Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur förhörsledare inom Polisens olika avdelningar upplevde rättssäkerheten i att använda sig av tolk vid förhör. Materialet till studien insamlades genom sex kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer med förhörsledare som hade erfarenhet av förhör där tolk medverkat. Resultatet framställdes genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Tidigare forskning inom det aktuella ämnet, kommunikationsteorin samt Mertons teori om strain låg till grund för analysen av intervjumaterialet. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonernas upplevelser var att rättssäkerheten påverkas vid polisförhör där tolk medverkar. Vidare kunde vi härleda detta till fem olika aspekter. Dessa tematiserades till tolkens roll i förhörsammanhanget, tolkens sätt att närvara, tolkens auktorisation, kommunikationsbrister samt tolkens bakgrund. / The purpose of this study was to examine whether interrogators within the various police departments experienced legal certainty in using interpreter at interrogation. The material for the study was collected through six qualitative, semi-structured interviews with interrogators who had experience in interrogation where interpreter participated. The result was presented through a qualitative content analysis. Previous research within the current subject, communication theory and Merton's theory of strain formed the basis for the analysis of the interview material. The results showed that the experiences of the interviewees were that legal certainty is affected by police interrogations where an interpreter participates. Furthermore, we could deduce this into five different aspects. These were thematised to the interpreter's role in the interrogation context, the interpreter's way of attending, the interpretation of the interpreter, the lack of communication, and the background of the interpreter.

Quando, aos 34 anos de idade, Paulo Rónai é forçado a se exilar da Hungria por ser judeu, ele já é um profissional em plena atividade. Doutor em filologia e línguas neolatinas, ele leciona francês e italiano em Budapeste; paralelamente, desempenha intensa atividade tradutória e já desponta na crítica literária. Depois de aprender português sozinho, em 1939 publica uma antologia de poetas brasileiros. Ao chegar ao Brasil, em 1941, salvo dos nazistas graças a um convite do governo de Getúlio Vargas, imediatamente é capaz de dar continuidade à sua atividade profissional. É professor de latim e francês em várias instituições, inclusive no Colégio Pedro II do Rio de Janeiro, onde assume a cátedra de francês. Intensifica sua atividade crítica em jornais de grande circulação e ao longo dos 50 anos que iria viver no país que adota como pátria poucos anos depois de aqui aportar, participa de muitos projetos culturais, como por exemplo, a organização da edição e supervisão da tradução dos 17 volumes de A Comédia Humana de Balzac, a edição póstuma de duas obras de João Guimarães Rosa, para citar alguns. Além de seus livros, entre artigos e resenhas, Rónai publica mais de 1.100 vezes. Visando delinear seu perfil intelectual, pesquisou-se sua produção literária, tanto na Hungria como no Brasil: primeiro em seu acervo particular, e depois nas mais diversas fontes e recursos. A análise do mapeamento resultante estimulou novas pesquisas no sentido de determinar as bases teóricas que fundamentaram a intelectualidade de Paulo Rónai, e o impacto desse arcabouço teórico na caracterização de sua atividade. Concluiu-se que todas as suas facetas de profissional erudito filólogo, humanista, tradutor, lexicógrafo e até mesmo a atividade pedagógica formam um todo coeso e contribuem entre si para enriquecer a função de crítico literário. / When, at the age of 34, Paulo Rónai was forced into exile from Hungary due to his Jewish origin, he was already a fully-active professional. With a PhD in Philology and Romantic languages, Rónai taught French and Italian in Budapest. In addition, he was a very active translator and began to become known in the field of literary criticism. After teaching himself Portuguese, Rónai published an anthology of Brazilian poetry in 1939. Upon his arrival in Brazil, in 1941, after being saved from the Nazis through an invitation from the Getúlio Vargas government, he was able to resume his career immediately. He taught Latin and French in several institutions, including Colégio Pedro II in Rio de Janeiro, where he assumed the French chair. He intensified his activity in the field of literary criticism, publishing in leading newspapers. Throughout the half century that he would live in his adopted country, he partook in many cultural projects, such as the translation supervision and publication of the 17-volume La Comédie Humaine by Balzac and the editing of two posthumous books by Guimarães Rosa, just to name a few. In addition to his books, including articles and reviews, Rónai published more than 1,100 times. In an attempt to delineate his intellectual profile, his literary production has been researched both in Hungary and in Brazil, initially in his private library, and later in several sources. The analysis of the resulting mapping stimulated further research toward the theoretical foundation of Paulo Rónais intellectual character, as well as the impact of that theoretical foundation on his contributions. It was concluded that all of his erudite capabilities, whether philological, humanistic, lexicographic, pedagogical, or related to translation, came together as a cohesive whole and contributed to enriching his performance as a literary critic.

Le nombre de traductions médicales vers l’espagnol est en constante augmentation. Cependant, les traducteurs spécialisés dans ce domaine ne sont pas assez pour pouvoir combler les besoins du marché d’après les différentes enquêtes réalisées ces dernières années par des chercheurs espagnols. Considérant le manque d’études empiriques portant sur l’enseignement-apprentissage de la traduction médicale, ainsi que celui de la traduction spécialisée, nous nous sommes intéressés aux moyens de rapprocher les formations universitaires des conditions actuelles de l’activité professionnelle.Pour cette raison, l’objectif de la présente thèse est d’apporter une contribution à la didactique de la traduction spécialisée, notamment de la traduction médicale français-espagnol, grâce à la création d’une méthode d’enseignement-apprentissage qui permettra le transfert des compétences professionnelles pour les traducteurs listées par le Groupe d’expert EMT (European Master’s in Translation). / The number of medical translations to Spanish is constantly increasing. However, specialized translators in this field are not enough to meet the needs of the market according to the different surveys carried out in recent years by Spanish researchers. Considering the lack of empirical studies on the teaching-learning of medical translation, as well as that of specialized translation, we looked at ways to bring university courses closer to the current conditions of professional activity.For this reason, the purpose of the present thesis is intended to be a contribution to the didactics of specialized translation, especially French-Spanish medical translation, by creating a teaching-learning method that will allow transfer of professional skills for translators listed by the EMT Expert Group (European Master's in Translation).

<p>For the purpose of this descriptive translation study, a translation corpus was built from roughly the first 20,000 words of each of the first four Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling, and their respective translations into Swedish. I*Link, a new type of word alignment tool, was used to align the samples on a word level and to investigate and analyse the aligned corpus. The purpose of the study was threefold: to investigate manifestations of translation universals, to search for evidence of translator development and to study the efficiency of different strategies for using the alignment tools.</p><p>The results show that all three translation universals were manifested in the corpus, both on a general pattern level and on a more specific lexical level. Additionally, a clear pattern of translator development was discovered, showing that there are differences between the four different samples. The tendency is that the translations become further removed from the original texts, and this difference occurs homogeneously and sequentially. In the word alignment, four different ways of using the tools were tested, and one strategy was found to be more efficient than the others. This strategy uses dynamic resources from previous alignment sessions as input to I*Trix, an automatic alignment tool, and the output file is manually post-edited in I*Link.</p><p>In conclusion, the study shows how new tools and methods can be used in descriptive translation studies to extract information that is not readily obtainable with traditional tools and methods.</p>

Η εργασία αυτή ασχολείται με την υλοποίηση ενός μεταφραστή για το μοντέλο παράλληλου προγραμματισμού OpenMP. Το μοντέλο αυτό χρησιμοποιείται για την υλοποίηση παράλληλων εφαρμογών για την αρχιτεκτονική κοινής μνήμης, και δίνει έμφαση στην ευκολία του προγραμματισμού και την μεταφερσιμότητα των παράλληλων εφαρμογών που αναπτύσσονται μ’ αυτό. Στην εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζεται η σχεδίαση και η υλοποίηση ενός μεταγλωττιστή παράλληλων εφαρμογών OpenMP για τη γλώσσα προγραμματισμού C σύμφωνα με την έκδοση 2.0 του προτύπου OpenMP. Ο μεταγλωττιστής που υλοποιήθηκε ανήκει στην κατηγορία των μεταφραστών, δηλαδή μεταφράζει τον πηγαίο κώδικα σε γλώσσα προγραμματισμού C με τις επεκτάσεις OpenMP, σε ισοδύναμο πηγαίο κώδικα σε γλώσσα προγραμματισμού C, στον οποίο οι επεκτάσεις OpenMP έχουν αντικατασταθεί από ισοδύναμα τμήματα κώδικα τα οποία χρησιμοποιούν κλήσεις βιβλιοθήκης νημάτων για την υλοποίηση του παραλληλισμού. Ο μεταφραστής έχει σχεδιαστεί με τέτοιο τρόπο ώστε να είναι μεταφέρσιμος, υποστηρίζοντας πολλαπλές πλατφόρμες εκτέλεσης, και επεκτάσιμος, υποστηρίζοντας πολλαπλές βιβλιοθήκες νημάτων κατά τη μετάφραση των οδηγιών OpenMP. Η υλοποίηση του μεταφραστή έγινε στη γλώσσα προγραμματισμού Java, χρησιμοποιώντας το γλωσσικό εργαλείο ANTLR για την υλοποίηση του λεκτικού και συντακτικού αναλυτή. Ο μεταφραστής συνοδεύεται, επίσης, από μια βιβλιοθήκη χρόνου εκτέλεσης, η οποία περιέχει τις συναρτήσεις που ορίζονται από το πρότυπο OpenMP v2.0, καθώς και άλλες συναρτήσεις που είναι απαραίτητες για την εκτέλεση των μεταφρασμένων παράλληλων εφαρμογών. Επίσης, στη βιβλιοθήκη υλοποιούνται οι πολιτικές χρονοδρομολόγησης, επιτρέπωντας εύκολα την υλοποίηση κάποιας νέας πολιτικής. Η βιβλιοθήκη έχει υλοποιηθεί σε γλώσσα προγραμματισμού C. Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας αυτής, έχει υλοποιηθεί η υποστήριξη των βιβλιοθηκών νημάτων POSIX και NANOS σε πολυεπεξεργαστικά συστήματα κοινής μνήμης, καθώς και οι πολιτικές χρονοδρομολόγησης που ορίζονται στο πρότυπο OpenMP v2.0. / The subject of this thesis is the implementation of a translator for the OpenMP parallel programming model. This model is used for the development of parallel applications for the shared memory model and emphasizes on the ease of programming and the portability of the applications developed with it. This thesis describes the design and the implementatino of a compiler for OpenMP parallel applications for the C programming language according to version 2.0 of the OpenMP model. The compiler that has been implemented belongs to the translator class, that is translates the source code in C programming language with the OpenMP extensions to equivalent source code in C programming language where the OpenMP extensions have been replaced with equivalent code segments which use thread library calls to implement the parallelism. The translator has been designed in order to be portable, supporting multiple execution platforms, and extensible, supporting multiple thread libraries during the translation of the OpenMP directives. The translator has been implemented using the Java language and using the language tool ANTLR for the implementation of the lexer and the parser. The translator comes with a run-time library, which contains all of the functions which are defined by the OpenMP v2.0, as well as other functions which are needed for the execution of the translated parallel applications. Also, the library contains the scheduling policies allowing easy implementation of a new one. The library has been implemented using the C language. The current implementation supports the POSIX and NANOS thread libraries in shared memory SMPs, as well as all the scheduling policies defined in OpenMP v2.0

For the purpose of this descriptive translation study, a translation corpus was built from roughly the first 20,000 words of each of the first four Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling, and their respective translations into Swedish. I*Link, a new type of word alignment tool, was used to align the samples on a word level and to investigate and analyse the aligned corpus. The purpose of the study was threefold: to investigate manifestations of translation universals, to search for evidence of translator development and to study the efficiency of different strategies for using the alignment tools. The results show that all three translation universals were manifested in the corpus, both on a general pattern level and on a more specific lexical level. Additionally, a clear pattern of translator development was discovered, showing that there are differences between the four different samples. The tendency is that the translations become further removed from the original texts, and this difference occurs homogeneously and sequentially. In the word alignment, four different ways of using the tools were tested, and one strategy was found to be more efficient than the others. This strategy uses dynamic resources from previous alignment sessions as input to I*Trix, an automatic alignment tool, and the output file is manually post-edited in I*Link. In conclusion, the study shows how new tools and methods can be used in descriptive translation studies to extract information that is not readily obtainable with traditional tools and methods.

Quando, aos 34 anos de idade, Paulo Rónai é forçado a se exilar da Hungria por ser judeu, ele já é um profissional em plena atividade. Doutor em filologia e línguas neolatinas, ele leciona francês e italiano em Budapeste; paralelamente, desempenha intensa atividade tradutória e já desponta na crítica literária. Depois de aprender português sozinho, em 1939 publica uma antologia de poetas brasileiros. Ao chegar ao Brasil, em 1941, salvo dos nazistas graças a um convite do governo de Getúlio Vargas, imediatamente é capaz de dar continuidade à sua atividade profissional. É professor de latim e francês em várias instituições, inclusive no Colégio Pedro II do Rio de Janeiro, onde assume a cátedra de francês. Intensifica sua atividade crítica em jornais de grande circulação e ao longo dos 50 anos que iria viver no país que adota como pátria poucos anos depois de aqui aportar, participa de muitos projetos culturais, como por exemplo, a organização da edição e supervisão da tradução dos 17 volumes de A Comédia Humana de Balzac, a edição póstuma de duas obras de João Guimarães Rosa, para citar alguns. Além de seus livros, entre artigos e resenhas, Rónai publica mais de 1.100 vezes. Visando delinear seu perfil intelectual, pesquisou-se sua produção literária, tanto na Hungria como no Brasil: primeiro em seu acervo particular, e depois nas mais diversas fontes e recursos. A análise do mapeamento resultante estimulou novas pesquisas no sentido de determinar as bases teóricas que fundamentaram a intelectualidade de Paulo Rónai, e o impacto desse arcabouço teórico na caracterização de sua atividade. Concluiu-se que todas as suas facetas de profissional erudito filólogo, humanista, tradutor, lexicógrafo e até mesmo a atividade pedagógica formam um todo coeso e contribuem entre si para enriquecer a função de crítico literário. / When, at the age of 34, Paulo Rónai was forced into exile from Hungary due to his Jewish origin, he was already a fully-active professional. With a PhD in Philology and Romantic languages, Rónai taught French and Italian in Budapest. In addition, he was a very active translator and began to become known in the field of literary criticism. After teaching himself Portuguese, Rónai published an anthology of Brazilian poetry in 1939. Upon his arrival in Brazil, in 1941, after being saved from the Nazis through an invitation from the Getúlio Vargas government, he was able to resume his career immediately. He taught Latin and French in several institutions, including Colégio Pedro II in Rio de Janeiro, where he assumed the French chair. He intensified his activity in the field of literary criticism, publishing in leading newspapers. Throughout the half century that he would live in his adopted country, he partook in many cultural projects, such as the translation supervision and publication of the 17-volume La Comédie Humaine by Balzac and the editing of two posthumous books by Guimarães Rosa, just to name a few. In addition to his books, including articles and reviews, Rónai published more than 1,100 times. In an attempt to delineate his intellectual profile, his literary production has been researched both in Hungary and in Brazil, initially in his private library, and later in several sources. The analysis of the resulting mapping stimulated further research toward the theoretical foundation of Paulo Rónais intellectual character, as well as the impact of that theoretical foundation on his contributions. It was concluded that all of his erudite capabilities, whether philological, humanistic, lexicographic, pedagogical, or related to translation, came together as a cohesive whole and contributed to enriching his performance as a literary critic.

En los últimos años, los servicios de traducción han cobrado mayor importancia, debido a la globalización y a las nuevas interrelaciones económicas. El mercado peruano no se encuentra exento a esta realidad, y los servicios de traducción han incrementado su demanda. Por tal motivo, se decide realizar esta aproximación hacia el estudio del mercado de la traducción de planta en Lima –Perú, cuyo foco estuvo puesto sobre los traductores profesionales. Planteado como un estudio de caso, el siguiente texto se elabora a partir del contraste de información recolectada a través de una serie de entrevistas y algunos estudios previos al respecto y tiene por objetivo comprender la situación del traductor de planta en la actualidad: las ventajas y desventajas de su labor y los desafíos que debe enfrentar. / In recent years, translation services have become more important because of the globalization and new economic interrelationships. The Peruvian market is not exempt from this reality, and the translation services have increased their demand. For this reason, we decided to make this approach towards the study of the translation market in Lima- Peru, whose focus was placed on professional translators. Staked out as a case study, the following text is generated based on the contrast of information that was collected through a series of interviews and some previous studies in this respect, and aims at understanding the situation of the full time translator today: the advantages and disadvantages of their work and the challenges they must face.

The number of translation programs within a university context has multiplied in many countries worldwide, which led to the need to question their quality (Gambier, 2012). In the Arab world, especially in the Gulf region, translator education is an emerging practice. For instance, in Qatar, the first translation programs were launched in 2012 at both Qatar University (BA minor in translation ) and the MA programs in translation studies at the Translation and Interpreting Institute (College of Humanities and Social Sciences; Hammad bin Khalifa University). Arabic scholars in the field of translation have highlighted the ongoing curriculum and pedagogical issues at the regional level. Many university programs in the Gulf region prefer to import foreign curriculum packages rather than invest in creating localized programs (Badry & Willoughly, 2015); hence, there is a need for programs relevant to the local and regional communities and contexts (Taibi, 2016). This could only be done through ground exploratory research to identify the problems and address them through a consensus process between the various stakeholders: academia, society and the profession. This doctoral thesis is a result of an exploratory and descriptive study carried out on the two existing translation programs in Qatar (a postgraduate program at the translation and interpreting Institute at Hammad Bin Khalifa University; and an undergraduate program at Qatar University) to identify the type of pedagogical and curricular practices in these institutions and align them with the findings from the practices in the translation and interpreting professions as well as translation professionals' perceptions in the state of Qatar. The present study has focused on the following objectives: 1) the identification and description of the professional translator profile in the Qatari context; 2) the identification of the pedagogical (teaching and learning) practices used in translation programs at Arabic universities in the Gulf region, such as Qatar; 3) knowledge required according to the opinions of professionals working in the field, and the competencies that these professionals believe should be developed in a translation program; and 4) a description of the necessary conditions to integrate such professional requirements in these types of professionally-oriented programs. The findings obtained from the study suggest that a knowledge of the working environments of translators and the required knowledge, skills and abilities to exercise the translation profession is crucial to a translation instructor as well as to a translation or interpreting curriculum developer. Such an awareness would result in the transfer of a different meaning of translation and translator status in society than the one it carries at present in Qatar. Also, there is a need to update the pedagogical and curriculum practices within a university context in Qatar to further integrate professionally oriented types of content, and adopt innovative pedagogies to educate multilingual service providers in the country. Although participants claimed that they are willing to integrate dynamic teaching practices, at the same time they also declared that they would keep the same curricular practices privileged by the institutions. The Interviewees from the profession reported the poor students’ performance in an internship in the local context. Other interviewed practising translators - who graduated from one of the translation programs in Qatar- suggested that the current modes of instruction need to be revised and that more situated, project and problem-based types of activities need to be implemented in the classroom. The results may be useful for teaching staff, instructors, administrators, and the management to improve and reconsider their existing curriculum and pedagogical practices within a university-based program by including the integration of research-based professional practices in the initial design of courses. The positive and consensus-based partnership between academic instances and the professional practitioners is a key solution in this regard. The addition or deletion of courses in a program and the focus on the importance of textbooks without diagnosing the social and community needs, as well the lack of a clear framework to assess faculty or instructor competency and eligibility to educate and train translators, has led to quality issues in existing programs.

Corpora and corpus-based resources have received much attention with regard to translator training, terminology, and specialized resource development. With a specialized monolingual corpus and a specialized online dictionary, the DiCoEnviro, we sought to provide insight into the usability and effectiveness of both types of resources in improving translation students’ comprehension and usage of specialized terminology in the field of the environment. We assessed a specialized corpus and the DiCoEnviro through three lenses adapted from the usability framework proposed by Nielsen (2001): effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. We used data ( screen recordings, questionnaires, translation exercises) collected from six translation students enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs at the University of Ottawa School of Translation and Interpretation (UO-STI). Through quantitative and qualitative data analysis, we provide insight into the usability of both types of resources and into the prospective application of these findings in translator training programs and the development of specialized resources.