En la actualidad, la tendencia de viajar cada vez es más fuerte. Existen cada vez más personas que deciden explorar nuevos lugares dentro y fuera del país. Sin embargo, existen determinadas restricciones de viaje que pueden ser engorrosas de conocer por completo y cumplir, u olvidos de cosas primordiales, pudiendo generar malos momentos en la experiencia de viaje. Los productos de higiene personal son una de las categorías que las personas olvidan con mayor frecuencia. Comprarlas y adaptarlas al tamaño viaje puede ser costoso, no solamente en dinero, sino en tiempo, ya que es complicado encontrar todas estas cosas en un solo sitio a un precio adecuado. Por ende, se propone una alternativa de solución a este problema, la cual consiste en la venta de kits de viaje completamente equipados con todos los insumos de cuidado personal necesarios en el tamaño de acuerdo a la normativa, en las principales terminales terrestres y aéreas. / Nowadays, the tendency of traveling more is strongly increasing. There are more people choosing to explore new places in and out of the country. However, there are certain travel restrictions that can be cumbersome to fully understand and fulfill, or the forgetting of essential things, which can generate bad moments in the travel experience. Personal hygiene products are one of the categories that people forget the most. Buying them and adapting them to travel size can be expensive, not only in money, but also in time, since it is complicated to find all these things in one place at an adequate price. Therefore, an alternative solution to this problem is proposed, which consists of selling travel kits fully equipped with all the necessary personal hygiene supplies in the size according to the regulations, in the main terrestrial and air terminals. / Trabajo de investigación

I paint parks- places for trips, the terrains and spaces. I depict its structure, which is composed from various elements. I am interested in humane touch and movement and especially in their look. I am interested in the by human kind build environment or moved places. Moreover hove it influence humane being. Parks are places created for touch, for extraordinary feelings, for fulfill perceptions. Nevertheless I try to describe that sort of places and recreate them in my paintings.

Title: Physicist's Guide to the City Author: Bc. Katarína Suchá Department: Katedra didaktiky fyziky Supervisor: Mgr. Jakub Jermář Supervisor's e-mail address: jakub.jermar@mff.cuni.cz Abstract: This diploma thesis aims to create a guide to the interesting places in Prague which are related to the physics. The guide contains suggestions for tours containing description of each visited place, including address, GPS coordinates, map with marked route and photographs. For students were created worksheets. The next part of the thesis contains list of places suitable for physical excursions. The thesis can serve as a teaching aid for preparing school trips and excursions. All guides, student worksheets and descriptions of excursions were published on FyzWeb in the section Exkurze (http://fyzweb.cz/exkurze/). Keywords: excursion, physiscs, worksheets, school trip, Prague, FyzWeb

Transit surveys based on on-board passenger interviews suffer from bias. Most commonly observed is the short trip bias: passengers travelling short distances are underrepresented in survey results. Biased data leads to an incorrect estimation of passenger demand can result in an inequitable allocation of revenues between transport operators. This paper examines how the short trip bias can be mitigated during the data ex-trapolation process. Four methods are examined: A simple extrapolation by boarding counts, three iterative proportional fitting models and an additional weighting concept are tested on simulated survey data. The simulative approach enables the evaluation of the examined methods concerning their effects in reducing short trip bias. A total of eight survey situations with selected parameters variated are simulated to allow conclusions about influencing factors. Results suggest that the most effective method is the weighting approach, followed by the iterative proportional fitting methods. Within the class of the iterative propor-tional fitting methods no significant difference is observed. Furthermore it is observed that the effectiveness of the weighting approach strongly relates to passenger numbers and selection rates. Furthermore an overview on topic related literature is given to examine practical approaches to reduce bias in survey data.:ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS VII TABELLENVERZEICHNIS VII ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS VIII SYMBOLVERZEICHNIS IX 1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 ANFORDERUNGEN AN VERKEHRSERHEBUNGEN 5 2.1 Einnahmeaufteilung im SPNV 5 2.2 Aufbau von Verkehrserhebungen 8 2.2.1 Zweistufige Stichprobenziehung 8 2.2.2 Felderhebung: Zählung und Befragung 10 2.2.3 Datenaufbereitung 11 2.2.4 Hochrechnung und Auswertung 11 2.3 Problem der Stichprobenverzerrung 14 2.3.1 Präzision und Genauigkeit 14 2.3.2 Untererfassung von Kurzstreckenfahrern 15 2.3.3 Weitere Verzerrungsursachen 16 3 LITERATURÜBERBLICK: ANSÄTZE ZUR PROBLEMVERMEIDUNG 19 3.1 Hochrechnungsverfahren 19 3.1.1 Iterative Randsummenverfahren (IPF) 19 3.1.2 Gewichtungsverfahren 21 3.2 Weitere Ansätze 24 3.2.1 Platzgruppenverfahren 24 3.2.2 Anpassung der Startlösung des Hochrechnungsverfahrens 25 3.2.3 Veränderung der Auswahlprozedur der Fahrgäste 27 3.2.4 Veränderung des Erhebungsdesigns 28 4 METHODIK 31 4.1 Auswahl der Verfahren 31 4.1.1 Einsteigerhochrechnung 31 4.1.2 Fratarverfahren 32 4.1.3 Durchschnittsfaktormethode 32 4.1.4 MULTI-Verfahren 33 4.1.5 Gewichtungsverfahren von Keppeler und Schulze 34 4.2 Simulationsdaten 36 4.2.1 Fahrtdaten Linie 1 37 4.2.2 Fahrtdaten Linie 2 38 4.2.3 Befragungsszenarien 39 4.3 Gestaltung der IPF-Verfahren 40 4.3.1 Weitere Randbedingungen 40 4.3.2 Abbruchkriterien 42 4.3.3 Bester Iterationsschritt 44 4.3.4 Aufstellung der Startmatrix 44 4.4 Anwendung des Gewichtungsverfahrens 45 5 ERGEBNISSE 49 5.1 Charakteristik der Befragungsstichproben 49 5.2 Aggregierte Ergebnisse 51 5.3 Einfluss der Befragungsquoten 53 5.4 Verteilung der Verkehrsleistung nach Tarif 54 5.5 Konvergenzverhalten 55 6 DISKUSSION 57 6.1 Ergebnisinterpretation 57 6.2 Einordnung und Schlussfolgerungen 59 7 FAZIT UND AUSBLICK 63 EHRENWÖRTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG XVII

Nowadays wind turbines are clustered in wind farms and the wake development plays an important role in energy production and blade fatigue load of tubines. The actuator line method is an effective modeling approach that gives improtant wake flow characterstics of a wind turbine. In the last few years, numerous studies have been conducted based on this method using Ellipsys3D, a computational fluid dynamics (CDF) flow solver based on finitie volume approach. However, due to the limited order of accuracy of this solver, it is not capable of a linear stability analysis with small amplitude of perturbation. Therefore, the present work investigates implementing the actuator line ethos into a  high order method, Nek5000, a flow solver based on the spectral element approach. The main goal of the present work is to validate the code implementation by comparing the simulations results with the previous Ellipsys3D data. Both 2-D and 3-D Gaussian distribution functions are discussed for the actuator line force distribution. Parametric study is carried out regarding the smoothing parameter ε and the partitioning of the actuator line.

El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer una mejora en la planificación del transporte y viabilización de proyectos hospitalarios Categoría II-2 localizados en la ciudad de Lima Metropolitana mediante el uso de tasas de generación de viajes locales. Gracias a la recolección de información, estudios de demanda, análisis estadísticos y el uso de la metodología propuesta por el Institute of Transportation Enginnering (ITE) se logra conocer la relación que existe entre los viajes realizados al polo generador de viajes (PGV) y las características que este posee. Se utilizaron cuatro hospitales de la misma categoría en diversos puntos de la ciudad para poder establecer dichas tasas, se recolectó información de los mismos centros hospitalarios cuyos valores son usados como variables independientes del presente estudio, por ejemplo: el área de terreno, área construida, número de camas, entre otros. Además de calcular la tasa de generación de viajes, también se determinó la ecuación de regresión lineal o logarítmica, se graficaron las curvas de tendencia y se establecieron las variables independientes que influyen principalmente al presente PGV, luego de calcular el coeficiente de determinación (R2) que más se ajusta y aplicando la prueba de hipótesis nula, que demuestra estadísticamente que la correlación entre la variable dependiente y la independiente es aceptable con un nivel de confianza del 95%. Al finalizar el estudio, se comprueba que existe una variación en los resultados locales entre el 78% y 84% respecto a los del ITE. / The objective of this research is to propose an improvement in the transportation planning and viability of Category II-2 hospital projects located in the city of Metropolitan Lima through the use of local travel generation rates. Thanks to the collection of information, demand studies, statistical analysis and the use of the methodology proposed by the Institute of Transportation Enginnering (ITE), it is possible to know the relationship between trips made to the trip generator pole (PGV) and the characteristics it has. Four hospitals of the same category were used in different points of the city to establish these rates, information was collected from the same hospital centers whose values are used as independent variables of the present study, for example: the land area, built area, number of beds, among others. In addition to calculating the travel generation rate, the linear or logarithmic regression equation was also determined, the trend curves were plotted and the independent variables that mainly influence the present PGV were established, after calculating the coefficient of determination (R2) The best fit and applying the null hypothesis test, which statistically shows that the correlation between the dependent and the independent variable is acceptable with a confidence level of 95%. At the end of the study, it is verified that there is a variation in local results between 78% and 84% with respect to those of the ITE. / Tesis

Gas separation membranes are proving to be a sustainable method to mitigate climate change given the rising energy demand. Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) have emerged as a novel material class for such application. Physical aging is a major concern for the growth and commercialization of these glassy polymers. Several factors play an important role in determining the effects of physical aging for a PIM film; one important parameter is its thickness. Gas transport properties of PIM-Trip-TB films of thicknesses between 20-150 µm were monitored over 150 days for physical aging and its dependence on film thickness. Over this period, thicker films had generally higher permeability, and thinner films aged faster. Although fresh films showed higher selectivity during the initial tests, no correlation was found between film thickness and selectivity after aging. In addition, physical aging was more severe and independent of film thickness for larger-sized gases. Film storing environment affected the physical aging of multiply tested samples significantly, whereas films which were not tested periodically showed very minimal aging. A more systematic approach is required to fully analyze and comprehend factors yielding this phenomenon.

I denna studie har en förståelse för åk 4-6 lärares intentioner med studiebesök inom NO-undervisningen skapats. Genom nio kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare som undervisar eller har undervisat i Malmö har följande frågeställningar undersökts: Varför väljer lärare i åk 4-6 att åka på studiebesök? samt Hur planerar lärare i åk 4-6 in studiebesök som en del av NO-undervisningen? En teori som använts i denna studie är formellt och informellt lärande, det formella är klassrumsundervisningen medan det informella representerar studiebesök. Ytterligare en teori som har använts är Field Trip Pedagogy, vilket innebär hur studiebesök planeras in i undervisningen. Teorin betonar vikten av logistiska och administrativa förberedelser, samt att det finns ett samspel i den undervisning som bed-rivs före, under och efter ett studiebesök. Utifrån en fenomenografisk ansats visar resul-tatet att lärares intentioner med studiebesök i NO-undervisningen avser att skapa en varierad undervisning i klassrummet för att gynna elevernas kunskapsinlärning. Lärare åker på studiebesök för att ge eleverna möjligheten att uppleva och få se att det som tas upp i klassrummet finns på riktigt, ett resultat som styrker den tidigare forskningen. I resultatet lyfts faktorer som påverkar genomförandet av studiebesök där framförallt sko-lans läge, budget samt säkerhet är centrala. Studiebesök och den undervisning som bed-rivs före och efter besöket överensstämmer med läroplanen. Enligt resultatet är under-visningen som sker efter besöket i störst fokus. Gemensamt i både den tidigare forsk-ningen och resultatet i denna studie är att lärarna är överens om att den planering som ett studiebesök kräver leder till någonting positivt. / The purpose of this study has been to develop an understanding of teachers’ intentions regarding field trips within their science education. Through nine qualitative interviews with teachers who work or have been working in Malmö, following research questions have been studied: Why do grade 4-6 teachers choose to go on field trips and How do grade 4-6 teachers incorporate field trips within their science education. One of the theo-ries that have been central throughout this study is Formal and Informal Learning where formal learning is linked to classroom teaching and informal learning represents field trips. The second theory that have been used is Field Trip Pedagogy which relates to how field trips are incorporated in the classroom. When planning a field trip that is con-nected to the classroom it’s essential with logistic and administrative preparations, but also the teaching that is applied to before, during and after the field trip. From a phe-nomenographic approach, the results show that teachers’ intentions with field trips in their science education pertains to create a varied education experience in the classroom to favor the students learning. Teachers take their students on field trips to give them the opportunity to have first-hand experiences, to show them that what is talked about in the classroom exists for real, something that is supported in the literature review. In the result there are prominent factors that affect the implementation of field trips where the school’s location, budget and students’ safety are central. Field trips and the teach-ing that takes place before, during and after the visit is aligned with the curriculum. Ac-cording to the result the teaching that occurs after the field trip is prioritized.

The conventional methods of determining the Origin-Destination (O-D) trip tables involve elaborate surveys, such as home interviews, requiring considerable time, manpower and funds. To overcome this drawback, a number of theoretical models that synthesize O-D trip tables from link volume data have been developed in the past. The focus of this research was on two of these models, namely, The Highway Emulator (THE) and the Linear Programming (LP) models. These models use target/seed tables for guiding the modeled trip tables. In an earlier research effort conducted by Virginia Tech Center for Transportation Research, potential was noted for enhancing these models' performances by using a superior target/seed table. This research study exploits the readily available socio-economic/census data and link volume information and proposes a methodology for obtaining improved target/seed tables, by performing the trip generation and trip distribution steps. This table was provided as target to THE and LP models, and their performances evaluated using Pulaski town as case study. In addition to measuring the closeness of the output tables to surveyed tables and their capability to replicate observed volumes, their improvements over the case when a structural table is used as target was also studied. Tests showed that the use of the superior target/seed table significantly improved the performance of the LP model. However, for THE, mixed trends are seen in terms of different measures of closeness. The sensitivity of the user parameter to place certain degree of belief on the target/seed table for LP model was also analyzed. / Master of Science

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