確定提撥制是現今退休金制度潮流的趨勢，而在這個制度下，勞工最後所能累積的退休金總額及每月所能領到的月退休金額度和個人帳戶的投資結果有很大的關係，所以個人帳戶的投資績效成為勞工退休生活安全性最重要的因素。 本研究的目的在提供一個方法以評量投資績效，使得在每月提撥一定金額到個人帳戶的情形下，對於投資期間的經濟環境以隨機投資模型或情境分析模型加以考量後，可以在不同的投資策略及起始資產配置下，找到適合投資人的最佳投資策略及起始資產配置。在本研究中考慮了股票和長期債券兩種投資標的，而投資標的之投資報酬率變化則以隨機投資模型(Stochastic Investment Model)及情境分析(Scenario Analysis)兩種模擬方式為之，其中在隨機投資模型模擬的部分，不同的隨機投資模型對於經濟環境有不同的設定，也因此將得到不同的投資結果，本研究採用在英國學術上廣為研究的Wilkie投資模型(1986)及黃泓智等人於2005年證券市場發展季刊所推導之台灣投資模型，並利用蒙地卡羅模擬的方式來建構投資標的之報酬率。而在情境分析模擬的部分，則設定三種基本的投資報酬率趨勢，並假設三種投資報酬率趨勢服從均勻分配，而後考慮投資期間分成前後兩個時期，搭配而得九種情境。 本文將觀察不同的起始資產配置(股票資產配置之權重考慮由0%~100%，間隔為1%，共101組；債券資產的權重則為1-股票資產配置之權重，也就是100%~0%)，並以投資組合保險中三種常見的投資策略：買入持有(Buy & Hold；BH)、固定比例混合法(Constant Mixture；CM)及時間不變性投資組合保護(Time-invariant Portfolio Protection；TIPP)，作為投資策略。 在三種投資策略及每種投資策略有101個起始資產配置下，將可以得到303組不同的投資結果，而每一組投資結果中，都可找到個人帳戶於退休時的累積金額、在一定目標所得替代率下之破產機率，以及平均投資報酬率和投資報酬率之標準差，並將所得之投資組合報酬率之平均值為縱軸，標準差為橫軸作圖，找出效率前緣；也就是說，可以依個人帳戶持有人的風險，在其所能忍受的風險下，找到最適的起始資產配置及投資策略，及依這樣的起始資產配置和投資策略下所能得到的平均報酬。另外，更進一步以Sharpe ratio及Reward-to-VaR ratio、Reward-to-CTE ratio三個指標來衡量投資表現，找出在這三個指標下的最適起始資產配置和投資策略。 在前述中，都未考慮到交易成本對於投資結果的影響，但在現實的環境中，交易成本對於投資結果是有影響的，所以本研究也會在考慮交易成本下，找到情境分析和隨機模型下的投資結果及效率前緣，並找出三個投資指標的值來衡量投資表現。 / The defined contribution plan is the trend of retirement pension funds management, but under this plan, the total account values accumulated and the retirement benefits paid each month that labors can get are great related to the investment results of the individual accounts. That's why we said that the investment result of the individual accounts is the most important factor the labors care about. In this article, we will focus on the measure of investment results. We consider bond and stock as our holding assets, and set the investment rate of return in two methods, including scenario analysis and stochastic model. In the scenario analysis method, we set fourteen scenarios to reflect the changes of the investment returns of stocks. In the stochastic model method, we take use of Wilkie investment model to set the investment return rate of stocks and bonds and simulate enormous data to find the average investment rate of return. In each method, we will consider 101 different initial ratio of stock value and three different investment strategies: Buy & Hold(BH)、Constant Mixture(CM) and Time-invariant Portfolio Protection(TIPP). After setting the investment rate of return and investment strategies, we can find 303 different investment results under three investment strategies and 101 initial ratios of stock values. In each result, we can get the accumulated amounts, the income substitute rate and the average rate of return, and use the average rate of return as y-axis, standard deviation as x-axis to find the efficient frontier. That is, we can find the optimal investment strategies and initial ratio of stock value under the risk we can tolerant. We will also use Sharpe Ratio、Reward-to-VaR ratio and Reward-to-CTE ratio to measure the investment results, and find the optimal investment strategies and initial ratio of stock value basic on the three ratios. In practice, the transaction cost is an important factor that will affect the investment results, so we also find the investment results under different situations which had considered the transaction cost.

Innovation comprises the processes of invention and commercialization. While the importance of innovation, especially commercialization, has been widely recognized, existing studies have largely overlooked the commercialization process. By examining the determinants of uses and nonuses of patented inventions from firms at the levels of technology, organization, and project/invention, this study attempts to help fill a critical gap in the literature. In doing so, it enriches theoretical understandings of innovation and, in particular, builds on the evolutionary explanation of technology development, the Teecian framework on profiting from innovation, Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), the Knowledge-Based View (KBV), and open innovation and innovation network perspectives. It also reveals an empirical reality of commercial use and strategic nonuse of patents. The study is based on a novel dataset constructed from multiple sources: inventor surveys, the United States Patent and Trademark Office online database, and COMPUSTAT, among others. After examining the factors affecting overall propensity to commercialize patented inventions, this study explores the factors that affect the organizational paths of commercialization. The empirical estimation indicates that technological uncertainty and a strong internal position of complementary assets raise the propensity for internal commercialization. The study argues that openness of innovation processes and network relationships should affect the choice of commercialization paths. Consistent with the hypotheses, empirical estimations show that external industrial knowledge increases the propensity of internal commercialization. The study also indicates that collaboration has diverging effects on the choice of commercialization paths. While collaboration with firms in vertical relationships tends to favor internal commercialization, collaboration with firms in horizontal relationships tends to favor external commercialization (licensing, start-up). Finally, the study reports findings on the strategic use of patents and then tests hypotheses about the factors driving strategic nonuse. It concludes that a significant portion of U.S. patents are indeed filed for strategic reasons. It also finds that characteristics of technology and firms are significantly associated with different strategies. In particular, firms are more likely to use a patent for strategic defensive purposes when they have larger amounts of assets. The study concludes with discussing managerial and policy implications.

Malgré les enjeux stratégiques de l’organisation de la production de la formation professionnelle, très peu d’études empiriques ont été effectuées sur ce sujet. Cette lacune est particulièrement visible sur les choix de gouvernance, qui concernent la mobilisation des ressources et compétences internes ou le recours à des prestataires externes pour assurer les différentes étapes de conception et d’animation d’une action de formation. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier les facteurs qui influent sur la décision d’internalisation ou d’externalisation de la production de la formation, à l’aide d’un modèle théorique issu des principales théories de la firme, à savoir la théorie des coûts de transaction et la (les) théorie(s) des ressources et compétences. Il me en évidence le lien entre les caractéristiques d’une action de formation (spécificité transactionnelle, spécificité foncière, récurrence, incertitude environnementale et interdépendance) et la décision d’internalisation. Cette relation est expliquée par un certain nombre de variables médiatrices liées à la perception des décideurs quant aux risques d’opportunisme et aux aptitudes de production et de coordination dont ils disposent en comparaison avec les prestataires externes. Le modèle théorique est mis à l’épreuve des faits à travers une étude de cas sur la direction de la formation du groupe Veolia. Nous avons mené dans un premier temps une étude qualitative pour mieux comprendre la façon dont les concepts du modèle émergent, prennent forme et influent sur la décision des praticiens dans le contexte de la production de la formation. Pour vérifier la validité des hypothèses avancées, nous avons ensuite conduit une démarche quantitative centrée sur un échantillon de 140 actions de formation, en mobilisant la méthode d’équations structurelle PLS (PLS-SEM). Les résultats obtenus apportent un éclairage significatif à l’analyse des décisions de gouvernance en matière de production de la formation professionnelle continue, et permettent également de souligner un certain nombre de lacunes sur les théories mobilisées. / The aim of this research is to study the factors that impact the decision to insource or outsource the production of vocational training programs, by using a theoretical model from the main theories of the firm, namely Transaction Cost Theory and Resources and Capabilities Theory. In doing so, we link the characteristics of a training program (transactional specificity, firm specificity, frequency, environmental uncertainty and interdependence) and insourcing decision. This relationship is explained by some mediating variables related to the perception of decision makers about the risks of opportunism and their productive and coordinative capabilities in comparison with external training providers. The theoretical model was tested through a case study on the training direction of Veolia group. We first performed a qualitative study to better understand how the concepts of our model, emerge, take shape and influence the decision of practitioners in the context of training production. Then, in order to test the validity of our hypothesis, we conducted a quantitative study based on a sample of 140 training programs, by using the method of structural equations modeling. The results provide both a detailed analysis of training production governance and a critical assessment of the theories of the firm.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the last few years, particularly in the beginning of the century, there has been seen a strong movement to deliver innovative alternatives to economic development, to consider issues relating to poverty and income generation. The study of fruit production chain in northern of Espírito Santo state seeks to understand the forms of interaction among economic agents, social and political as well as external forces that interfere with the process of production, processing and marketing of juices and pulps fruit, proposing a conceptual model of management, involving all economic agents and has a focus on small farmers. This work is characterized as exploratory, and its methods of data collection, document analysis, semistructured interviews and observation. First, we tried to identify how the cooperatives organize their supply chain. Subsequently, we sought to understand why the fruit has different forms of governance in its production chain. And finally, we analyzed the main characteristics of each of these coordination mechanisms analyzed. Semi-structured interviews with representative members of cooperatives: COOPRUJ (Cooperative of Jaguaré Rural Producers) and COOPCRISTAL (Producers Cooperative Cane Crystal), Family Farmers Cooperative of Colatina (CAF) and agribusinesses Trop Brazil and Sucos Mais . These cooperatives were selected because they are more structured in the marketing process. To perform the analysis of the interviews was chosen the content analysis. Both in COOPCROSTAL, as in COOPRUJ as the CAF, was verified the following structure: with respect to behavioral assumptions, were detected low levels of opportunism, especially the pre-contractual opportunism on the trading price and pruning of fruit (which determines harvest). With respect to the attributes of the transaction, is often recurrent, with emphasis on asset specificity (locational, physical, temporal and dedicated specificity). Regarding to the governance structure, there is the hybrid, with long-term business relationships and with neoclassical contracts. / Nos últimos anos, sobretudo início do século XXI, tem-se observado um forte movimento para proporcionar alternativas inovadoras de desenvolvimento econômico, no sentido de equacionar problemas referentes à pobreza e geração de renda. O estudo da cadeia produtiva de frutas na região norte do estado do Espírito Santo visa compreender as formas de interação entre os agentes econômicos, sociais e políticos, bem como as forças externas que interferem no processo de produção, transformação e comercialização de sucos e polpas de frutas, propondo um modelo conceitual de gestão, envolvendo todos os agentes econômicos e que tenha o foco no pequeno produtor rural. Este trabalho é caracterizado como exploratório e tem como métodos de coleta de dados, a análise documental, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação. Primeiramente, procurou-se identificar como as cooperativas organizam a sua cadeia de suprimentos. Posteriormente, buscou-se entender por que a fruticultura possui diferentes formas de governança em sua cadeia produtiva. E, finalmente, analisaram-se as principais características de cada um destes mecanismos de coordenação analisados. realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com membros representativos das cooperativas: COOPRUJ (Cooperativa dos Produtores Rurais de Jaguaré) e COOPCRISTAL (Cooperativa Produtores Cana Cristal), Cooperativa de Agricultores Familiares de Colatina (CAF) e das agroindústrias Trop Brasil e Sucos Mais. Tais cooperativas foram selecionadas por serem as mais estruturadas no processo de comercialização de frutas. Para se realizar a análise das entrevistas, optou-se pela análise de conteúdo. Tanto na Coopcristal, como na Coopruj como na Caf, foi verificado a seguinte estrutura: com relação aos pressupostos comportamentais, foram evidenciados baixos índices de oportunismo, destacando-se o Oportunismo précontratual referente à negociação de preços e poda da fruteira (que determina a colheita). Com relação aos atributos de transação, a frequência é recorrente, tendo destaque às especificidades de ativos (locacional, física, temporal e especificidade dedicada). Em relação à estrutura de governança, destaca-se a híbrida, com relações comerciais de longo prazo e tendo contratos neoclássicos. Foi proposto um modelo de desenvolvimento regional a partir de estruturas de governança, onde o privilegiado é o pequeno produtor, que busca garantias comerciais para se manter no campo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseALC.pdf: 1163003 bytes, checksum: 9c78ad4a27f34ff6ccbc11971c94bf08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-09-29 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The prime objective of this work is to identify and analyze the technological strategies (TSs) of two car-engine assemblers and some of their first and second-tier suppliers, discussing the relations between the technological strategies of each assembler and its suppliers in each supply chain studied and, as a second objective, comparing the two sets (combinations) of technological strategies adopted in those chains. Two hypotheses were formulated: (1) The automotive assemblers set up in Brazil have different TSs regarding the development and production of engines; (1a) To each type of TS is assigned a necessary effort to maintain and develop the several technological capabilities, either internally or in partnership (together) with suppliers; (2) The sets of TSs in the chains are different. The technological strategies vary among the suppliers, and must be distinct the influences each assembler exerts on each supplier. To analyze such hypotheses, a literature review on the issues concerning this theme was carried out, as well as a field research. Such research comprised case studies in two chains, led by assemblers with distinct strategies, with different levels of vertical integration, representing distinct configurations. The case studies were conducted in the two assemblers and some of their suppliers (from the first and second tiers, in each chain), based on semi-structured interviews. The results indicate that, in general, the strategies undertaken by those assemblers are very similar and oriented towards local competitiveness. The differences occur as a result of their supply chain structures and their supplying policies. The assembler with a greater number of small-sized suppliers, with limited technological capabilities, must make a greater effort to develop them and to assure their adequate performance. The assembler with a greater number of large-sized suppliers, more technologically capable, must make a relatively bigger effort to negotiate (the transactions) with the suppliers, but a much lower effort to develop them. The technological strategies of the suppliers vary in the degree of ownership and technological complexity of product and process, as well as in the fact of transferring (or not) technological knowledge to their suppliers. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo geral identificar e analisar as estratégias tecnológicas (ETs) de duas montadoras de motores e de alguns de seus fornecedores de primeiro e segundo níveis, discutindo as relações entre as estratégias tecnológicas da montadora e de seus fornecedores em cada uma das cadeias produtivas estudadas e, em um segundo momento, comparando os dois conjuntos (combinações) de estratégias tecnológicas adotadas nessas cadeias. Foram delineadas duas hipótese: (1) as montadoras automobilísticas no Brasil possuem ETs diferentes no que se refere ao desenvolvimento e produção de motores; (1a) a cada tipo de ET corresponde uma necessidade de esforço para manutenção e desenvolvimento das diferentes capacidades tecnológicas internamente e em parceria (ou em conjunto) com fornecedores; (2) os conjuntos de ETs nas cadeias são diferentes; variam as ETs entre fornecedores e também devem ser distintas as influências que cada montadora exerce sobre cada fornecedor. Para analisar tais hipóteses, foram realizadas revisões bibliográficas acerca dos tópicos associados ao tema e uma pesquisa de campo envolvendo estudos de caso em duas cadeias, comandadas por montadoras com estratégias diferentes, com diferentes níveis de integração vertical, que representam configurações distintas. Foram então realizados estudos de caso nas duas montadoras e em alguns de seus fornecedores (de primeiro e segundo níveis, em cada cadeia), fundamentados em entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os resultados indicam que, em geral, as estratégias dessas montadoras são muito semelhantes e orientadas para a competitividade local. As diferenças ocorrem em função das estruturas de suas cadeias de fornecedores e de suas políticas de suprimentos. A Montadora com maior número de fornecedores de menor porte e com capacidades tecnológicas limitadas, deve despender esforço maior para desenvolvê-los e garantir um desempenho adequado dos mesmos. A Montadora que possui uma proporção maior de fornecedores de grande porte e mais capacitados tecnologicamente, por sua vez, deve despender esforços relativamente maiores nas negociações (das transações) com fornecedores, mas seu esforço para desenvolvê-los seria muito menor. As Estratégias Tecnológicas dos fornecedores variam quanto ao grau de domínio e complexidade de tecnologia de produto e processo e, também, conforme repassam ou não conhecimentos tecnológicos aos seus fornecedores.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4883.pdf: 5690362 bytes, checksum: e75ef84e9b6cc0d9ca4b7fbff240e353 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-23 / Several studies related to agribusiness were developed trying to explain existing transactions in different agroindustrial complexes. Brazil has significant equity in the provision of products of the agroindustrial complex citrus, holding 30% of world production and moving about $ 15 billion, highlighting the state of São Paulo, holder of 70% of the planted area in the country. One of the segments understudied in the complex is the fresh fruit market, which is well developed in countries like Argentina, Italy, Spain and South Africa, and Brazil still needs to develop. Therefore, the aim of this work was through a multicase study to show the main governances used by São Paulos´s packing houses. Using Transaction Cost Economics theory, we analyzed the coordination established between the packing house and its suppliers of orange. Interviews were conducted with six packing houses distributed by the main citrus regions of the state of São Paulo. As a result it was found that the most representative governance structure present was hybrid, which has being established by agreements characterized as relational, more flexible and not formalized. / Diversos estudos ligados ao agronegócio foram desenvolvidos procurando explicar as transações existentes em diferentes complexos agroindustriais. O Brasil possui significativa participação na oferta de produtos do complexo agroindustrial citrícola, detendo 30% da produção mundial e movimentando cerca de US$ 15 bilhões, com destaque para o estado de São Paulo, detentor de 70% da área plantada no país. Um dos segmentos pouco estudado no complexo citrícola é o mercado de fruta de mesa, o qual é bem desenvolvido em países como Argentina, Itália, Espanha e África do Sul, e no Brasil ainda precisa evoluir. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi, através de um estudo multicaso, caracterizar as principais estruturas de governanças utilizadas pelos packing houses paulistas. Utilizando-se da teoria sobre a Economia dos Custos de Transação, foi analisada a coordenação estabelecida entre o packing house e seus fornecedores de laranja. Foram realizadas entrevistas com seis packing houses distribuídos pelas principais regiões citrícolas do estado de São Paulo. Como resultado verificou-se que a estrutura de governança mais representativa na compra de laranja é a forma híbrida, sendo estabelecida por acordos caracterizados como relacionais, mais flexíveis e não formalizados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCF.pdf: 986822 bytes, checksum: 7e1891ff1faa87863fec5d7e227d8f6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-22 / The coexistence of different mechanisms of governance for similar transactions is a major feature of the seed sector, particularly in the branches of soybeans and hybrid corn. Also, the procurement of different inputs is governed by similar governance structures. Both seed sectors are characterized by high investments in research and development and are subjected to several hazards and uncertainty. One of the main determinants of competitiveness in this industry is the quality of the inputs that will be launched in the market. As a consequence, the activities of research, development and reproduction of seeds are crucial in the competition, requiring need high level of control. In spite of this, the firms that develop high technology seeds present different arrangements in the organization of the production of inputs. The reproduction of seeds requires some mechanisms in order to fully appropriate of the benefits of innovation. This fact constitutes an important determinant of choice for these different arrangements. This dissertation aims to analyze the determinants of the boundaries of the firms, and how the selected governance structures interact with the firm s strategies. This dissertation also aims to explore the different appropriability mechanisms that are available to this sector, in each of its main segments hybrid and varieties. The dissertation uses Transaction Cost Economics, and Dynamic Capabilities as its main theoretical background. Also, the governance inseparability concept gave support to the questions associated to contractual relations. The empirical research, focused on large firms that undertake R&D activities, concludes the factors that influence in the decisions about the reproduction of seeds are related to transaction cost reasoning, but to dynamic capabilities and governance inseparability arguments as well. / Há no setor sementeiro, nos segmentos de milho híbrido e soja, a coexistência de diferentes mecanismos de transação para um mesmo tipo de insumo e a existência de mecanismos semelhantes para insumos diferentes. Os setores que se caracterizam por altos investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento, notavelmente, o objeto deste estudo, o de sementes, estão cercados de riscos e incertezas. Para esta indústria, a qualidade dos insumos que serão lançados no mercado é um dos principais fatores de determinação da competitividade da empresa. Assim, as atividades de pesquisa, desenvolvimento, e reprodução das sementes são vitais no processo de seleção do mercado. São atividades que, conseqüentemente, exigem elevado nível de controle por parte dos agentes que venham a desenvolver e comercializar estes insumos. Apesar destas particularidades, as empresas que desenvolvem sementes de alta tecnologia apresentam arranjos diferentes na organização da produção de insumos. As sementes carregam alto conteúdo tecnológico e necessitam de vários artifícios que visem minimizar as perdas derivadas da reprodução do esforço inovativo, empregado no desenvolvimento de novos produtos, o que constitui um importante determinante da escolha por esses diferentes arranjos. A partir destas constatações, este trabalho objetiva analisar os determinantes das fronteiras das firmas e, a forma com que as estruturas de governança escolhidas interagem com suas estratégias, pretende também explorar os diferentes mecanismos de apropriabilidade disponíveis para o setor e a eficácia destes para os dois segmentos dentro desta indústria híbridos e variedades. A literatura contemporânea oferece arcabouço amplo para compreender a escolha das relações de transação, porém pouca atenção é dada à explicação da existência de mecanismos de troca diferentes para um mesmo tipo de transação. Com o intuito de analisar as relações de troca entre os agentes da cadeia de sementes serão utilizadas duas abordagens teóricas, a Economia dos Custos de Transação, e a linha de Competências Dinâmicas. Além destas duas linhas, a noção de inseparabilidade de governança deu suporte a questões associadas às relações contratuais. A pesquisa de campo, que privilegiou empresas de significativa participação na agricultura brasileira e que desenvolvem atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, permitiu concluir que os fatores que influenciam as decisões sobre a gestão da atividade de multiplicação de sementes são diversos e apresentam elementos das duas abordagens estudadas.

Although emerging economies have received increased attention by both firms and academia in recent decades, there is still more that can be done. Calls have been made by both academic authors and journals to conduct research within institutionally voided environments, a call that was answered by this study. Specifically, this study answers calls related to: examining institutional strategies; examining the relationship between nonmarket and market exchanges. The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how the nonmarket-market relationship affects firm strategies and behavior in Cambodia, an especially voided country due to their turbulent recent history. A second layer of the purpose was to compare firms and explore their similarities and differences to understand the isomorphic pressures of Cambodia. A qualitative case study approach to the study was undertaken to achieve the study’s purpose. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with various managers who have the ability to make strategic decisions in their respective firms. All the interviewees were from the private sector but were scattered throughout different industries and were asked about their experiences and perception of the Cambodian business environment, mainly focusing on the institutional context. The data collected were then structured based on three main themes and corresponding subthemes. This thematic division was the basis for the analysis of the study as well as the conclusion. Based on the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that the nonmarket is indeed superordinate to the market environment in Cambodia. From a macro perspective, the institutional voids affect all firms in Cambodia, and the firms utilize similar variations of four institutional strategies: internalization, substitution, buffering, and bridging. Because the nonmarket environment in Cambodia is so strong, this results in both voids in the market environment and firms becoming more isomorphic. These four strategies were not the only ones identified, other strategies, namely outsourcing and institutional borrowing, were noted as well because of the institutional voids. Theoretically, this study contributes to revising and improving Institutional Theory and reinforcing both Institutional Theory and the Resource-Based View. Social contributions relate to assisting policymakers in Cambodia to understanding their most problematic institutions and developing or improving those institutions. Practical contributions are aimed at practitioners seeking to or doing business in Cambodia, assisting them in understanding the institutional context of Cambodia and knowing how to navigate within its boundaries. This practical contribution can also be considered a social contribution, as more businesses enter Cambodia and as firms grow, the combination of firm entrance and growth creates more jobs and stimulates the economy.

Este trabalho iniciou-se com a descrição da goma-resina, do breu e da terebintina. A primeira, extraída de plantios de Pinus elliotti e Pinus caribaea através da resinagem, é a matéria prima base da cadeia dos produtos resinosos. O breu e a terebintina, obtidos através do processamento da goma-resina, são seus primeiros derivados e são, por sua vez, matéria-prima de diversas indústrias químicas, como a de tintas, vernizes, colas, borrachas, desinfetantes, perfumaria, e outras. Passaram-se também em revisão os vários aspectos técnicos das operações de resinagem e, ainda, o processamento de resina. Igualmente se analisou a estrutura dos custos de produção, foram mensurados os custos específicos da operação de resinagem e, de forma menos aprofundada, os da operação de processamento de resina. Procedeu-se também à análise da cadeia produtiva, descrevendo o surgimento e a evolução do setor dos produtos resinosos brasileiro, a sua distribuição e concentração, sob a ótica da Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT). A metodologia adotada neste trabalho baseou-se na análise gráfica e tabular de dados secundários e da pesquisa de campo realizada por intermédio de questionários, elaborados e lançados em articulação com a ARESB (Associação dos Resinadores do Brasil), e, ainda, de entrevistas com diversos empresários e representantes do setor. A produção brasileira satisfaz o consumo do país e ainda origina excedentes que são exportados e proporciona saldos comerciais positivos. O mercado internacional é dominado pela China que, com vastos recursos florestais e muita mão-de-obra disponível, responde por cerca de 65% da produção mundial e dita os preços dos produtos resinosos. A estrutura dos custos de produção da operação de resinagem, considerada um aspecto importante para a visualização dos problemas internos do setor, indica, sobretudo, uma importante participação do fator mão-de-obra, mas não se constataram níveis críticos relacionados aos seus custos como sucede atualmente em outros países produtores de resina. O setor, englobando empresas de resinagem e de processamento de resina, surgiu de esforços de grandes empresas das indústrias químicas e florestais, ainda hoje tem como agentes empresas provenientes de etapas a montante e a jusante na cadeia, e empresas estrangeiras que viram no Brasil a oportunidade de continuar ligadas a atividade. A produção está sobretudo localizada no Estado de São Paulo e o mercado, ao contrário do que se pressupunha, não se encontra concentrado em algumas empresas. Observando os parâmetros de ECT utilizados na análise da cadeia produtiva, a forma híbrida das estruturas de governança parece ser a predominante no setor. À semelhança de uma cadeia agro-industrial normal, o setor apresenta estrutura de governança voltada para o mercado nos estágios iniciais da cadeia, tendendo ao longo da cadeia, no sentido jusante, para situações hierarquizadas. Verifica-se uma tendência de verticalização das empresas de processamento de resina e derivados para montante como forma de garantir suas matérias primas. / This paper is initiated with the description of gum resin, gum rosin and turpentine. Gum resin, mainly extracted from Pinus elliottii and Pinus caribaea plantations, is the basic raw material in the production chain. Gum rosin and turpentine are the first two products obtained after processing the pine gum, and are themselves used as raw material in the chemical industry to produce paints, varnishes, glues, rubber, perfumes, disinfectants, and others. The gum resin extraction and the technical aspects of its processing are revised. Tapping, industrialization and the whole production cost structure are also analyzed. The origin and evolution of the industry is analyzed, as well as its distribution and concentration, and the production chain is described from a Transaction Cost Economy (TCE) point of view. The methodology adopted in this study is based on graphical and tabular analysis of secondary data, interviews with industry owners and managers, and information collected from questionnaires jointly designed with the Brazilian Gum Resin Producers Association (ARESB). Brazilian production covers domestic demand, and the surplus generated is exported. The international market is controlled by China, which with large forest and labor resources accounts for approximately 65% of the world production and establishes prices. Labor is the main item in the extraction costs structure, but is not as problematic as in other producing countries. The gum rosin and turpentine production segment, initially developed in Brazil by large forest and chemical companies, is still led today by groups positioned upstream and downstream in the production chain, and by foreign enterprises that have seen in Brazil the opportunity to maintain their link with the activity. Production is mainly located in the State of São Paulo, and the market, contrarily to what was expected, does not concentrates in a few companies. According to the TCE parameters used in the production chain analysis, a hybrid governing structure comes up as the predominant structure in this segment. Similarly to a common agribusiness, the chain’s initial stages are market orientated, but towards the end of the chain the segment shows a more hierarchical structure. A trend to verticalization upstream is also noted on gum rosin and turpentine producers, in order to guarantee adequate stocks of raw material.

Drawing on data released by the Census of Agriculture 2006, this paper aims to identify, among all those micro-regions of northeastern Brazil where the volume of livestock movement (represented by the quantity of purchase, sale and slaughter of goats, sheep, cattle, pigs and in poultry farms) would allow a high frequency of transactions with animals - between the segments of production and processing - which would result in market governance structures. The research is grounded in two theoretical pillars: the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), of Oliver Williamson, and the Commodity System Approach (CSA) compiled by John Davis and Ray Goldberg. The first theory is that, due to the bounded rationality of agents and the tendency to assume such an opportunistic behavior, it is impossible to fully and agents rationally anticipate outcomes of their decisions and that they protect themselves from possible flaws in the implementation of the economic transactions from the establishment of contracts between the parties involved. So that, CSA argues that the process of agricultural production can t be addressed so tight, that is, without understanding its systemic character, ranging from the decision of what and how to produce the end consumer. The tool used was exploratory factor analysis, multivariate statistical technique that allows the identification of latent factors that explain the interrelationships among the variables under study. The results showed that the cattle drive in the Northeast is a focused and dedicated event in the sense that largely takes place in a few territories and rarely stands out in a location more than one culture. Therefore, the coordination of the interface market for production / processing of agricultural products is suitable for a small number of locations in the brazilian Northeast. / Valendo-se dos dados disponibilizados pelo Censo Agropecuário 2006, a presente dissertação objetiva identificar dentre as cento e oitenta e oito microrregiões do Nordeste brasileiro aquelas em que o volume de movimentação pecuária (representada pelo quantitativo de compra, venda e abate de caprinos, ovinos, bovinos, suínos e galináceos nas propriedades rurais) permitiria uma alta freqüência de comercialização de animais entre os segmentos de produção e transformação o que resultaria em estruturas de governança de mercado. O trabalho assentou-se sobre dois pilares teóricos: a economia dos custos de transação (ECT), de Oliver Williamson, e a Commodity System Approach (CSA), elaborada por John Davis e Ray Goldberg. A primeira teoria defende que, em função da racionalidade limitada dos agentes e da tendência desses em assumirem um comportamento oportunista, é impossível aos agentes anteverem plena e racionalmente os resultados de suas decisões e que esses se protegem de possíveis falhas na execução das transações econômicas a partir da constituição de contratos entre as partes envolvidas. Já a CSA advoga que o processo produtivo da agropecuária não pode ser abordado de forma estanque, ou seja, sem a compreensão do seu caráter sistêmico, que vai desde a decisão do que e como produzir até o consumidor final. O ferramental utilizado foi a Análise Fatorial Exploratória, técnica estatística multivariada que permite a identificação de fatores latentes que explicariam o inter-relacionamento entre as variáveis sob estudo. Os resultados mostraram que a movimentação pecuária nordestina é um evento concentrado e especializado no sentido de que grande parte dá-se em poucas microrregiões e raramente uma localidade se destaca em mais de uma cultura. Logo, a coordenação de mercado para a interface produção/processamento de produtos agrícolas é indicada para um pequeno número de microrregiões nordestinas.