Public Private Partnerships, or PPPs, are being increasingly preferred by governments across the world for filling the infrastructure deficit, as they are claimed to provide access to private capital, and bring private sector efficiencies in provisioning of public services. In India too, a distinct policy shift towards PPPs in various sectors has been observed accompanied by a high degree of reliance on such partnerships to upscale the transport infrastructure. A growing body of literature however reveals serious flaws in the claims of economic superiority, effectiveness and profitability of the PPPs. They are being questioned on various accounts of transparency, accountability, equity, and excessive profiteering by the private partners. This gives rise to an advocacy for the enhanced role of the State in governance of PPPs. In this background, this research explores the nature of division of roles and responsibilities, allocation of risks and sharing of benefits by the State and the private partners within the PPPs in the context of road transport sector in India. It further examines the extent of investment of resources by the private partners in the projects. The factors shaping PPPs in road transport in India are also examined. This research suggests measures to strengthen the structures and mechanisms within the public and private partners to improve public infrastructure within the PPP framework. In order to achieve the research aims, and to gain a deeper perspective of the governance issues of PPPs from different administrative levels, two national and two state highways (one in construction while the other in operational stage in both cases) along with an intra-city transport project, part of which is already operationalised, were selected for the study. This study is rooted in critical realism according to which understanding of any social phenomenon can be achieved through study of the underlying multi-layered structures and mechanisms which cause the phenomenon. Research findings reveal that while PPP projects in highways largely followed the theoretical model of PPPs, the urban transportation project was found to be substantially deviating from a general PPP model discussed in the literature due to the unique requirements of urban transport infrastructure in India. The widely accepted argument of PPPs bringing in private capital to public services has been debunked by the Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System (ABRTS). The project is substantially funded by the national and state governments due to limited incentives for the private sector to invest in these projects under BOT mode. The under-developed capability within the private sector in urban transportation projects in India resulted in unbundling of services rather than one private agency providing all of them. The local urban body has retained several risks as it more suitably located to bear them more efficiently. In the PPPs in highways, the public partner has shifted many of its responsibilities to the concessionaire primarily due to shortage of adequate manpower with the public partner, and the incentive of timely completion of the project with the private partner. Adoption of the PPP mode in highways has not been able to avoid time and cost over-runs, largely due to the public partners not meeting their share of responsibilities. Land acquisition has emerged as the single most contentious issue of PPPs in infrastructure in India and is the major cause for delay in PPP projects. In addition, serious issues in land-grabbing and profiteering by the private partners have also been observed. A more active role of the State in PPPs is suggested to improve the delivery of public services through the PPP mode. This may require establishing additional structures and mechanisms of governance to meet the emerging requirements of these new modes of procurement, and to strengthen the existing ones.

A infraestrutura logística é essencial para o desenvolvimento econômico. Diversos trabalhos evidenciam os problemas de infraestrutura existente no Brasil, devido ao baixo nível de investimento por parte do Estado e do setor privado, que geram ineficiências em diversos setores produtivos da economia. Inserida nessa temática, esta pesquisa foi dividida em três partes: (i) a primeira foca nos efeitos das políticas públicas do Estado brasileiro para o desenvolvimento da infraestrutura logística no País; (ii) a segunda, investiga o crescimento do agronegócio no Brasil, e seus efeitos sobre o investimento em infraestrutura; e (iii) a terceira, analisa o desenvolvimento econômico e social como consequências dos investimentos em infraestrutura de transporte. Em termos metodológicos, análise de cluster combinada com a dados em painel foram os métodos utilizados na parte (i) e o Propensity Score Matching nas partes (ii) e (iii). Os resultados alcançados mostram que as políticas públicas brasileiras atreladas ao investimento em infraestrutura (PAC e PIL) aumentaram significativamente os investimentos privados em infraestrutura de transporte. O trabalho também mostra efeito positivo do agronegócio brasileiro na realização de investimento, evidenciando que regiões caracterizadas pelo crescimento da agricultura tendem a receber investimentos em infraestrutura em nível superior em comparação com as outras regiões do país. Além disso, o trabalho evidencia também, analisando o caso da rodovia BR-163, o efeito positivo dos investimentos em infraestrutura logística no desenvolvimento econômico e social. As conclusões destacam a importância do aperfeiçoamento das políticas públicas que visam promover o desenvolvimento econômico a partir de investimentos em infraestrutura no Brasil, ressaltando a existência de regiões menos susceptíveis à captação do investimento privado. / The logistic infrastructure is essential for economic development. Several studies have shown Brazilian infrastructure problems, as consequence of the low level of investment by the state and the private sector, which generates inefficiencies in different sectors of the economy. Related to this issue, this work is divided in three parts: (i) the first one focuses on the effects of the Brazillian public policies related to the development of the infrastructure in the country; (ii) the second part investigates the growth of the agribusiness in Brazil and its effects on infrastructure investment; and (iii) the third part analyses the economic and social development as function of investments in transport infrastructure. In terms of methodology, the cluster analysis combined with panel data analysis were the methods used in the part (i); and the propensity score matching in the parts (ii) and (iii). The results obtained show that the Brazilian public policies linked to investment in infrastructure (PAC and PIL) significantly increased private investment in transportation infrastructure. The work also points out positive effect of Brazilian agribusiness in the atraction of investments, showing that regions characterized by agriculture growth tend to receive investments in infrastructure at a higher level in comparison to other regions of the country. In addition, the study shows, analyzing the case of the BR-163 highway, positive effect obtained from investments in logistics infrastructure for the economic and social development. The findings highlight the importance of improvement of public policies to promote economic development based on infrastructure investments in Brazil, highlighting the existence of regions less attractive to private investment

Darbe analizuojami finansų valdymo teoriniai principai ir praktinis jų taikymas realizuojant kompleksinius miesto transporto infrastruktūros projektus ir pateikiami nauji projektų finansų vadybos temų komplekso vertinimai, panaudojant autoriaus sukauptus duomenis projektų vadybos veikloje. Darbas aktualus tiek naujoms federacinėms Vokietijos žemėms, tiek naujoms ES šalims – Lietuvai ir Latvijai, kur miesto transporto infrastruktūra netenkina šiuolaikinių miesto gyventojų judrumo poreikių ir būtina transporto infrastruktūros plėtra. Praktika rodo, jog kompleksiniams miesto transporto infrastruktūros projektams dėl daugelio juose dalyvaujančių šalių yra būdingos esminės projekto organizavimo ir projekto finansavimo formavimo problemos, kurios galiausiai lėtina projekto įgyvendinimo eigą ir didina projekto išlaidas. Realizuojant miestų transporto infrastruktūros plėtros projektus, jų finansų valdymas gana sudėtingas dėl parengtų projektų nepakankamo finansavimo, o taip pat skirtingų finansavimo šaltinių tikslinio lėšų panaudojimo koordinavimo. Darbo tikslas – sukurti metodus, algoritmus ir kompiuterinę programų sistemą, kuri leistų projektų vadovams operatyviai spręsti projektų finansų valdymą visuose projektų įgyvendinimo etapuose. Siekiant šio tikslo, būtina išspręsti šiuos uždavinius: 1. Išanalizuoti jau realizuotų miesto transporto infrastruktūros objektų projektų finansavimo specifiką, nesklandumus ir įvertinti faktorius, įtakojančius finansų valdymą visuose projekto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Finance management during implementation of urban transport projects is rather complicated because of insufficient financing and it needs coordination because of number of financial sources. The aim of the study – develop methods, algorithms and computer programs, which enable project mangers to solve finance management issues during all project phases. The main tasks to achieve the goals are: 1. To analyze financial issues and difficulties during implemented urban transport infrastructure’s projects, and to evaluate factors having influence on finance management during all project phases. 2. To evaluate influence of possible changes in project’s structure or part of the project on general project’s expenses. 3. To estimate, where it is possible to allocate various financial sources to separate project segments. 4. To develop algorithms and computer programs, which enable project mangers to evaluate economical, technical project works and its price. 5. Under insufficient financing or strict restrictions, the additional financing sources should be provided or extend of works should be decreased, part of these works relocated to further-coming projects.

Submitted by Dayana Aparecida Marques de Oliveira null (d.dayana@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-03T13:46:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-dayana-final.pdf: 5519015 bytes, checksum: 59c026cc8aef22a81e0be8dead1d3092 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-01-03T16:22:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cruz_damo_dr_prud.pdf: 5519015 bytes, checksum: 59c026cc8aef22a81e0be8dead1d3092 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-03T16:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cruz_damo_dr_prud.pdf: 5519015 bytes, checksum: 59c026cc8aef22a81e0be8dead1d3092 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A relação assimétrica e desigual entre Brasil e Paraguai na América do Sul demonstra a complexidade do subsistema regional, que deve ser lida não só a partir do contexto econômico, mas também do contexto (geo) político regional, associado por sua vez ao sistema-mundo. Se por um lado, a ampliação da exportação de commodities e dos acordos de integração regional demandam o planejamento e investimento em projetos de infraestruturas, sobretudo de transportes; por outro lado, a fragilidade institucional e financeira dos acordos regionais contribui para o atraso no cronograma de execução desses projetos. A partir da análise do processo de integração regional sul-americano, considerando o Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL), o Conselho Sul-americano de Infraestrutura e Planejamento/Iniciativa para a Integração da Infraestrutura Regional Sulamericana (COSIPLAN/IIRSA), e o papel de liderança desempenhado pelo Brasil, afirmamos que existe uma estreita relação entre integração regional e geopolítica, na qual os projetos internacionais de infraestruturas podem ser considerados como pontos de encontro entre ambos. / The asymmetric and unequal relationship between Brazil and Paraguay in South America demonstrates the complexity of the regional subsystem, which must be read not only from the economic context, but also from the regional (geo) political context, associated in turn with the world system. If, on the one hand, the expansion of commodities exports and regional integration agreements demand planning and investment in infrastructure projects, especially transportation; on the other hand, the institutional and financial fragility of the regional agreements contributes to the delay in the execution schedule of these projects. Based on the analysis of the South American regional integration process, considering the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUL), the South American Council on Infrastructure and Planning / Initiative for the Integration of Regional South American Infrastructure (COSIPLAN / IIRSA), and the leading role played by Brazil, we affirm that there is a close relationship between regional and geopolitical integration, in which international infrastructure projects can be considered as meeting points between the two. / FAPESP: 2014/09913-1

This thesis examines the indirect impact of natural hazards on infrastructure networks. It addresses several key themes and issues for hazard assessment, network modelling and risk assessment using the case study of landslides impacting the national road network in Scotland, United Kingdom. The research follows four distinct stages. First, a landslide susceptibility model is developed using a database of landslide occurrences, spatial data sets and logistic regression. The model outputs indicate the terrain characteristics that are associated with increased landslide potential, including critical slope angles and south westerly aspects associated with increased rates of solar irradiance and precipitation. The results identify the hillslopes and road segments that are most prone to disruption by landslides and these indicate that 40 % (1,700 / 4,300 km) of Scotland s motorways and arterial roads (i.e. strategic road network) are susceptible to landslides and this is above previous assessments. Second, a novel user-equilibrium traffic model is developed using UK Census origin-destination tables. The traffic model calculates the additional travel time and cost (i.e. indirect impacts) caused by network disruptions due to landslide events. The model is applied to calculate the impact of historic scenarios and for sets of plausible landslide events generated using the landslide susceptibility model. Impact assessments for historic scenarios are 29 to 83 % greater than previous, including £1.2 million of indirect impacts over 15 days of disruption at the A83 Rest and Be Thankful landslide October 2007. The model results indicate that the average impact of landslides is £64 k per day of disruption, and up to £130 k per day on the most critical road segments in Scotland. In addition to identifying critical road segments with both high impact and high susceptibility to landslides, the study indicates that the impact of landslides is concentrated away from urban centres to the central and north-west regions of Scotland that are heavily reliant on road and haulage-based industries such as seasonal tourism, agriculture and craft distilling. The third research element is the development of landslide initiation thresholds using weather radar data. The thresholds classify the rainfall conditions that are most commonly associated with landslide occurrence in Scotland, improving knowledge of the physical initiation processes and their likelihood. The thresholds are developed using a novel optimal-point threshold selection technique, high resolution radar and new rain variables that provide spatio-temporally normalised thresholds. The thresholds highlight the role of the 12-day antecedent hydrological condition of soils as a precursory factor in controlling the rain conditions that trigger landslides. The new results also support the observation that landslides occur more frequently in the UK during the early autumn and winter seasons when sequences or clustering of multiple cyclonic-storm systems is common in periods lasting 5 to 15 days. Fourth, the three previous elements are combined to evaluate the landslide hazard of the strategic road segments and a prototype risk assessment model is produced - a catastrophe model. The catastrophe model calculates the annual average loss and aggregated exceedance probability of losses due to the indirect impact of landslides in Scotland. Beyond application to cost-benefit analyses for landslide mitigation efforts, the catastrophe model framework is applicable to the study of other natural hazards (e.g. flooding), combinations of hazards, and other infrastructure networks.

Celebra-se no Brasil um momento de crescimento econômico e reconhecimento mundial. Entretanto, tal crescimento pode ser bastante ruim para um país que há muitos anos não investe em infraestrutura, e, consequentemente, passou a apresentar gargalos neste setor. Caracterizada como um estilo de administração burocrático e ineficiente, a gestão pública brasileira apresenta qualidade de serviços bastante inferiores se comparada ao setor privado. A tomada de decisão pautada em análises e avaliações econômicas ainda é tratada de forma bastante primária, notadamente no meio público. A inserção deste tipo de avaliação na formulação de políticas públicas encontra-se pouco difundida nesse meio em função do baixo grau de sofisticação técnica dos instrumentos aplicados no país, notadamente no que tange à distribuição de verbas. A análise econômica, tema deste trabalho, atua na esfera prática da formulação e análise de projetos público-privados concernentes à infraestrutura de transportes através da escolha do método de custo-efetividade (ACE) como complementar à tradicional análise de custo-benefício (ACB). De posse das informações necessárias, é sugerida uma metodologia que permita a avaliação econômica de projetos do referido setor a partir do cálculo dos indicadores de viabilidade tradicionais (VPL, TIR e B/C). Por fim, é realizado um estudo piloto da concessão da BR-163, no Estado do Mato Grosso, elaborado com o intuito de avaliar a adequação da metodologia bem como o formato dos resultados. A proposta envolve a possibilidade de eleger prioridades a partir de uma simplificada aplicação da análise de custo-efetividade (ACE), a partir da relação de intervenções possíveis ao longo da concessão com a possibilidade da redução no número de acidentes em pontos específicos da rodovia, vislumbrando o máximo benefício à sociedade. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos procedimentos descritos demonstram que a metodologia sugerida pode servir como ferramenta de apoio à tomada de decisão, notadamente, do governo e do ente privado. / Brazil is celebrated in a time of economic growth and global recognition . However , such growth can be quite bad for a country that for many years does not invest in infrastructure, and consequently began to show bottlenecks in this sector. Characterized as a style of bureaucratic and inefficient administration, the Brazilian public management presents quality services is much lower compared to the private sector . Decision making guided by analysis and economic evaluations is still treated so very incipient , particularly in the public medium . The insertion of this type of evaluation in the formulation of public policies lies not widespread in this environment due to the low degree of technical sophistication of the instruments used in the country , notably in terms of the distribution of funds . The economic analysis , subject of this work , acts in the sphere of practical design and analysis concerning public- private projects to transport infrastructure through the choice of the method of costeffectiveness as a complement to traditional cost-benefit analysis. Of the necessary information , it is suggested a methodology that allows the economic evaluation of projects of that sector from the traditional calculation of viability indicators . Finally , a pilot grant from the BR-163 study in the state of Mato Grosso , developed with the aim to assess the appropriateness of the methodology and the format of the results is performed . The proposal involves the possibility of choosing priorities from a simplified application of costeffectiveness from the list of possible interventions along with granting the possibility of reducing the number of accidents at specific points of the highway , glimpsing the maximum benefit to society. The results obtained from the procedures described demonstrate that the suggested methodology can serve as a support for decision-making, notably , the government and the private entity tool.

The topic of this diploma thesis is "Analysis of Subsidy Conditions for Investment in Transport Infrastructure". The aim of the thesis is to analyse the subsidy conditions of investment sources in transport infrastructure and the subsequent evaluation of subsidy conditions. The diploma thesis consists of two parts. The theoretical part contains explanations of important concepts related to work. There is an analysis of transport infrastructure and its financing in the Czech Republic. There is also a foreign view on transport investment. There is also an explanation of the concept of subsidy, which is crucial for the work. In the practical part, the South Bohemian Region, which also plays an important role in the thesis, is described because it is a part of the GAJU project, which deals with the development of the South Bohemian Region. Another chapter of the practical part focuses on the analysis of the sources in the transport infrastructure. It is found out where the funds for the construction of the transport infrastructure comes from, what purposes they are used for and under what conditions. Based on the assessment of the overall state and the situation with the investment in transport infrastructure, measures have been proposed to improve the current state.

Celebra-se no Brasil um momento de crescimento econômico e reconhecimento mundial. Entretanto, tal crescimento pode ser bastante ruim para um país que há muitos anos não investe em infraestrutura, e, consequentemente, passou a apresentar gargalos neste setor. Caracterizada como um estilo de administração burocrático e ineficiente, a gestão pública brasileira apresenta qualidade de serviços bastante inferiores se comparada ao setor privado. A tomada de decisão pautada em análises e avaliações econômicas ainda é tratada de forma bastante primária, notadamente no meio público. A inserção deste tipo de avaliação na formulação de políticas públicas encontra-se pouco difundida nesse meio em função do baixo grau de sofisticação técnica dos instrumentos aplicados no país, notadamente no que tange à distribuição de verbas. A análise econômica, tema deste trabalho, atua na esfera prática da formulação e análise de projetos público-privados concernentes à infraestrutura de transportes através da escolha do método de custo-efetividade (ACE) como complementar à tradicional análise de custo-benefício (ACB). De posse das informações necessárias, é sugerida uma metodologia que permita a avaliação econômica de projetos do referido setor a partir do cálculo dos indicadores de viabilidade tradicionais (VPL, TIR e B/C). Por fim, é realizado um estudo piloto da concessão da BR-163, no Estado do Mato Grosso, elaborado com o intuito de avaliar a adequação da metodologia bem como o formato dos resultados. A proposta envolve a possibilidade de eleger prioridades a partir de uma simplificada aplicação da análise de custo-efetividade (ACE), a partir da relação de intervenções possíveis ao longo da concessão com a possibilidade da redução no número de acidentes em pontos específicos da rodovia, vislumbrando o máximo benefício à sociedade. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos procedimentos descritos demonstram que a metodologia sugerida pode servir como ferramenta de apoio à tomada de decisão, notadamente, do governo e do ente privado. / Brazil is celebrated in a time of economic growth and global recognition . However , such growth can be quite bad for a country that for many years does not invest in infrastructure, and consequently began to show bottlenecks in this sector. Characterized as a style of bureaucratic and inefficient administration, the Brazilian public management presents quality services is much lower compared to the private sector . Decision making guided by analysis and economic evaluations is still treated so very incipient , particularly in the public medium . The insertion of this type of evaluation in the formulation of public policies lies not widespread in this environment due to the low degree of technical sophistication of the instruments used in the country , notably in terms of the distribution of funds . The economic analysis , subject of this work , acts in the sphere of practical design and analysis concerning public- private projects to transport infrastructure through the choice of the method of costeffectiveness as a complement to traditional cost-benefit analysis. Of the necessary information , it is suggested a methodology that allows the economic evaluation of projects of that sector from the traditional calculation of viability indicators . Finally , a pilot grant from the BR-163 study in the state of Mato Grosso , developed with the aim to assess the appropriateness of the methodology and the format of the results is performed . The proposal involves the possibility of choosing priorities from a simplified application of costeffectiveness from the list of possible interventions along with granting the possibility of reducing the number of accidents at specific points of the highway , glimpsing the maximum benefit to society. The results obtained from the procedures described demonstrate that the suggested methodology can serve as a support for decision-making, notably , the government and the private entity tool.

Uma das principais razões para a falta de competitividade dos produtores de soja da região centro-oeste do Brasil é o custo de transporte da fazenda até o porto de destino para exportação, o que ocorre em função do desbalanceamento da matriz de transporte brasileira. Tendo por objetivo demonstrar as vantagens do modal hidroviário para o transporte de commodities agrícolas por longas distâncias, este trabalho de pesquisa propõe o uso da análise de decisão multicritérios para fazer a avaliação estratégica de sete corredores de exportação da soja cultivada no estado do Mato Grosso, de acordo com quatro objetivos fundamentais: Impacto Social; Impacto Ambiental; Impacto Econômico; Custos de Manutenção da Via. Um caso hipotético demonstra a aplicação do modelo MCDA. / One of the main reasons for the Brazilian soybean producers lack of competitiveness is the cost of transportation from the farm to the export Ports, due to the country´s unbalanced transport matrix. Trying to show the advantages of water transportation to transport commodities for long distances, this research proposes the use of multi-criteria decision analysis to support the strategic evaluation of seven freight transportation corridors used to export the soybean produced in the state of Mato Grosso, according to four fundamental objectives: Social Impacts, Environmental Impacts, Economic Impacts and Investment Costs. A hypothetical case demonstrates the application of the MCDA model.

Celebra-se no Brasil um momento de crescimento econômico e reconhecimento mundial. Entretanto, tal crescimento pode ser bastante ruim para um país que há muitos anos não investe em infraestrutura, e, consequentemente, passou a apresentar gargalos neste setor. Caracterizada como um estilo de administração burocrático e ineficiente, a gestão pública brasileira apresenta qualidade de serviços bastante inferiores se comparada ao setor privado. A tomada de decisão pautada em análises e avaliações econômicas ainda é tratada de forma bastante primária, notadamente no meio público. A inserção deste tipo de avaliação na formulação de políticas públicas encontra-se pouco difundida nesse meio em função do baixo grau de sofisticação técnica dos instrumentos aplicados no país, notadamente no que tange à distribuição de verbas. A análise econômica, tema deste trabalho, atua na esfera prática da formulação e análise de projetos público-privados concernentes à infraestrutura de transportes através da escolha do método de custo-efetividade (ACE) como complementar à tradicional análise de custo-benefício (ACB). De posse das informações necessárias, é sugerida uma metodologia que permita a avaliação econômica de projetos do referido setor a partir do cálculo dos indicadores de viabilidade tradicionais (VPL, TIR e B/C). Por fim, é realizado um estudo piloto da concessão da BR-163, no Estado do Mato Grosso, elaborado com o intuito de avaliar a adequação da metodologia bem como o formato dos resultados. A proposta envolve a possibilidade de eleger prioridades a partir de uma simplificada aplicação da análise de custo-efetividade (ACE), a partir da relação de intervenções possíveis ao longo da concessão com a possibilidade da redução no número de acidentes em pontos específicos da rodovia, vislumbrando o máximo benefício à sociedade. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos procedimentos descritos demonstram que a metodologia sugerida pode servir como ferramenta de apoio à tomada de decisão, notadamente, do governo e do ente privado. / Brazil is celebrated in a time of economic growth and global recognition . However , such growth can be quite bad for a country that for many years does not invest in infrastructure, and consequently began to show bottlenecks in this sector. Characterized as a style of bureaucratic and inefficient administration, the Brazilian public management presents quality services is much lower compared to the private sector . Decision making guided by analysis and economic evaluations is still treated so very incipient , particularly in the public medium . The insertion of this type of evaluation in the formulation of public policies lies not widespread in this environment due to the low degree of technical sophistication of the instruments used in the country , notably in terms of the distribution of funds . The economic analysis , subject of this work , acts in the sphere of practical design and analysis concerning public- private projects to transport infrastructure through the choice of the method of costeffectiveness as a complement to traditional cost-benefit analysis. Of the necessary information , it is suggested a methodology that allows the economic evaluation of projects of that sector from the traditional calculation of viability indicators . Finally , a pilot grant from the BR-163 study in the state of Mato Grosso , developed with the aim to assess the appropriateness of the methodology and the format of the results is performed . The proposal involves the possibility of choosing priorities from a simplified application of costeffectiveness from the list of possible interventions along with granting the possibility of reducing the number of accidents at specific points of the highway , glimpsing the maximum benefit to society. The results obtained from the procedures described demonstrate that the suggested methodology can serve as a support for decision-making, notably , the government and the private entity tool.