La spécialisation à différents environnements est un moteur de divergence entre populations et espèces. Les insectes phytophages sont des candidats pertinents pour l’étude de la spéciation par spécialisation écologique, de par leur relation intime à leur plante hôte et à l’occurrence régulière de changements d’hôtes au cours de leur évolution. Cette spéciation écologique nécessite trois composantes : une source de sélection divergente, un isolement reproducteur (pré-ou post-zygotique), et un mécanisme liant les gènes sous sélection et ceux responsable de l’isolement reproducteur. Dans ce cadre, nous avons étudié l’isolement reproducteur et la spécialisation chez deux modèles de lépidoptères polyphages, ravageurs des cultures : (1) la pyrale du maïs, Ostrinia nubilalis, et son espèce sœur, Ostrinia scapulalis, (2) la légionnaire d’automne, Spodoptera frugiperda, dont deux variants sont identifiables, le variant riz (sf-R) et le variant maïs (sf-M). Ces deux modèles montrent des patrons de diversification via la plante hôte : les deux espèces sœurs et les deux variants sont différenciés génétiquement et sont spécialisés sur différentes plantes hôtes (maïs pour O. nubilalis et sf-M ; armoise pour O. scapulalis ; riz pour sf-R). Nous avons étudié les patrons de spécialisation de ces modèles en effectuant des mesures de traits d’histoire de vie à deux moments clés de leur cycle de vie : (1) au stade larvaire, par des expériences de transplantation réciproque, (2) au stade adulte, par des expérience de choix d’oviposition. Ces mesures nous ont permis de mettre en évidence un patron de spécialisation pour les deux espèces de pyrale et pour le variant sf-M au stade adulte et/ou larvaire, alors que les résultats ne montre pas de spécialisation claire pour le variant sf-R de S. frugiperda, du moins sur les plantes testées. Nous avons également recherché des mécanismes de cette spécialisation par une analyse transcriptomique visant à identifier les gènes ou familles de gènes dont l’expression varie en fonction de la plante hôte chez nos deux modèles. Cette étude mécanistique a mis en lumière des fonctions de gènes impliquées dans la détoxification, la digestion et l’immunité qui peuvent expliquer les différences de traits d’histoire de vie que nous avons observés. Enfin, nous avons quantifié différentes barrières (pré- et post-zygotiques) pour estimer le degré de divergence et les facteurs impliqués dans l’isolement reproducteur des entités génétiques étudiées. Nous avons notamment trouvé pour les deux modèles des barrières post-zygotiques précoces avec un pourcentage d’éclosion plus faible dans les croisements interspécifiques. Dans le modèle Ostrinia, nous avons également mis en évidence la présence d’une barrière pré-zygotique en lien avec le bouquet phéromonal émis par les femelles. / Specialization in different environments is a driver of divergence between populations and species. Phytophagous insects are interesting candidates to study the speciation process via the ecological specialization, due to the intimate relationship between the insects and their host plant but also the regular occurrence of host changes they experienced during evolution. Ecological speciation requires three important components: a source of divergent selection, a form of reproductive isolation either pre- or post-zygotic, and a mechanism linking the genes under selection to those responsible of the reproductive isolation. In this context, we studied the reproductive isolation and specialization in two models polyphagous lepidopteran pests: (1) the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, and the closely related species Ostrinia scapulalis, (2) two host races of Spodoptera frugiperda (the fall armyworm), rice strain (sf-R) and corn strain (sf-M). Both models showed a patterns of diversification via the host plant: both species sisters and the two strains are genetically differentiated and are specialized on different host plants (maize for O. nubilalis and sf-M; mugwort for O. scapulalis; rice sf-R). We studied the patterns of specialization of these models by quantification of life history traits in two time points of their life-cycles: (1) in the larval instar, by reciprocal transplant experiments, (2) in the adult, by choice oviposition experiment. These measures highlighted a pattern of specialization at the adult and/or larval instar for both moth species and sf-M. However, the results showed no clear specialization for sf-R of S. frugiperda on the tested plants. We investigated the mechanisms of specialization by RNA-seq in order to identify the genes or the gene families for which variation of their expression depends on the host plant. This mechanistic study revealed genes involved in detoxification, digestion and immunity process that may explain the differences observed in life history traits. Finally, we quantified various barriers (pre- and post-zygotic) to estimate the divergence degree and the causes involved in reproductive isolation of genetic entities studied. In particular, for the two models, we found evidences of post-zygotic barriers with a lower percentage of hatching in the interspecific crosses. In Ostrinia model, we have also demonstrated the presence of pre-zygotic barrier depending of the pheromone blend emitted by the females.

Traditionally, the study of biodiversity has focused on quantifying patterns of species diversity, or species richness, by simply counting the number of species across environmental gradients. This approach has been fundamental to ecological investigations and thinking with regards to identifying patterns of biodiversity. Although species diversity is the most commonly used dimension of biodiversity, species diversity alone does not provide a mechanistic understanding of biodiversity gradients. By also quantifying the genetic and phylogenetic diversity of a population, community or ecosystem, ecologists can become more informed on the relationships organisms have with one another, as well as their potential to adapt to changes in their environment. While each of these approaches provides methods for characterizing biodiversity, they do not offer direct insight into what species do, how they function, or how they will respond to changes in their environment. Functional, or trait-based ecology, provides an informative alternative to species-centric approaches that seeks to understand patterns of biodiversity in terms of functional traits. Functional traits capture fundamental tradeoffs in life history strategies that can be used to determine species ecological roles and can be used to scale from organisms to ecosystems to ask broad ecological questions. The overarching goal of my dissertation is to add additional links to trait-based ecology by identifying potential sources of trait variation across different spatial and temporal gradients between varying levels of biological organization. By assessing variation across spatial-temporal scales, I tested two prominent assumptions of trait-based ecology. First, I tested the trait-environment assumption wherein traits affect ecosystem processes. Therefore, there should be a predictable relationship between traits, their environment, and ecosystem function across large ecological gradients and between broad taxonomic groups. Second, I tested the assumption that interspecific trait variation exceeds intraspecific trait variation; thus, the species mean trait value captures much of the variation for a given trait. My study systems include the latitudinal diversity gradient of North America, forests of varying successional age in the tropical dry forests of Costa Rica, and a subalpine meadow of Colorado. First, we collected leaf trait data and soil microbial data at six sites across the latitudinal diversity gradient to test a central hypothesis of trait-based ecology, primarily that shifts in plant traits associated with decomposition and nutrient availability ramify to influence microbial functioning. We found that changes in plant traits not only reflect nutrient limitation across broad ecological gradients, but also have important regional effects on biogeochemical processes, microclimates, and energy fluxes that influence microbial diversity. Furthermore, changes in plant function correspond to changes in bacterial functional traits related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling, although only fungal functional traits related to nitrogen cycling change across the gradient. Our results represent one of the first comparisons of functional diversity within and across bacterial, fungal, and plant communities across a latitudinal gradient. Next, we collected leaf functional trait and abiotic data across a 110-year chronosequence within a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We focused on six leaf functional traits for woody plants within 14 plots that have varying times since disturbance in the tropical dry forests of Guanacaste, Costa Rica. When we compare species composition and community function, we find that older tropical dry forest communities differ significantly from younger forests in species composition, above ground biomass, and functional traits. Species in younger forests have traits better adapted to hotter temperatures and increased drought. For example, young forests are characterized by thicker leaves with higher water use efficiency. In contrast, older forests have thinner broader leaves more susceptible to desiccation. Interestingly, in contrast to expectations, variation in these functional traits does not generally change through succession. This means that the different species within each community are converging on similar functional strategies. Our results also suggest that regenerating tropical dry forests are resilient and can be restored within a human lifetime. Finally, we evaluated patterns of trait variation within and between three years to understand the widely-ignored source of temporal variation associated with seasonality and test the assumption that interspecific trait variation exceeds intraspecific variation and the species means account for the overall variation of a trait. To do this, we collected leaf data from eight species at a local site in Colorado throughout the growing season, over three years, as well as extracted data from a global database and made comparisons to assess sources trait variation. We found that, although the timing of collection influences one’s ability to capture fine-scale processes occurring on short time scales, collecting data locally throughout the growing season and across multiple years does not significantly influence species ranking. However, species ranking is not conserved for comparisons between local and global databases. This suggests that extra care should be taken when applying global data for species-specific studies and that ‘snap-shot’ sampling designs may over- or underestimate community trait distributions, reducing predictability. Overall, this body of work extends beyond understanding patterns of species diversity through the inclusion of species function. It contributes to our understanding of variation in biodiversity across broad ecological gradients and between diverse taxonomic groups, how communities assemble via functional traits, and the importance of temporal variation on functional traits for detecting fine-scale patterns.

Title:  Emotional Intelligence - A study based on the relationship between real estate agents and emotional intelligence Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degrees in Business Administration  Authors: Julia Sjöblom and Nicklas Kling Supervisor: Jonas Kågström Date: 2021 June    Aim: The purpose of the study is to investigate if and how emotional intelligence affects the real estate agent's work performance. Method: The study used a quantitative research method done with “"Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire" short form” designed as an survey and this was sent out to real estate agents that are based in Sweden.  Result and conclusion: The results of the study show that there exists correlations between Trait EI and real estate brokers work performances. There are correlations between subcategories sociability, self-control, emotionality but there is no correlation to wellbeing on the subscale level. This means that real estate agents who are skilled in social contexts, has easy to interact with other people and are good listeners are more likely to perform better at work. Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes to business economics research by examining how emotional intelligence affects real estate agents' sales performance. Suggestions for future research: Based on the results this study, it would be interesting for further research to investigate the subcategory sociability. Another suggestion is to use Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire measuring instrument in the same industry as this study to find similarities or differences with our results. Finally, further research is proposed regarding the possibility of developing the levels of emotional intelligence to see how this would affect work performance as a real estate agent. Keywords: Emotionell intelligens, Trait emotionell intelligens, Work performance, "Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire", Real estate agent

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to survey self-reported health symptoms and knowledge of Sickle Cell Trait in young adults with an African heritage. The aim is to expand a comprehensive assessment system to measure factors associated with carrying the Sickle Cell Trait. Historically being a Sickle Cell Trait carrier was thought to be asymptomatic. However, current research has suggested this may not be true. While young adults may have greater knowledge of Sickle Cell Disease, little is known about their awareness of Sickle Cell Trait. Furthermore, no research on these topics have been conducted in young adults with African heritage (Latino/Hispanic, Caribbean, Multi-Racial, etc.). Measures of Sickle Cell Trait Carrier Awareness, Sickle Cell Trait Knowledge, and Physical Health Symptoms are presented from 54 young adults with African Heritage. The Hispanic and Multi-Racial participants reported lower awareness of their Sickle Cell Trait Carrier status compared to the African American participants. Hispanic and Multi-Racial participants reported lower Sickle Cell Trait Knowledge compared to the African American participants. All subjects demonstrated lower levels of Sickle Cell Trait Knowledge than would be expected given the potential health consequences.

No description available.

A identificação de atributos funcionais de colêmbolos associada com sua caracterização taxonômica responde aos impactos causados por mudanças de uso e manejo, além de terem um efeito sobre os processos funcionais do solo. Além disso, a descrição de atributos funcionais visa também atender o crescente interesse de investigar mecanismos relacionados com os processos de montagem de comunidade, tais como a convergência e divergência de atributos funcionais. Este trabalho teve três objetivos: 1) investigar a composição e estrutura de comunidades de colêmbolos em relação a alterações de uso do solo e diferentes ofertas de forragem através de uma abordagem funcional e taxonômica; 2) avaliar a existência de filtros ambientais e diferenciação de nichos dentro das comunidades; 3) avaliar o efeito de diferentes grupos funcionais dos colêmbolos no funcionamento do solo. Para isto, foram realizamos três estudos, sendo avaliados no primeiro estudo diferentes usos do solo (mata, campo e eucalipto) e no segundo estudo quatro níveis de ofertas de forragem. Como resultado principal de ambos os estudos, observamos que os de índices taxonômicos, tais como riqueza e diversidade de espécies, podem apresentar padrões diferentes dos índices funcionais, porém ambas as abordagens foram sensíveis aos tratamentos avaliados. De modo geral, o aumento da riqueza e diversidade de colêmbolos não é diretamente relacionado com o aumento da diversidade funcional. Também foi observado em ambos os estudos que a composição e estrutura das comunidades de colêmbolos foram afetadas significativamente pela existência de um filtro ambiental e pela diferenciação de nicho ecológico, uma vez que observamos convergência e divergência de atributos funcionais significativamente relacionados com os gradientes estudados. O terceiro estudo, realizado em condições de microcosmos, consistiram em 6 tratamentos e um controle, sendo os tratamento a combinação de diferentes grupos funcionais de colêmbolos. De modo geral, os resultados mostram que a presença de colêmbolos não afetou significativamente o tamanho da comunidade microbiana do solo, porém estimulou a mineralização de C e N. A presença de apenas um grupo funcional de colêmbolos estimulou a atividade microbiana, sendo estes significativamente diferentes do tratamento controle. Estas diferenças são ainda maiores quando há duas e três grupos funcionais no mesmo microcosmo. O estímulo sobre a comunidade microbiana possivelmente deve-se aos diferentes nichos ocupados pelos colêmbolos dentro do solo, pelas modificações na composição microbiana e pela redistribuição de nutrientes no interior do solo. Palavra-chave: colêmbolos; filtro ambiental; interação biológica; regras de montagem; campos; uso do solo; grupo funcional; atributo funcional; convergência de atributos; divergência de atributos. / Traits-based approach (functional traits) associated with taxonomical description in collembolan communities can response to environmental changes and have a directly effect on soil functioning. Furthermore, trait-based approach also aims to attend the growing interest in investigating mechanisms that are related to assembly process in communities, such as trait-convergence and trait-divergence assembly patterns. This work was three objective: 1) investigating the composition and structure of Collembola communities regarding environmental changes in soil and litter induced by land-use and grassland management using both taxonomic and functional approaches; 2) assessing the existence of environmental filtering and biotic interaction within collembolan communities; 3) evaluating the effect of three collembolan life-form on soil functioning. To this, we carried out three studies to investigate these objectives which two of them was carried out in three land-uses types (study 1) and four herbage allowance (study 2).The results of the studies 1 and 2 showed that taxonomic indices such as richness and taxonomical diversity and functional indices can have different patterns in collembolan communities, but both approaches are sensitive to the treatments evaluated. In general, increasing the richness and diversity of collembola was not directly related with the increase of the functional diversity. We also observed in both studies the composition and structure of Collembolan communities are significantly affected by the existence of an environmental filtering and biotic interaction, since we observed significantly trait-convergence and trait- divergence related to ecological gradients tested. Our findings show that functional traits provide a better understanding of the response of communities to biotic and abiotic changes. The third study was carried out in microcosm conditions and consisted of 6 different combinations of collembolan life-form. Overall, our results showed that collembolan life-forms did not significantly affect microbial biomass but collembolan life-forms affected microbial activities. The presence of only one life-form stimulated C and N mineralization regarding to their CO2 and enzymatic activities, but these stimulations were higher when there was two or three life-forms in the same microcosm. We suggest that stimulation on the microbial community is due to different niches occupied by each collembolan life-form, the changes on microbial composition and redistribution of nutrients in the soil.

A identificação de atributos funcionais de colêmbolos associada com sua caracterização taxonômica responde aos impactos causados por mudanças de uso e manejo, além de terem um efeito sobre os processos funcionais do solo. Além disso, a descrição de atributos funcionais visa também atender o crescente interesse de investigar mecanismos relacionados com os processos de montagem de comunidade, tais como a convergência e divergência de atributos funcionais. Este trabalho teve três objetivos: 1) investigar a composição e estrutura de comunidades de colêmbolos em relação a alterações de uso do solo e diferentes ofertas de forragem através de uma abordagem funcional e taxonômica; 2) avaliar a existência de filtros ambientais e diferenciação de nichos dentro das comunidades; 3) avaliar o efeito de diferentes grupos funcionais dos colêmbolos no funcionamento do solo. Para isto, foram realizamos três estudos, sendo avaliados no primeiro estudo diferentes usos do solo (mata, campo e eucalipto) e no segundo estudo quatro níveis de ofertas de forragem. Como resultado principal de ambos os estudos, observamos que os de índices taxonômicos, tais como riqueza e diversidade de espécies, podem apresentar padrões diferentes dos índices funcionais, porém ambas as abordagens foram sensíveis aos tratamentos avaliados. De modo geral, o aumento da riqueza e diversidade de colêmbolos não é diretamente relacionado com o aumento da diversidade funcional. Também foi observado em ambos os estudos que a composição e estrutura das comunidades de colêmbolos foram afetadas significativamente pela existência de um filtro ambiental e pela diferenciação de nicho ecológico, uma vez que observamos convergência e divergência de atributos funcionais significativamente relacionados com os gradientes estudados. O terceiro estudo, realizado em condições de microcosmos, consistiram em 6 tratamentos e um controle, sendo os tratamento a combinação de diferentes grupos funcionais de colêmbolos. De modo geral, os resultados mostram que a presença de colêmbolos não afetou significativamente o tamanho da comunidade microbiana do solo, porém estimulou a mineralização de C e N. A presença de apenas um grupo funcional de colêmbolos estimulou a atividade microbiana, sendo estes significativamente diferentes do tratamento controle. Estas diferenças são ainda maiores quando há duas e três grupos funcionais no mesmo microcosmo. O estímulo sobre a comunidade microbiana possivelmente deve-se aos diferentes nichos ocupados pelos colêmbolos dentro do solo, pelas modificações na composição microbiana e pela redistribuição de nutrientes no interior do solo. Palavra-chave: colêmbolos; filtro ambiental; interação biológica; regras de montagem; campos; uso do solo; grupo funcional; atributo funcional; convergência de atributos; divergência de atributos. / Traits-based approach (functional traits) associated with taxonomical description in collembolan communities can response to environmental changes and have a directly effect on soil functioning. Furthermore, trait-based approach also aims to attend the growing interest in investigating mechanisms that are related to assembly process in communities, such as trait-convergence and trait-divergence assembly patterns. This work was three objective: 1) investigating the composition and structure of Collembola communities regarding environmental changes in soil and litter induced by land-use and grassland management using both taxonomic and functional approaches; 2) assessing the existence of environmental filtering and biotic interaction within collembolan communities; 3) evaluating the effect of three collembolan life-form on soil functioning. To this, we carried out three studies to investigate these objectives which two of them was carried out in three land-uses types (study 1) and four herbage allowance (study 2).The results of the studies 1 and 2 showed that taxonomic indices such as richness and taxonomical diversity and functional indices can have different patterns in collembolan communities, but both approaches are sensitive to the treatments evaluated. In general, increasing the richness and diversity of collembola was not directly related with the increase of the functional diversity. We also observed in both studies the composition and structure of Collembolan communities are significantly affected by the existence of an environmental filtering and biotic interaction, since we observed significantly trait-convergence and trait- divergence related to ecological gradients tested. Our findings show that functional traits provide a better understanding of the response of communities to biotic and abiotic changes. The third study was carried out in microcosm conditions and consisted of 6 different combinations of collembolan life-form. Overall, our results showed that collembolan life-forms did not significantly affect microbial biomass but collembolan life-forms affected microbial activities. The presence of only one life-form stimulated C and N mineralization regarding to their CO2 and enzymatic activities, but these stimulations were higher when there was two or three life-forms in the same microcosm. We suggest that stimulation on the microbial community is due to different niches occupied by each collembolan life-form, the changes on microbial composition and redistribution of nutrients in the soil.

A identificação de atributos funcionais de colêmbolos associada com sua caracterização taxonômica responde aos impactos causados por mudanças de uso e manejo, além de terem um efeito sobre os processos funcionais do solo. Além disso, a descrição de atributos funcionais visa também atender o crescente interesse de investigar mecanismos relacionados com os processos de montagem de comunidade, tais como a convergência e divergência de atributos funcionais. Este trabalho teve três objetivos: 1) investigar a composição e estrutura de comunidades de colêmbolos em relação a alterações de uso do solo e diferentes ofertas de forragem através de uma abordagem funcional e taxonômica; 2) avaliar a existência de filtros ambientais e diferenciação de nichos dentro das comunidades; 3) avaliar o efeito de diferentes grupos funcionais dos colêmbolos no funcionamento do solo. Para isto, foram realizamos três estudos, sendo avaliados no primeiro estudo diferentes usos do solo (mata, campo e eucalipto) e no segundo estudo quatro níveis de ofertas de forragem. Como resultado principal de ambos os estudos, observamos que os de índices taxonômicos, tais como riqueza e diversidade de espécies, podem apresentar padrões diferentes dos índices funcionais, porém ambas as abordagens foram sensíveis aos tratamentos avaliados. De modo geral, o aumento da riqueza e diversidade de colêmbolos não é diretamente relacionado com o aumento da diversidade funcional. Também foi observado em ambos os estudos que a composição e estrutura das comunidades de colêmbolos foram afetadas significativamente pela existência de um filtro ambiental e pela diferenciação de nicho ecológico, uma vez que observamos convergência e divergência de atributos funcionais significativamente relacionados com os gradientes estudados. O terceiro estudo, realizado em condições de microcosmos, consistiram em 6 tratamentos e um controle, sendo os tratamento a combinação de diferentes grupos funcionais de colêmbolos. De modo geral, os resultados mostram que a presença de colêmbolos não afetou significativamente o tamanho da comunidade microbiana do solo, porém estimulou a mineralização de C e N. A presença de apenas um grupo funcional de colêmbolos estimulou a atividade microbiana, sendo estes significativamente diferentes do tratamento controle. Estas diferenças são ainda maiores quando há duas e três grupos funcionais no mesmo microcosmo. O estímulo sobre a comunidade microbiana possivelmente deve-se aos diferentes nichos ocupados pelos colêmbolos dentro do solo, pelas modificações na composição microbiana e pela redistribuição de nutrientes no interior do solo. Palavra-chave: colêmbolos; filtro ambiental; interação biológica; regras de montagem; campos; uso do solo; grupo funcional; atributo funcional; convergência de atributos; divergência de atributos. / Traits-based approach (functional traits) associated with taxonomical description in collembolan communities can response to environmental changes and have a directly effect on soil functioning. Furthermore, trait-based approach also aims to attend the growing interest in investigating mechanisms that are related to assembly process in communities, such as trait-convergence and trait-divergence assembly patterns. This work was three objective: 1) investigating the composition and structure of Collembola communities regarding environmental changes in soil and litter induced by land-use and grassland management using both taxonomic and functional approaches; 2) assessing the existence of environmental filtering and biotic interaction within collembolan communities; 3) evaluating the effect of three collembolan life-form on soil functioning. To this, we carried out three studies to investigate these objectives which two of them was carried out in three land-uses types (study 1) and four herbage allowance (study 2).The results of the studies 1 and 2 showed that taxonomic indices such as richness and taxonomical diversity and functional indices can have different patterns in collembolan communities, but both approaches are sensitive to the treatments evaluated. In general, increasing the richness and diversity of collembola was not directly related with the increase of the functional diversity. We also observed in both studies the composition and structure of Collembolan communities are significantly affected by the existence of an environmental filtering and biotic interaction, since we observed significantly trait-convergence and trait- divergence related to ecological gradients tested. Our findings show that functional traits provide a better understanding of the response of communities to biotic and abiotic changes. The third study was carried out in microcosm conditions and consisted of 6 different combinations of collembolan life-form. Overall, our results showed that collembolan life-forms did not significantly affect microbial biomass but collembolan life-forms affected microbial activities. The presence of only one life-form stimulated C and N mineralization regarding to their CO2 and enzymatic activities, but these stimulations were higher when there was two or three life-forms in the same microcosm. We suggest that stimulation on the microbial community is due to different niches occupied by each collembolan life-form, the changes on microbial composition and redistribution of nutrients in the soil.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une approche dimensionnelle de la psychopathologie et son objectif est d’apporter de nouvelles connaissances au champ de recherche qui considère l’existence d’un continuum entre schizophrénie et trouble bipolaire ainsi qu’entre traits de personnalité et pathologies. Afin d’explorer ces continuums, nous avons étudié, grâce à la méthode des potentiels évoqués cognitifs et l’étude de certaines de leurs composantes (N400, LPC), les processus neurocognitifs sous-tendant l’intégration d’un contexte sémantique et sémantico-émotionnel dans la schizophrénie, le trouble bipolaire, les traits de personnalité schizotypique et les traits de personnalité hypomaniaque. Premièrement, nous avons montré, que les patients schizophrènes stabilisés et les patients bipolaires euthymiques présentent des patterns de modulation de la N400 différents lors de tâches impliquant l’intégration d’un contexte sémantique ou sémantico-émotionnel. Néanmoins, ces résultats en défaveur de l’existence d’un continuum entre schizophrénie et trouble bipolaire pourraient être la conséquence de l’absence de symptomatologie commune entre nos deux échantillons de patients. Deuxièmement, les résultats des études portant sur la population pathologique et ceux des études portant sur la population générale présentant des traits de personnalité semblent en faveur de l’existence d’un continuum entre population générale et pathologie. En effet, les personnes présentant des traits de personnalité hypomaniaque présentent des similitudes dans les atteintes des processus neurocognitifs sous-tendant l’intégration d’un contexte sémantique et sémantico-émotionnel avec les patients bipolaires, et les personnes présentant des traits de personnalité schizotypique présentent des similitudes dans les atteintes des processus neurocognitifs sous-tendant l’intégration d’un contexte sémantico-émotionnel avec les patients schizophrènes. L’ensemble de nos résultats associés à ceux de la littérature semblent en faveur d’une approche dimensionnelle de la psychopathologie bipolaire et schizophrénique où les symptômes, davantage que le diagnostic, doivent être envisagés comme le point central du continuum. / This work is part of a dimensional approach of the psychopathology. Its goal is to bring new knowledge to the field of research that considers the existence of a continuum between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as well as between personality traits and pathologies. In order to explore these continuums, we have studied, thanks to event-related potential method and the study of N400 and LPC components, neurocognitive processes involved in the integration of semantic and semantico-emotional context in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizotypal personality traits and hypomanic personality traits. We have first demonstrated that stabilized schizophrenic patients and euthymic bipolar patients have different patterns of the N400 modulation during tasks involving semantic and semantico-emotional integration. However, these results against the existence of a continuum between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder could be due to the lack of common symptoms in both samples. Secondly, the results of our studies dealing with clinical population and those dealing with general population with personality traits seem to be in favor to the existence of a continuum between general population and pathology. As a matter of fact individuals with hypomanic personality traits have similitude with bipolar patients in disturbance in neurocognitive processes involved in the integration of semantic and semantico-emotional context. Furthermore, individuals with schizotypal personality traits have common difficulties with schizophrenic patients in neurocognitive processes involved in semantico-emotional context integration. The results of our investigation, combined with those in the literature, are in favor of a dimensional approach of schizophrenic and bipolar psychopathology. And this approach is more about considering the symptoms as the central point of the continuum rather than the diagnostic.