Esta dissertação caracteriza-se como memorial reflexivo de uma pesquisa empírica, que se enquadra no campo de estudos dos processos de criação cênica. A pesquisa se articula em torno da questão da imersão na cena contemporânea, aqui despertada pelo contato com obras que têm como denominador comum a relação intrínseca da cena e da tecnologia e, ao mesmo tempo, investem na experiência de inundamento sensorial de seus espectadores. A partir dessa perspectiva, investigo procedimentos que possam promover essa experiência teatral imersiva. Para isso, desenvolvo uma pesquisa em dois módulos. O primeiro, um estudo bibliográfico, que visa reconhecer tensões conceituais sobre a perspectiva da imersão. Neste reconheço os princípios de provocação do efeito imersão para serem aplicados no segundo módulo da pesquisa. O segundo módulo dedico à investigação empírica por meio do agenciamento de um experimento cênico conduzido pelos disparadores de imersão discriminados nos desdobramentos teóricos. Esses desvendados por articulação de dispositivos tecnológicos com elementos da linguagem teatral: tempo, espaço, presença, dimensão real e ficcional e manipulação dos sentidos. A partir dessa premissa, desenvolvi o experimento cênico “Insônia”. Disseco o processo de criação e, por consequência, problematizo as descobertas e soluções cênicas encontradas no caminho. / This dissertation distinguishes as a memorial of an empirical research, that belongs to the research field of theatrical creation processes. This research revolve around the notion of immersion in the contemporary scene. In this work is considered by recent contact with theater plays that makes uses of technology and bets in the experience of sensory flooding the spectators. From this perspective, i develop a research about the procedures that might produce this immersive theatrical experience. For achieving that I divide this work in two modules. The first module, a bibliographical study, that wishes to recognize conceptual tensions about the notion of immersion. Here I recognize the principles of provoking this immersion effect for then applying in the second module of the research. In the second module I devote to the empirical research by the means of arranging a theatrical experiment conducted by the immersion triggers found in the conceptual studies. These were discovered by linking technological devices and elements of theatre language: time, space, presence, real and fictional dimensions and sense manipulation. Having this as premise, I developed the theatrical experiment called “Insônia”. I analyze the creative processes and problematize the discoveries and scenic solutions found along the way.

The advances in mobile telecommunication networks as well as in mobile device technology have stimulated the development of a wide range of mobile applications. While it is sensible to install at least some components of applications on mobile devices to gain independence of rather unreliable mobile network connections, it is difficult to decide about the suitable application components and the amount of data to be provided. Because the environment of a mobile device can change and mobile business processes evolve over time, the mobile system should adapt to these changes dynamically to ensure productivity. In this paper, we present a mobile middleware that targets typical problems of mobile applications and dynamically adapts to context changes at runtime by utilizing reconfiguration triggers.

In this thesis we aim to answer how the pandemic of Covid-19 served as a trigger for organizational digital transformation, as understanding this phenomenon and the implications of it could provide valuable knowledge regarding digital transformation. To answer this question, we applied semi-structured interviews at an IT-consultancies firm in northern Sweden. Drawing upon extent research from Wessel et al. (2021), Vial (2019) and Holmström (2021) to define digital transformation and explore its dimensions. Through our rigorous case study, we explore the implications of the pandemic for these dimensions. We found that the pandemic triggered organizational digital transformation, and that the way we view digital transformation needs more research, in a context where it is externally triggered. Whereas we found some proof for the tendencies we present, more research needs to be done to confirm our findings and highlight if these changes are rigid or temporary.

Studies of internationalisation have largely overlooked developing countries with high levels of legitimate informal entrepreneurship. Consequently, this article analyses the internationalisation of Informal African Firms (IAFs) from a network perspective. We undertook in-depth case studies of 14 informal smaller firms in two major enterprise clusters in Ghana. Our findings show that half transacted business in five to seven foreign markets, and more than half sold abroad within three years of inception. The study illustrates the different network ties that influence passive and active internationalisation strategies with evidence that these IAFs developed buyer networks through customer referrals and foreign customer walk-ins to the firm. Overall, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the triggers that initiate international business activities by IAFs so contribute to current theorising noting implications for management practices and policymaking on this important but hitherto, under-explored issue.

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a pharmacotherapy used commonly to help tobacco smokers quit smoking. All forms of NRT are demonstrably efficacious for this indication, and several forms, including transdermal nicotine (TN) are available over-the-counter in the United States. NRT is less efficacious in women than in men, although the specific reasons for this gender difference are unknown. NRT generally, and TN specifically, is thought to work, at least in part, by suppressing withdrawal symptoms in abstinent smokers. While TN-induced withdrawal suppression has been demonstrated, the degree to which this withdrawal suppression is influenced by smokers' gender is uncertain. The purpose of this acute laboratory study is to determine if TN-induced withdrawal suppression is influenced by smokers' gender.One hundred twenty eight overnight-abstinent smokers completed four, double-blind, randomized, 6.5-hour laboratory sessions in which further cigarette abstinence was required. Sessions differed by TN dose (0, 7, 21, or 42 mg). All sessions were double-blind and randomly ordered. Each session included regular assessment of subjective symptoms of nicotine/tobacco withdrawal, subjective effects of transdermal nicotine dose, psychomotor performance, heart rate and plasma nicotine level. Results from this laboratory study revealed clear nicotine dose-related effects for plasma nicotine and heart rate, symptoms of nicotine intoxication (e.g. Nausea, Lightheaded) and suppression of Urges to smoke and Craving. Many DSM IV nicotine/tobacco withdrawal symptoms did not show dose-related suppression (e.g. Irritability/frustration/anger, Anxious, Difficulty concentrating). Importantly, results from this study indicated that there were very few differences between men and women in nicotine-induced suppression of the nicotine/tobacco withdrawal syndrome. Future research addressing this important issue may benefit from focusing on a potential interaction between gender and other effects of TN (i.e., blunting the effects of a concurrently administered cigarette) and/or on other triggers for relapse (i.e., smoking-related stimuli).

6 Summary Simultaneous interpreting is a very complex cognitive process. Daniel Gile's Effort Model is an attempt to describe in a schematic way the various competing processes that simultaneous interpreting is composed of. The model is based on findings from cognitive psychology, especially those relating to working memory and the limited processing capacity of the human mind. It defines the process of simultaneous interpreting as a combination of three individual, yet coinciding efforts (the Listening and Analysis Effort, the Production Effort, the Memory Effort), which require a certain amount of processing capacity to assure quality interpreting performance. Problem triggers can cause saturation of the interpreter's processing capacity to occur. Saturation manifests itself either by failure sequences or by the deterioration of the interpreter's performance, immediately or at a distance. The focus of our thesis is on processing capacity saturation due to numbers in simultaneous interpreting, from the point of view of the Effort Model. The first part of our paper is theoretical and deals with the various aspects of the simultaneous interpreting process, especially those relating to processing capacity, saturation and working memory; as well as with questions of well-known problem triggers, interpreting...

Introdução: As reações adversas a medicamentos (RAM) seguem constituindo um problema importante dentro do âmbito hospitalar. Na clínica médica, as reações adversas apresentam-se com alta frequência, pois os pacientes recebem maior número de medicamentos e apresentam maior número de comorbidades. Portanto, são necessárias abordagens que permitam a detecção precoce dos eventos, de maneira que possam ser propostas intervenções que minimizem o dano ao paciente. A busca ativa de rastreadores, sendo estes, resultados alterados de exames laboratoriais, administração de medicamentos específicos e certos acontecimentos, tem se mostrado aplicável e efetiva para o monitoramento das reações adversas a medicamentos. Objetivo: Identificar reações adversas a medicamentos na enfermaria da Clínica Médica de um hospital de nível secundário a partir de rastreadores. Métodos: Desenvolveu-se um estudo de coorte prospectiva na clínica médica do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, sendo utilizada uma lista de 34 rastreadores. Pacientes maiores de 15 anos que permaneceram no mínimo 24 horas na enfermaria foram aleatorizados para compor a amostra. Em cada caso, foram coletadas, de forma cronológica, informações relacionadas aos medicamentos administrados, resultados de exames laboratoriais e a evolução médica. Todos os prontuários foram discutidos por profissionais de saúde, sendo avaliada a causalidade e a gravidade. Realizou-se uma análise univariada comparando pacientes com e sem RAM. Adicionalmente estudou-se o desempenho dos rastreadores usados. Resultados: No período de agosto de 2015 até abril de 2016 foram monitorados 116 pacientes. Identificaram-se reações adversas a medicamentos em 37,9 por cento dos pacientes, sendo achadas 47 suspeitas de RAM em cada 1000 paciente-dia. Pacientes que apresentaram RAMs foram internados mais vezes em leitos classificados como alta-dependência, apresentaram maior duração da internação, maior número de medicamentos usados e menor grau de escolaridade. Em relação ao nível de gravidade, a maioria das suspeitas de RAM (49 eventos, 89,1 por cento ) foram classificadas como moderadas e afetaram o sistema gastrointestinal. Foram identificados 429 rastreadores. Os rastreadores que apresentaram melhor desempenho foram menção da hipotensão, diminuição de plaquetas maior que 50 por cento , administração de glicose hipertônica em 25 ou 50 por cento e suspensão abrupta da medicação. Conclusão: A aplicação prospectiva do método de rastreadores a uma coorte aberta de pacientes da clínica médica permitiu a identificação de suspeitas de reações adversas, a caracterização dos pacientes, as suspeitas, os medicamentos envolvidos e o desempenho dos rastreadores. / Introduction: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) continues to represent a major problem at hospitals. In internal medicine wards, adverse drug reactions present high frequencies, as patients receive more medicines and have higher number of comorbidities. Therefore, approaches are needed that allow early detection of events, so, interventions could be proposed to minimize harm to patients. The active surveillance using triggers, which are, abnormal laboratory values, administration of specific drugs and certain events, has been proven applicable and effective for monitoring adverse drug reactions. Objective: To identify adverse drug reactions in the internal medicine ward of a secondary university hospital using triggers. Methods: a prospective cohort study was developed in the teaching hospital of the University of São Paulo, using a list of 34 sentinel words. Patients aged 15 years or more, who were hospitalized at least 24 hours, were randomized for the sample. For each case, information related to administered drugs, laboratory results and progress notes were collected chronologically. All charts were discussed by health professionals, assessing causality and severity. A univariate analysis was developed comparing patients with and without ADRs. Additionally, the performance of each trigger was studied. Results: In the period from August 2015 to April 2016, 116 patients were monitored. Adverse drug reactions were identified in 37.9 per cent of patients, presenting a rate of 47 suspected ADRs per 1,000 patient-days. Patients who experience ADRs were frequently classified as nursing high dependency, had longer length of stay, lower education level and used larger number of medicines. Regarding to severity, most of the suspected ADRs (49 cases, 89.1 per cent ) was classified as mild and affected the gastrointestinal system. 429 triggers were identified. Triggers with high performances were \"mention of hypotension\", \"platelets decrease greater than 50 per cent ,\" \"administration of dextrose 25 or 50 per cent \" and \"abrupt medication stop\". Conclusion: The prospective surveillance using triggers in an open cohort of internal medicine inpatients allowed the identification of adverse drug reactions and the characterization of patients, drugs involved and triggers.

Introdução: As reações adversas a medicamentos (RAM) seguem constituindo um problema importante dentro do âmbito hospitalar. Na clínica médica, as reações adversas apresentam-se com alta frequência, pois os pacientes recebem maior número de medicamentos e apresentam maior número de comorbidades. Portanto, são necessárias abordagens que permitam a detecção precoce dos eventos, de maneira que possam ser propostas intervenções que minimizem o dano ao paciente. A busca ativa de rastreadores, sendo estes, resultados alterados de exames laboratoriais, administração de medicamentos específicos e certos acontecimentos, tem se mostrado aplicável e efetiva para o monitoramento das reações adversas a medicamentos. Objetivo: Identificar reações adversas a medicamentos na enfermaria da Clínica Médica de um hospital de nível secundário a partir de rastreadores. Métodos: Desenvolveu-se um estudo de coorte prospectiva na clínica médica do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, sendo utilizada uma lista de 34 rastreadores. Pacientes maiores de 15 anos que permaneceram no mínimo 24 horas na enfermaria foram aleatorizados para compor a amostra. Em cada caso, foram coletadas, de forma cronológica, informações relacionadas aos medicamentos administrados, resultados de exames laboratoriais e a evolução médica. Todos os prontuários foram discutidos por profissionais de saúde, sendo avaliada a causalidade e a gravidade. Realizou-se uma análise univariada comparando pacientes com e sem RAM. Adicionalmente estudou-se o desempenho dos rastreadores usados. Resultados: No período de agosto de 2015 até abril de 2016 foram monitorados 116 pacientes. Identificaram-se reações adversas a medicamentos em 37,9 por cento dos pacientes, sendo achadas 47 suspeitas de RAM em cada 1000 paciente-dia. Pacientes que apresentaram RAMs foram internados mais vezes em leitos classificados como alta-dependência, apresentaram maior duração da internação, maior número de medicamentos usados e menor grau de escolaridade. Em relação ao nível de gravidade, a maioria das suspeitas de RAM (49 eventos, 89,1 por cento ) foram classificadas como moderadas e afetaram o sistema gastrointestinal. Foram identificados 429 rastreadores. Os rastreadores que apresentaram melhor desempenho foram menção da hipotensão, diminuição de plaquetas maior que 50 por cento , administração de glicose hipertônica em 25 ou 50 por cento e suspensão abrupta da medicação. Conclusão: A aplicação prospectiva do método de rastreadores a uma coorte aberta de pacientes da clínica médica permitiu a identificação de suspeitas de reações adversas, a caracterização dos pacientes, as suspeitas, os medicamentos envolvidos e o desempenho dos rastreadores. / Introduction: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) continues to represent a major problem at hospitals. In internal medicine wards, adverse drug reactions present high frequencies, as patients receive more medicines and have higher number of comorbidities. Therefore, approaches are needed that allow early detection of events, so, interventions could be proposed to minimize harm to patients. The active surveillance using triggers, which are, abnormal laboratory values, administration of specific drugs and certain events, has been proven applicable and effective for monitoring adverse drug reactions. Objective: To identify adverse drug reactions in the internal medicine ward of a secondary university hospital using triggers. Methods: a prospective cohort study was developed in the teaching hospital of the University of São Paulo, using a list of 34 sentinel words. Patients aged 15 years or more, who were hospitalized at least 24 hours, were randomized for the sample. For each case, information related to administered drugs, laboratory results and progress notes were collected chronologically. All charts were discussed by health professionals, assessing causality and severity. A univariate analysis was developed comparing patients with and without ADRs. Additionally, the performance of each trigger was studied. Results: In the period from August 2015 to April 2016, 116 patients were monitored. Adverse drug reactions were identified in 37.9 per cent of patients, presenting a rate of 47 suspected ADRs per 1,000 patient-days. Patients who experience ADRs were frequently classified as nursing high dependency, had longer length of stay, lower education level and used larger number of medicines. Regarding to severity, most of the suspected ADRs (49 cases, 89.1 per cent ) was classified as mild and affected the gastrointestinal system. 429 triggers were identified. Triggers with high performances were \"mention of hypotension\", \"platelets decrease greater than 50 per cent ,\" \"administration of dextrose 25 or 50 per cent \" and \"abrupt medication stop\". Conclusion: The prospective surveillance using triggers in an open cohort of internal medicine inpatients allowed the identification of adverse drug reactions and the characterization of patients, drugs involved and triggers.

This Ph.D. thesis seeks to better understand how change occurs within a group of organisations. Aiming to make a contribution to institutional theory, it brings together three main schools, namely: old, new and neoinstitutionalism, in an integrative approach for understanding organisational field change. The study seeks to examine and explore a community of organisations who have come together to form an organisational field. More specifically, the object is to better understand how an organisational field is formed and developed and how change is driven, at an organisational and organisational field level, as a consequence of this field formation. Moreover, the study investigates the impact of triggers for change upon the field, and the role that institutional forces and individuals play in the process of organisational field change.The theoretical chapters, as discussed, integrate the concepts of change from three schools developing a comprehensive framework of organisational field change with which the empirical material can be analysed, in order to make the theoretical contribution. The empirical work is based on a case study, incorporating two rounds of interviews and secondary data collection, undertaken from 2007 - 2011. The case study examines the development of the Biofuel Region, a collection of organisations based, principally, in Ornskoldsvik,  Northern Sweden, that have worked together to develop a public and private biofuel transportation infrastructure. Besides being a fascinating case of regional development and having the reassuring object of creating an eco-efficient fuel the Biofuel Region, regarded as an organisational field, provided good access to respondents and useful insights into the way that fields form and change.The contributions of this thesis offer an insight into the manner with which the formation of an organisational field can begin with a drive for a legitimisation of the field's endeavours.Underscored is how the field can restructure continuously as a consequence of triggers for change, and that consequently fields are dynamic and not static and are thus changing frequently. Furthermore, it highlights that given the correct conditions individuals can play a key role in the management of an organisational field. The overarching contribution is that change occurs in a plethora of different ways within a field as a consequence of its formation,development, triggers for change, individual's contributions and institutional forces. / Denna doktorsavhandling syftar till att öka förståelsen avseende hur förändring sker inom grupper av organisationer. Med syftet att ge ett bidrag till institutionell teori sammanförs tre skolor, nämligen gammal-, ny- och neoinstitutionalism, i en integrerad strategi för att förstå förändring av organisatoriska fält. Studien syftar till att undersöka och utforska en samling av organisationer som gått samman för att bilda ett organisatoriskt fält. Mer specifikt är ändamålet att bättre förstå hur ett organisatoriskt fält bildas och utvecklas, och hur förändring drivs, både på en organisatorisk- och organisatorisk fältnivå. Dessutom undersöker studien speciella ”utlösares” effekter för förändring av fältet, och den roll som institutionella krafter och individer spelar i denna förändringsprocess. De teoretiska kapitlen integrerar begreppen förändring utifrån de tre skolorna i utvecklandet av ett övergripande ramverk, med vilket det empiriska materialet analyseras; resulterande i ett teoretiskt bidrag. Det empiriska arbetet utgår från en fallstudie, som omfattar två omgångar av intervjuer och sekundär data, insamlat mellan 2007 och 2011. Fallstudien undersöker utvecklingen av BioFuel Region, en samling av organisationer, baserade huvudsakligen i Örnsköldsvik i norra Sverige, som har arbetat tillsammans för att utveckla en offentlig och privat transportinfrastruktur för biobränsle. Förutom att vara ett fascinerande fall av regional utveckling, med den lovvärda avsikten att skapa ett eko-effektivt bränsle, innebar Biofuel Region, såsom exempel på ett organisatoriskt fält, god tillgång till respondenter och användbara insikter i hur fält formas och förändras. Bidragen i denna avhandling ger en inblick i hur bildandet av ett organisatoriskt fält kan börja med en strävan efter att legitimerera fältets aktiviteter. Betoningen ligger på hur fältet kan omstruktureras kontinuerligt som en följd av ”utlösare” för förändring, och att fält därför är dynamiska och inte statiska. Dessutom framhålls, att givet de rätta förhållandena kan individer spela en viktig roll i ledningen av ett organisatoriskt fält. Det övergripande bidraget är insikten att förändring inom ett fält sker på en uppsjö olika sätt; som en följd av dess bildande, utveckling, ”utlösare” för förändring, individuella insatser och institutionella krafter.

Architecture is a dilemma of transforming complex desires into compelling forms. It stands to reason, then, that to better understand the desires of a user might produce a more compelling form. This is an investigation into the process of design, wherein narratives are constructed as a productive tool for innovation. These narratives are the synthesis of both the desires of the client and the discriminations of the designer. Eschewing the conception of the architect as a mystic, this thesis begins with an investigation into how we represent complex Architectural ideas to a client. It begins a process, or framework, through which a project can be conceived. It both demands that the client shed preconceived, and potentially erroneous, associations between desires and design, to get to a more pure understanding of the needs of a client. The hope is that by rendering Architectural intention less opaque, we might come to a better understanding of the desires of a client, and thus create a new way of practicing; wherein neither client nor architect rely on a pre-defined set of formal solutions for a constantly evolving problem. The single-family home is the programmatic basis for this investigation. Few other programs illicit as robust and divergent desires than the home. It's not that architecture is in the pursuit of creating narratives. But rather, it's that the process of design is one wherein the creation of a compelling narrative has the potential to produce innovative work. And important to the construction of that narrative is the productive engagement of the client.