This thesis analyses the crime of trafficking in persons under international law with a special focus on Jordanian legislation, arguing that efforts to address the crime of trafficking in persons require a holistic approach, but it will focus on questions of jurisdiction and legal definitions. After analysing the definitions, elements, forms, and typologies of the crime of trafficking in persons under the Trafficking in Persons Protocol (TIPP) as the main legal international instrument, this thesis further examines whether or not Jordanian legislation is in line with international standards. Then, under the holistic approach to addressing the crime of trafficking in persons, this thesis examines trafficking in persons as a transnational organised crime. Subsequently, it examines trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity by examining whether or not the International Criminal Court (ICC) might be regarded as an effective organ for addressing trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity. Later, the thesis examines the efforts made in Jordan to address the crime of trafficking in persons. Accordingly, this thesis concludes that trafficking in persons is a multi-dimensional problem and that long-term success will not be achieved by taking a disjunctive approach to addressing its many facets. Therefore, achieving a unified approach will lead to a permanent solution or will at least make a major contribution to addressing the problem.

Este estudo tem como objetivo uma análise das representações sociais de tráfico de pessoas por profissionais do Direito envolvidos com a implantação da Política de Prevenção e Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas no Estado de São Paulo. O tráfico de pessoas é um tema que entrou na pauta das políticas governamentais com a adoção pelo Brasil, no ano de 2004, do Protocolo Adicional à Convenção das Nações Unidas contra o Crime Organizado Transnacional relativo à Prevenção, Repressão e Punição do Tráfico de Pessoas, em Especial Mulheres e Crianças Protocolo de Palermo. O estudo de uma política com foco em Direitos Humanos nos permite uma discussão acerca da atuação dos profissionais do Direito em uma dimensão humanista, possibilitando refletir sobre suas práticas e seus olhares para os sujeitos envolvidos. A teoria das representações sociais é um referencial teórico da Psicologia Social que, entre outras coisas, permite conhecer as formas como determinado grupo transforma um novo saber em algo familiar dentro de um determinado contexto histórico e social. Sua escolha se justifica por entendermos que desvendar o olhar dos profissionais do Direito sobre a Política de Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas é passo importante para definir os limites e as potências da atuação dos profissionais na política em questão e, com isso, propor transformações nas respectivas práticas. Para alcançar o objetivo, além de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre direitos humanos e tráfico de pessoas, foram entrevistados oito profissionais do Direito envolvidos com a política de enfrentamento ao tráfico de pessoas no Estado de São Paulo, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, com a definição de alguns pontos importantes a serem abordados. As entrevistas foram gravadas e a transcrição feita pela pesquisadora, sendo de natureza qualitativa a análise dos dados, que foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Foram estabelecidas categorias encontradas nas respostas dos sujeitos, condizentes com os objetivos do trabalho, sendo encontradas as seguintes: O olhar dos profissionais do Direito sobre si mesmos; Violência como causa e como consequências do tráfico de pessoas; Maiores dificuldades em trabalhar os temas tráfico de pessoas e Direitos Humanos; Os sujeitos/objetos do tráfico de pessoas; Os eixos temáticos e a intersetorialidade da política. Como conclusão, entendemos que a política estudada vem evoluindo desde sua implantação no Brasil e que os profissionais do Direito têm sido protagonistas importantes neste processo, seja como agentes da política, seja como profissionais que levam ao Judiciário as demandas que envolvem o tráfico de pessoas. Em qualquer das dimensões, entendemos ser fundamental que haja uma reflexão sobre a formação desses profissionais nas faculdades de Direito, de modo a possibilitar uma prática comprometida com os ideais dos direitos humanos, com a dignidade da pessoa, com a inclusão social e com a dimensão social do Direito. / The present study aims to analyze the social representations of trafficking in persons by legal practitioners involved on the implementation of the Policy to Prevent and Confront Trafficking in Persons in the State of São Paulo. Trafficking in persons is a subject that started to be discussed on governmental policies after Brazil adopted the Additional Protocol to the United Nation Convention against transnational organized crime related to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, mainly women and children Palermo Protocol, in 2004. A study of a policy focused on human rights allow us to discuss about the performance of legal practitioners in a humanist dimension, enabling reflections about their practices and their point of view about the involved subjects. The social representations theory is a theoretical reference from Social Psychology that, among other things, allows us to know the way how a specific group transforms a new knowledge in to something familiar inside one specific historical and social context. This choice is justified through the understanding that the discover of legal practitioners point of view about the Policy of Confronting Trafficking in Persons is an important step for defining limits and potential involvement from practitioners on this specific policy, and additionally, propose transformations on respective practices. To reach the objective, in addition to the bibliographical research about human rights and trafficking in persons, eight legal practitioners involved with the policy of confronting trafficking in persons on the state of São Paulo, were interviewed. Those interviews were semi structured and some important points to be approached were previously defined. They were recorded and the transcription was made by the researcher. The data analysis were qualitative by nature, data were submitted to content analysis, with establishment of analysis categories founded on subjects responses and corresponding with the aims of the work. The following categories were founded: The point of view of legal practitioners about their selves; Violence as causes and consequences of trafficking in persons; Greatest difficulties on working with topics trafficking in persons and human rights; The subjects/objects of trafficking in persons; The thematic axes and the policys intersectoriality. As conclusion, we understand that the studied policy is progressing since its implementation in Brazil and the legal practitioners have been important actors on this process, as policys agents or practitioners that take to judiciary demands that involve trafficking in persons. In any of the dimensions, we understand the fundamental importance of reflecting about the development of those professionals on Faculty of Law allowing a compromised practice with the Human Rights ideal, with human dignity, with social inclusion and with social dimension from the Right.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-09-13T14:21:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kleber Mascarenhas Navas.pdf: 1182722 bytes, checksum: 4135110c5d0fa6a2ef35bd0928725028 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T14:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kleber Mascarenhas Navas.pdf: 1182722 bytes, checksum: 4135110c5d0fa6a2ef35bd0928725028 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This thesis is to study the subject of trafficking in Brazilian transvestites and transsexuals for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The overall objective is to analyze and critically understand the determinations of human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation of transvestites and transsexuals in the transnational sex trade, as well as ways of coping in terms of public policy. In this sense, we analyze the movement of transvestites and transsexuals in sex markets towards southern European countries, as well as the dynamics of these displacements approaches the fraud notions, coercion or abuse of vulnerability that characterize human trafficking in order to detect crime evidence about this phenomenon. From a theoretical point of view, it is part of Dialectical Materialism history as a foundation. The methodological procedures were quantitative and qualitative approach, with field research conducted with semi-structured script interview and applied with two subject. The main results of the research show that the subject surveyed were victims of human trafficking and that in such cases, there are specific compared with those involving women and adolescents, the main victims of this phenomenon. We observed also that the faces of human trafficking in the contemporary world is reactualized and it is necessary to analyze the crisis of capital of the context in which it appears, as it influences both the dynamics of trafficking, as the confrontation policies, which are presented, most of the time, with a camouflaged speech and hiding the true character of antimigration policies / A presente tese tem como objeto de estudo o tráfico de travestis e transexuais brasileiras com a finalidade de exploração sexual. O objetivo geral é analisar e compreender criticamente as determinações do tráfico de pessoas com a finalidade de exploração sexual de travestis e transexuais no mercado transnacional do sexo, bem como as formas de enfrentamento no plano das políticas públicas. Nesse sentido, analisamos os deslocamentos de travestis e transexuais nos mercados do sexo em direção a países do sul da Europa, bem como se a dinâmica desses deslocamentos se aproxima das noções de fraude, coação ou abuso de situação de vulnerabilidade que caracterizam o tráfico de pessoas com o intuito de detectar indícios de crime acerca desse fenômeno. Sob o ponto de vista teórico, parte-se do Materialismo Histórico Dialético como fundamento. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram a abordagem quanti-qualitativa, com pesquisa de campo realizada com entrevista semiestruturada e roteiro, aplicado com duas sujeitas. Os principais resultados da pesquisa apontam que as sujeitas pesquisadas foram vítimas do tráfico de pessoas e que, nesses casos, há especificidades, quando comparados com aqueles que envolvem mulheres e adolescentes, principais vítimas desse fenômeno. Foi possível verificar, ainda, que as faces do tráfico de pessoas na contemporaneidade se reatualizam e é necessário analisar o contexto da crise do capital em que está inserido, visto que influencia tanto na dinâmica do tráfico, como nas políticas de enfrentamento, que se apresentam, na maioria das vezes, com um discurso camuflado e que esconde o verdadeiro caráter de políticas antimigratórias

The trade in human beings, or Trafficking in Persons (TiP) is global and affecting every country. In the last years, increasing attention has been paid to TiP for the purpose of sexual exploitation. This led to a growing need to tackle this phenomenon. Only recently, the relationship between TiP and armed conflict has been acknowledged but remains under-studied. Cameron and Newman (2008) have outlined a framework in which structural factors linked to proximate factors could have explanatory value on the relationship between armed conflict and TiP. This thesis analyzes two cases of armed conflict, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sierra Leone, attempting to explain the increase in TiP of women and girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation by applying this theoretical framework. In this qualitative research a comparative method is used in applying the framework to two case studies, aiming to identify the explanatory value of Cameron and Newman’s (2008) framework. It is found that the general explanatory value of the framework is high and the proximate factors can be classified as: a fully explanatory proximate factor, case dependent proximate factors, and conflict-phase proximate factors. In addition, this thesis is identifying some elements that could influence TiP of women and girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation during conflict and post-conflict that could be of added value to this framework, namely: the implementation of government strategies, corruption of non-government officials, economic deterioration as a consequence of migration, and involvement of peacekeepers and members of the international community in TiP of women and girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation.

abstract: The crime of human trafficking has received increased national attention over the past decade. However, the subject of human trafficking is rarely mentioned in criminal justice and criminology curricula in colleges and universities. This study discusses findings from a review of listed courses in 100 criminology and criminal justice bachelor degree programs in colleges and universities in the United States. Implications for further research, including examining criminal justice education programs outside of academe, are discussed. The author advocates adding courses on human trafficking in criminology and criminal justice curricula and makes recommendations for undergraduate criminology and criminal justice education. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Interdisciplinary Studies 2011

This research evaluates the potential challenges to a total eradication of child trafficking in Nigeria. The magnitude of the problem, as well as its despicable nature, triggered increasing legislations in Nigeria in recent years. This research shows that despite the remarkable efforts in term of law and policy approaches the problem appears to persist. The objective of the research is to demonstrate that law and policies approaches to addressing the issue are not proving effective. It appears that several socio-cultural issues related to child trafficking remain unaddressed. Despite the wealth of knowledge in relation to the topic there is a gap in literature. Indeed the existing gap in literature regarding child trafficking in Nigeria is evidenced by the fact that no adequate way forward has been indicated to overcome the phenomenon. In an attempt to fil the existing gap this research inquires whether the non-achievement of goals in combatting child trafficking is imputable to the lack of toughness in the spirit of the laws and policies or the lack of efficacy due to ineffective implementation and enforcement. By proving the appropriate answers to these crucial questions the research may not only fil the existing gap in literature by also offer the adequate approach to be taken by law and policy makers and other stakeholders in the fight against child trafficking to overcome the problem. The approach taken in conducting this research is textual analysis or doctrinal analysis and deconstruction of the enforcement mechanisms of human trafficking laws and policies in Nigeria in general. However Nigeria has sufficiently domesticated international human trafficking legislation and Human Rights instruments, the issue of enforcement remains a crucial element in achieving the ultimate goal of total eradication. Where such prospect appears unattainable, it is necessary to adopt a holistic approach to combatting child trafficking in order to achieve the ultimate goal of total eradication.

Este estudo tem como objetivo uma análise das representações sociais de tráfico de pessoas por profissionais do Direito envolvidos com a implantação da Política de Prevenção e Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas no Estado de São Paulo. O tráfico de pessoas é um tema que entrou na pauta das políticas governamentais com a adoção pelo Brasil, no ano de 2004, do Protocolo Adicional à Convenção das Nações Unidas contra o Crime Organizado Transnacional relativo à Prevenção, Repressão e Punição do Tráfico de Pessoas, em Especial Mulheres e Crianças Protocolo de Palermo. O estudo de uma política com foco em Direitos Humanos nos permite uma discussão acerca da atuação dos profissionais do Direito em uma dimensão humanista, possibilitando refletir sobre suas práticas e seus olhares para os sujeitos envolvidos. A teoria das representações sociais é um referencial teórico da Psicologia Social que, entre outras coisas, permite conhecer as formas como determinado grupo transforma um novo saber em algo familiar dentro de um determinado contexto histórico e social. Sua escolha se justifica por entendermos que desvendar o olhar dos profissionais do Direito sobre a Política de Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas é passo importante para definir os limites e as potências da atuação dos profissionais na política em questão e, com isso, propor transformações nas respectivas práticas. Para alcançar o objetivo, além de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre direitos humanos e tráfico de pessoas, foram entrevistados oito profissionais do Direito envolvidos com a política de enfrentamento ao tráfico de pessoas no Estado de São Paulo, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, com a definição de alguns pontos importantes a serem abordados. As entrevistas foram gravadas e a transcrição feita pela pesquisadora, sendo de natureza qualitativa a análise dos dados, que foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Foram estabelecidas categorias encontradas nas respostas dos sujeitos, condizentes com os objetivos do trabalho, sendo encontradas as seguintes: O olhar dos profissionais do Direito sobre si mesmos; Violência como causa e como consequências do tráfico de pessoas; Maiores dificuldades em trabalhar os temas tráfico de pessoas e Direitos Humanos; Os sujeitos/objetos do tráfico de pessoas; Os eixos temáticos e a intersetorialidade da política. Como conclusão, entendemos que a política estudada vem evoluindo desde sua implantação no Brasil e que os profissionais do Direito têm sido protagonistas importantes neste processo, seja como agentes da política, seja como profissionais que levam ao Judiciário as demandas que envolvem o tráfico de pessoas. Em qualquer das dimensões, entendemos ser fundamental que haja uma reflexão sobre a formação desses profissionais nas faculdades de Direito, de modo a possibilitar uma prática comprometida com os ideais dos direitos humanos, com a dignidade da pessoa, com a inclusão social e com a dimensão social do Direito. / The present study aims to analyze the social representations of trafficking in persons by legal practitioners involved on the implementation of the Policy to Prevent and Confront Trafficking in Persons in the State of São Paulo. Trafficking in persons is a subject that started to be discussed on governmental policies after Brazil adopted the Additional Protocol to the United Nation Convention against transnational organized crime related to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, mainly women and children Palermo Protocol, in 2004. A study of a policy focused on human rights allow us to discuss about the performance of legal practitioners in a humanist dimension, enabling reflections about their practices and their point of view about the involved subjects. The social representations theory is a theoretical reference from Social Psychology that, among other things, allows us to know the way how a specific group transforms a new knowledge in to something familiar inside one specific historical and social context. This choice is justified through the understanding that the discover of legal practitioners point of view about the Policy of Confronting Trafficking in Persons is an important step for defining limits and potential involvement from practitioners on this specific policy, and additionally, propose transformations on respective practices. To reach the objective, in addition to the bibliographical research about human rights and trafficking in persons, eight legal practitioners involved with the policy of confronting trafficking in persons on the state of São Paulo, were interviewed. Those interviews were semi structured and some important points to be approached were previously defined. They were recorded and the transcription was made by the researcher. The data analysis were qualitative by nature, data were submitted to content analysis, with establishment of analysis categories founded on subjects responses and corresponding with the aims of the work. The following categories were founded: The point of view of legal practitioners about their selves; Violence as causes and consequences of trafficking in persons; Greatest difficulties on working with topics trafficking in persons and human rights; The subjects/objects of trafficking in persons; The thematic axes and the policys intersectoriality. As conclusion, we understand that the studied policy is progressing since its implementation in Brazil and the legal practitioners have been important actors on this process, as policys agents or practitioners that take to judiciary demands that involve trafficking in persons. In any of the dimensions, we understand the fundamental importance of reflecting about the development of those professionals on Faculty of Law allowing a compromised practice with the Human Rights ideal, with human dignity, with social inclusion and with social dimension from the Right.

The objectives of this study are as follows: a) To examine the history of human trafficking and the various international legal instruments adopted to address it. b) To examine the trafficking of women and girls for sexual purposes and sexual exploitation as well as to examine the various human rights (of female victims) violated during and after the process of human trafficking. c) To examine the context of trafficking within Mozambique, Zambia and South Africa and explore how these three countries are addressing human trafficking through legislation. d) To examine Europe’s measures against trafficking and whether there are lessons for the SADC region. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Christopher Mbazira, Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Uganda. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Governments and leaders across the globe almost universally agree that human trafficking is a modern atrocity that has harshly negative effects for individuals, communities, entire states and the international community. Nevertheless, they are not in agreement on how best to investigate cases and provide aid to victims. Many states lack the resources to effectively create and implement policies. Governments must act to protect their citizens and people within their borders. Policies are necessary to correctly identify victims, investigate accusations, bring cases to trial and prevent vulnerable populations from becoming victimized through awareness. This thesis asserts that there is a link between the development level of a state and its ability to limit the grotesque crimes of trafficking that occur within its borders. Using the United Nation's annual report which details the development ranking of individual states, it is possible to comparatively analyze the ability of these states to comply with international standards established by the United States of America in the protection of victims of human trafficking. Special attention is paid to the challenges that societies face when there are drastic changes to states' economic activity or political stability and how these affect the frequency of trafficking occurrences and a government’s ability to respond.

No description available.