How did the wrong-body discourse (WBD) become the dominant medicalised discourse in Canada and the United States? What ideological effects did this dominance have? To address these questions, I conducted a critical discourse analysis informed by Foucauldian genealogy. I analysed texts written in, or translated into, English for a medical-expert audience from the earliest mentions of wrong bodies in 1864 to the institutionalisation of the WBD in the DSM-III diagnosis of transsexualism in 1980. I argue that through the medicalisation of gender variance, the three tenets of the WBD—wrongness of the body; disjuncture between sex and gender; surgical and hormonal solution—developed individually and were brought together by medical experts into a coherent discourse in the mid-1960s. Two main factors likely contributed to the dominance of the WBD: the lack of dependence on any particular etiology that made the WBD compatible with a wide variety of explanations, and the very small number of medical experts responsible for the majority of publications on gender variance all using the WBD. I further argue that medical experts, faced with challenges to their treatment of gender-variant people, turned to the idea of true transsexualism to stabilise the newly-formed WBD and legitimate their treatment of gender variance. In addition to the three tenets of the WBD, true transsexualism also included characteristics and assumptions that medical experts expected gender-variant people to embody if they wanted access to treatment. Through these expectations, medical experts produced a set of norms against which all gender-variant people were judged as legitimate or not, namely, one of the first iterations of transnormativity. / Graduate

abstract: The requirements for a gender dysphoria diagnosis, and therefore access to medical interventions such as surgeries or hormones, reinforce a male/female binary and do not allow room for variability in how a transgender person identifies. Transgender individuals who wish to access medical interventions must reflect these regulatory requirements in order to receive a diagnosis of gender dysphoria. So what is the experience of transgender individuals who do not reflect this narrative? How do they develop identity, form community, and make decisions regarding their transition? Using feminist methodology and grounded theory methods, I conducted a research study with ten transgender-identified individuals from Phoenix, Arizona in order to address these questions. In interviews with these participants, I found that perceptions of others, normativity, and horizontal transphobia all affected how participants identity and decision-making. Further, I also found that these themes contributed to creating transgender authenticity, or the false sense that there is only one way to be truly transgender. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Gender Studies 2017

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As representations of queer and trans* youth become increasingly numerous and diverse in mainstream teen television, this thesis explores the social processes of normalization present in the elaboration of queer and trans* youth characters in the 2010-2011 seasons of Pretty Little Liars and Degrassi. The methodology involves a critical discourse analysis of racialized queer youth identities on Pretty Little Liars and white trans* youth identities on Degrassi, complemented by an analysis of their political economy of production and their circulation of discourse surrounding sexuality and gender identity in online youth communities. Drawing upon literature on homonormativity and emerging literature on transnormativity in mainstream media texts, this thesis illustrates that despite their amenability to dominant social power structures, contemporary televisual representations of queer and trans* youth identities achieve meaningful cultural work through the creation of new societal frameworks for youth to engage with non-normative sexualities and gender identities.

As representations of queer and trans* youth become increasingly numerous and diverse in mainstream teen television, this thesis explores the social processes of normalization present in the elaboration of queer and trans* youth characters in the 2010-2011 seasons of Pretty Little Liars and Degrassi. The methodology involves a critical discourse analysis of racialized queer youth identities on Pretty Little Liars and white trans* youth identities on Degrassi, complemented by an analysis of their political economy of production and their circulation of discourse surrounding sexuality and gender identity in online youth communities. Drawing upon literature on homonormativity and emerging literature on transnormativity in mainstream media texts, this thesis illustrates that despite their amenability to dominant social power structures, contemporary televisual representations of queer and trans* youth identities achieve meaningful cultural work through the creation of new societal frameworks for youth to engage with non-normative sexualities and gender identities.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Araujo Torreira de Mattos.pdf: 860814 bytes, checksum: d2c3a5a7475af847bcea1254556ab017 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-17 / The development of integration between the States provided the phenomenon of globalization, which reflects a closest relation between the various economies. The contact with the international trade and the social area creates a major concern about the advancement of global relations. The Global Governance has initiated a process of guidance the international relations among all areas (commercial, economic, technological, environmental, legal, among others). Its is guided over the premises of transparency and credibility, seeking to avoid damage to mankind, environment and internal economies of each State. From the tripod known as economy, social and environmental, emerged the concept of sustainability, which aims to guide State activities, private companies and the human being through the concept of ecodevelopment. This paper intends to develop an analysis for the concept of Corporate Governance, which is its focus through an international perspective of the application of law. Justified by the fact that the stock market is now international, since the business is composed of foreign elements or international relations that go beyond the various jurisdictions. Thus, it is examined the assumptions and formation Sustainability and Global Governance, to establish the evolution of the concept of transparency, solidarity and credibility of the activities arising from international relations between states and individuals, focusing on Corporate Governance to reach the nature and application of law. The main topic is set over the Transnormativity theory of application of law / Com a evolução da integração entre os Estados que proporcionou o fenômeno da globalização, cujo reflexo mais notório foi a proximidade entre as diversas economias, inicialmente pelo contato com o comércio internacional, e posteriormente pela área social, surgiu uma grande preocupação o avanço das relações globais. A partir da Governança Global iniciou-se um processo de direcionamento, no sentido de que as relações internacionais, quaisquer que fossem as áreas (comercial, econômica, tecnológica, ambiental, jurídica, dentre outras), pudessem ser pautadas pela premissa da transparência e credibilidade, buscando evitar prejuízos à humanidade, ao meio ambiente e às economias internas dos Estados. Diante deste tripé econômico, social e ambiental, surgiu o conceito de sustentabilidade, que visa direcionar as atividades estatais, de empresas privadas e do ser humano, definida pelo conceito do ecodesenvolvimento. O estudo evolui sua análise para o conceito de Governança Corporativa, sendo este o foco do trabalho sob uma perspectiva internacional da aplicação do Direito. Justifica-se pelo fato de que o mercado bursátil é atualmente internacional, tendo em vista que os negócios são compostos por elementos de extraneidade, ou seja, relações realizadas entre sujeitos de direito internacional que extrapolam as diversas jurisdições. Para tanto, o presente estudo analisou as premissas formadoras e os conceitos de Governança Global e Sustentabilidade, visando estabelecer a importância da evolução do conceito de transparência, solides e credibilidade das atividades surgidas de relações internacionais entre Estados e particulares, enfocando o conceito de Governança Corporativa, visando chegar à natureza e aplicação da norma. Diante disso, é estabelecido debate advindo teoria transnormativa da aplicação do Direito

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