Comment définir un professionnel de la traduction et de l’interprétation judiciaire ? Aujourd’hui le métier de traducteur et d’interprète judiciaire en France et en Espagne est en voie de professionnalisation. Les structures professionnelles – formation, associations, régulation de l’État – contribuent à cette transformation de même que les attitudes favorables à la professionnalisation des praticiens, autrement dit le professionnalisme. Nous avons constaté que les travaux en traductologie n’ont pas développé la notion de professionnalisme et ont accordé une place centrale à la formation, laissant souvent de côté les aspects attitudinaux. Par ailleurs, la formation se révèle comme un critère de différenciation des traducteurs et interprètes, distinguant ceux qui sont diplômés en traduction – qualifiés de « professionnels » – de ceux qui ont acquis des compétences en traduction par la pratique – qualifiés de « natifs » (« naturels » ou « non-professionnels »). Cette thèse interroge cette dernière distinction et propose un modèle pour l’étude du professionnalisme centré sur cinq dimensions : l’idéal de service, l’intérêt pour les associations professionnelles et pour la qualité-efficacité dans la réalisation des tâches, les souhaits d’amélioration des conditions de travail et enfin les références en principes éthiques. Par le recours à ce modèle, notre travail explore les différences de professionnalisme entre traducteurs et interprètes judiciaires « natifs » et « professionnels » travaillant en France et en Espagne à partir d’entretiens biographiques. Les résultats avancent que l’interaction entre les acteurs interviewés et les structures professionnelles autres que la formation, détermine la définition du professionnalisme et du professionnel de la traduction. / What defines a professional on the field of legal translation and court interpretation? Nowadays, France and Spain are in the process of professionalizing this field. Even now, professional structures like a formal education, organizations and state regulations are contributing to this transformation, as well as demonstrating a favorable attitude towards the professionalization from its practitioners. In other words, professionalism. We have noticed that translation studies do not have a notion of professionalism, but keep a central role in formal education, which in effect neglects its attitudinal aspects. Furthermore, a formal education becomes the differentiation between translators and interpreters, distinguishing those who are certified in translation (qualified as “professionals”) from those who have acquired their translation skills through practice (qualified as “natives”, “naturals” or “non-professionals”). This thesis draws into question the above differentiation and proposes a model that studies professionalism focused on five aspects: the ideals of service, the interest for professional associations and quality-efficiency in task completion, the desire to improve working conditions and finally the standards in ethical principles. Through the use of this model, we performed biographical interviews to explore the differences in professionalism between “natives” and “professional” legal translators and court interpreters who work in France and Spain. The results indicate that, the interaction between the interviewees and the professional structures, other than a formal education, determines the definition of professionalism and of a translation professional.

The present dissertation explores the relationship between Translation Studies and translation didactics at theoretical level and as reflected in the teaching practice at selected Czech educational institutions. The dissertation, theoretical-analytical in its orientation, first seeks to define its key terms, profession, didactics, education and training, Translation Studies and translation theory, conducting cross-linguistic comparisons and outlining the past and present thinking about these concepts. Two typologies of translator training are offered, one based on education objectives, the other differentiating between diverse teaching contexts. A special chapter introduces translation didactics as a dynamic component of Translation Studies, discussing current trends in education research and outlining the institutionalization of translator training. Our attempt at defining the content of, and relationship between, Translation Studies and translation theory, the central concepts of the present work, suggested terminological and conceptual disagreement. The following chapters discuss the strongly multidisciplinary nature of today's Translation Studies, and the manifold sources thereof, pointing out the risks this may create to the internal coherence and public image of the discipline. The core...

This paper discusses a high level language translator. If we divide translators of programming languages in two types: those working for two specific languages and universal translators that can be used for translation between different programming languages, the solution that will be presented in this work can be classified as both, specific language oriented and an universal translator. For the purpose of the research it was limited to translate only from Java to C++, but it can easily be extended to translate between any other high level languages. For simplifying the process of translation the project uses an intermediate step. All programs in the input language are first compiled to an abstract XML language and then to the desired output language. That way it is not necessary to translate directly from one programming language to another which is a very tricky and difficult task and could make the solution difficult to be maintained and extended. Hence the translator can also be used to translate from any high level language to XML. That gives another advantage to our solution: an XML representation of a computer program is valuable information by itself. We describe the design and implementation of the solution, demonstrate how it works and also give information on how it can be extended to work for any other programming language. / This paper discusses a high level language translator. If we divide translators of programming languages in two types: those working for two specific languages and universal translators that can be used for translation between different programming languages, the solution that will be presented in this work can be classified as both, specific language oriented and an universal translator. For the purpose of the research it was limited to translate only from Java to C++, but it can easily be extended to translate between any other high level languages. For simplifying the process of translation the project uses an intermediate step. All programs in the input language are first compiled to an abstract XML language and then to the desired output language. That way it is not necessary to translate directly from one programming language to another which is a very tricky and difficult task and could make the solution difficult to be maintained and extended. Hence the translator can also be used to translate from any high level language to XML. That gives another advantage to our solution: an XML representation of a computer program is valuable information by itself. We describe the design and implementation of the solution, demonstrate how it works and also give information on how it can be extended to work for any other programming language.

En esta investigación, se pretende analizar el estatus del traductor profesional en Lima en el campo de la traducción jurídica. Se busca conocer cuál es este estatus, desde la perspectiva de abogados de Lima usuarios de traducciones no firmadas de carácter jurídico. Debido a que la investigación se basa en el paradigma socioconstructivista, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a abogados que pertenecen a estudios de abogados y a áreas legales de bancos de Lima. A partir de estas entrevistas, se analiza el perfil de las personas a las que estos abogados encargan traducciones jurídicas, así como los criterios que aplican para seleccionar a un traductor externo. Los resultados demuestran que el perfil de la persona a la que se le encarga una traducción jurídica incluye al traductor intruso y al traductor profesional. Asimismo, se obtuvo un acercamiento a los criterios aplicados por los abogados para seleccionar a un traductor externo. El traductor profesional es percibido, por estos abogados, como un agente útil para su flujo de trabajo, pero no imprescindible, y, por ello, de bajo estatus. / This research aims at analyzing the status of the professional translator in Lima who translates legal documents. Its purpose is to know this status from the perspective of Lima lawyers who require legal translations that do not need to be certified. Since the research is based on the social constructivist paradigm, semi-structured interviews were held with ten lawyers working in law firms and in legal areas of banks in Lima. Based on these interviews, the profile of the persons commissioned by these lawyers to do a legal translation, as well as the criteria applied by them to select an external translator, were analyzed. The results show that the profile of the person commissioned to do a legal translation includes the non-professional translator (intruder) and the professional translator. Likewise, an approach was made to the criteria adopted by the lawyers to select an external translator. The professional translator is perceived by these lawyers as an agent useful for their workflow, but not an essential one, and, therefore, as a low-status professional. / Trabajo de investigación

This thesis discusses the topic of the organized translation activities in the second half of the 20th century. It focuses especially on translators of technical texts. The purpose of the thesis is to provide the basic overview of organizations and institutions which operated in Czechoslovakia, and to which the translation activities were concentrated. There is no similar systematic overview in the home professional literature yet. The research method of the oral history was realized via interviews with witnesses. Case studies, dealing in detail with one or another of the examined organizations or institutions, like International Federation of Translators, Translation Department of the Czechoslovakian Writer's Union, translation department in Škoda Auto a.s., International Organisation of Journalists, Prague City Tourism and World Federation of Trade Unions, resulted from the interviews. The information from the interviews was compared and general conclusions about the translating work in the second half of the 20th century were stated. KEY WORDS extern translator, institution, intern translator, technical translation, oral history, organization, organized activities, case study

Master of Science / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / Xinming Ou / Attack graphs present a visual representation of all the potential vulnerabilities and attack paths in a network. They act as a vital security tool in finding the critical attack paths in the enterprise wide networks. Generated attack graphs for complex networks present thousands of attack paths to visualize and represent to the end user. Enhancing the visualization of attack graphs by adding user interactivity will greatly improve in analyzing attack graphs and identifying the critical attack paths in the enterprise network. The layout of the attack graph can be adjusted to represent the layout of the real world enterprise network. Adding user interactivity to attack graphs is done using Prefuse, a software framework written in Java for information visualization. Prefuse is flexible and got the ability to render large amounts of data in an efficient manner. The visualization framework for the attack graphs provides a GUI tool for interacting with attack graph. The framework is a layered architecture with two important layers, the static layer and the dynamic layer. The static layer translates the attack graph trace generated from MuLVAL into a standard graphviz dot language descriptive file. The dynamic layer translates the graphviz dot file into a graph object that can be interpreted and visualized using the prefuse software framework. Preliminary result in this work has been published in [19].

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / This paper presents a new approach for the effective generation of translator scripts that can be used to automate the translation of data display configurations from one vendor format to another. Our approach uses the IDEF5 ontology description method to capture the ontology of each vendor format and provides simple rules for performing mappings. In addition, the method includes the specification of mappings between a language-specific ontology and its corresponding syntax specification, that is, either an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) Schema or Document Type Description (DTD). Finally, we provide an algorithm for automatically generating eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT) scripts that transform XML documents from one language to another. The method is implemented in a graphical tool called the Data Display Translator Generator (DDTG) that supports both inter-language (ontology-to-ontology) and intra-language (syntax-to-ontology) mappings and generates the XSLT scripts. The tool renders the XML Schema or DTD as trees, provides intuitive, user-friendly interfaces for performing the mappings, and provides a report of completed mappings. It also generates data type conversion code when both the source and target syntaxes are XML Schema-based. Our approach has the advantage of performing language mappings at an abstract, ontology level, and facilitates the mapping of tool ontologies to a common domain ontology (in our case, Data Display Markup Language or DDML), thereby eliminating the O(n^2) mapping problem that involves a number of data formats in the same domain.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The focus of this paper is to describe a unified methodology for developing both internal and external data display translators between an Instrumentation Support System (ISS) format and Data Display Markup Language (DDML), a neutral language for describing data displays. The methodology includes aspects common to both ISSs that have a well documented text-based save format and those that do not, as well as aspects that are unique to each type. We will also describe the means by which an external translator can be integrated into a translator framework. Finally, we will describe how an internal translator can be integrated directly into the ISS.

Master of Science / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / Mitchell L. Neilsen / The computer industry has seen a growth in the development of mobile applications over the last few years. Tablet/Mobile applications are preferred over their desktop versions due to their increased accessibility and usability. Android is the most popular mobile OS in the world. It not only provides a world-class platform for creating several apps, but also consists of an open marketplace for distributing them to Android users everywhere. This openness has led to it being a favorite for consumers and developers alike, thereby leading to a strong growth in app consumption. The main objective of the project is to design and develop an Android software application for USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) structural design that can be used on Android tablets. The different components of USDA that can be designed using this application are SingleCell, TwinCell, Cchan, Cbasin and Drpws3e. The USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) structural design application was previously developed using FORTRAN. But FORTRAN is not supported by Android Tablets. So, F2J Translator software was used to convert the FORTRAN source files to java source files which are supported by Android. Also, many other formatters such as CommonIn, CommonOut, and SwapStreams were used to translate some common blocks of FORTRAN code that cannot be translated by F2J Translator. The developed Android software allows users to access all different components of USDA structural design. Users can either directly enter the data in the forms provided or upload a file that already has data stored in it. When the application is run, the output can be accessed as a PDF file. Users can even send the output of a particular component to their personal email address. This output provided by the software application is helpful for design engineers to implement new structural designs.

[pt] Esta tese se insere no âmbito dos estudos descritivos da tradução e investiga a autotradução a partir do caso do escritor brasileiro João Ubaldo Ribeiro. Com base em uma nova concepção do autor-modelo (Eco, 1979a; 1979b; 1994), este estudo investiga se o exercício da autotradução pode ser visto, no caso do escritor brasileiro, como uma possibilidade de continuação, por assim dizer, do processo de escrita original. Para tal investigação, utiliza-se um corpus constituído por: (i) o artigo Suffering in translation, de autoria de João Ubaldo; (ii) entrevistas (publicadas ou não) e declarações diversas concedidas pelo escritor; (iii) os textos - original e tradução - produzidos por ele; (iv) resenhas escritas por críticos norteamericanos e publicadas nos Estados Unidos; e (v) livros escritos por críticos brasileiros sobre a obra do autor. Utiliza-se ainda instrumentos de pesquisa distintos: (i) a comparação entre original e tradução, freqüentemente feita por estudiosos da tradução; (ii) o modelo para análise de traduções de Lambert e van Gorp (1985); e (iii) a entrevista por e-mail (Mann & Stewart, 2000). Além da análise do corpus em si, este estudo apresenta um histórico da autotradução e relatos dos casos dos autotradutores Vladimir Nabokov, Samuel Beckett, Milan Kundera, escritores catalães e poetas escoceses. Esta apresentação tem por objetivo proporcionar o diálogo entre as diversas práticas autotradutórias. / [en] The present work presents a study of self-translation based on the case of the Brazilian writer João Ubaldo Ribeiro. Using in the revisited concept of model author, this thesis seeks to analyse whether the practice of self-translation can be seen, in the case of the Brazilian writer, as the continuation of the process of original writing. The elaboration of the answer to this question is based on the analysis of the corpus, which consists of: (i) the article Suffering in translation, by João Ubaldo Ribeiro; (ii) published and unpublished interviews given by the author; (iii) original and self-translated texts produced by João Ubaldo; (iv) reviews written by North American critics and published in the USA; and (v) books written by professional readers about João Ubaldo´s works. Also, the investigation uses different research instruments: (i) the comparative analysis between original and self-translated texts; (ii) Lambert and van Gorp´s model for the analysis of translated literature; and (iii) e-mail interview. Besides the analysis of the corpus, this study presents a brief historical account of self-translation and general critical reports of self-translators´ - Vladimir Nabokov, Samuel Beckett, Milan Kundera, Catalan writers and Scottish poets - works. Rather than provide readers with a detailed critical analysis of these writers´ texts, these reports seek to make the dialogue between distinct self-translation practices possible.