Wheat, being the essential food producing farming, was grown on most of the cultivated lands. It supplied a lot of granaries, gave birth to a tremendous national and international trade and was essentially dedicated to the making of bread for families. The impact of that cereal was so important that the governments’ priority was to feed the population to maintain social peace. Consequently the agricultural subject of our analysis implied to consider the political and social aspect of it. The way wheat was collected, stored, distributed and finally delivered, implied a market, more or less opened, depending on plentiful or insufficient harvests. The study opened on the French external commercial policy. The incomes of wheat producers depended on their situation on the market, their incomes depended on the fluctuations of the market, offer and supply and the demands of the principals. The economical aspect was quite meaningful. Finally, the quantity of wheat sales depended on the sizes of farms, their situation, their quality and the ability of peasants to increase the yields. The mere agricultural and technical aspect of production could not be avoided and turned out to be prior to our reflection. That sort of questioning is quite valid in the present day world.

This thesis presents/offers a comprehensive view of the issue of mobile Internet aimed at very small businesses and traders. In my thesis I focus on the practical applicability of mobile Internet by means of mobile technologies in the forenamed undertakings. First part of the thesis deals with the methodology of the area of very small businesses and traders and analyses present possibilities of application of mobile technologies and their suitability and usability for very small businesses and traders. Second part of the thesis identifies types of undertaking that can take advantage of mobile Internet and shows that this technology entails time and funds saving. Third part demonstrates concrete applications of mobile Internet in the activities of undertakings and presents the possibilities of gaining a support from the European Union structural funds for the implementation of mobile Internet.

Nicolas Perrot ou les coureurs des bois sous la domination française (1889) est un roman qui évoque la vie d’un coureur de bois à l’époque de la Nouvelle-France (autour de 1669). L’auteur George Boucher de Boucherville est bien connu pour son roman Une de perdue, deux de trouvées, mais le roman à l’étude dans ce mémoire a longtemps été oublié avant d’avoir été édité pour la première fois en un seul volume en 1996. Comme devant tout roman historique, le lecteur doit se questionner sur le rapport que l’auteur entretient avec la vérité historique. Ce mémoire se penche sur l’authenticité des informations qui se trouvent dans le roman. L’analyse se base sur une recherche sur l’œuvre, son auteur, le contexte littéraire et les deux époques pertinentes (Nouvelle-France et Québec du XIXe siècle). Ces mises en contexte conduisent à l’analyse du roman (appuyée par l’ethnologie récente) qui permet de conclure que Boucherville s’éloigne à plusieurs égards des portraits caricaturaux des coureurs de bois et des Autochtones qui sont monnaie courante à son époque. / Nicolas Perrot ou les coureurs des bois sous la domination française (1889) is a novel about the life of a coureur de bois (french fur trader) during the New France era (around 1669). The author Georges Boucher de Boucherville is well known for his novel Une de perdue, deux de trouvées, but the work studied here has been long forgotten before it was first published in a single tome in 1996. As with every historical novel, readers have to inquire into the relationship the author has with historical truths. This master’s thesis focuses on the authenticity of the information contained in the novel. The analysis is based on research on the author and his work, the literary context and the two relevant periods (New France and nineteenth-century Quebec). Following these inquiries, we analyse the novel (guided by modern day ethnology) and come to the conclusion that Boucherville’s work deviates from the clichés usually associated with coureurs de bois and indigenous people.