Orientadores: Liliana Aparecida Lucci de Angelo Andrade, Fatima Aparecida Böttcher-Luiz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T02:59:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pietro_Luciana_D.pdf: 3492137 bytes, checksum: 723d823e8ddb16925da7aa8f48f22ea1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A invasão do endométrio pelo trofoblasto extraviloso é fundamental no desenvolvimento do feto e da placenta, processo este controlado por fatores ligados à atividade imunológica e hormonal que, quando alterada, pode resultar em interrupção da gestação e/ou geração das chamadas doenças trofoblásticas gestacionais. Em algumas situações, pode haver evolução para o coriocarcinoma, neoplasia maligna do trofoblasto, em que há evidências da atuação das moléculas ligadas ao processo de fusão celular e inflamação. Porém, os estudos neste tema são incipientes e inconclusivos. Considerando essas informações, o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar de forma comparativa a expressão das citocinas LIF, IL-6 e do ativador de transcrição STAT-3, além da telomerase, em material de aborto, de placenta normal a termo e de coriocarcinoma. Métodos: a expressão destas moléculas foi avaliada pelos métodos: imunoistoquímica (IHQ), imunofluorescência (IF), Western Blotting (WB) e Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR), em amostras de material de aborto, placenta normal a termo e coriocarcinoma (N=12 cada um). Os ensaios de WB e Real-Time PCR empregaram material a fresco de placenta normal a termo e seu cultivo celular e cultura da linhagem BeWo. Resultados: no material de aborto, as reações de IHQs evidenciaram expressão moderada de IL-6 em 58,4% dos casos e intensa de STAT-3 em 33,3%. Na placenta normal, observou-se intensa marcação de IL-6 em 50% e de STAT- 3 em 16,7% dos casos, enquanto que, no coriocarcinoma, houve expressão intensa de IL-6 em 50% e de STAT-3 em 75% dos casos. Por outro lado, as reações para LIF tiveram expressão nula em todos os três grupos. Pelo WB houve expressão proteica de IL-6 apenas no material fresco de placenta normal e ausência de expressão na sua cultura primária e na linhagem BeWo; LIF não foi expresso em todos os grupos estudados. STAT-3 foi detectado no citoplasma em todos os grupos, entretanto, a expressão nuclear da STAT-3 fosforilada (pSTAT-3) não foi observada na IF e nem pelo WB. Na análise gênica pelo RTPCR houve forte expressão de IL-6 e STAT-3 no material fresco de placenta normal e expressão muito fraca na cultura primária de placenta normal e na linhagem BeWo; a expressão de LIF foi muito fraca em todos os grupos. Apenas a linhagem BeWo demonstrou forte expressão gênica da telomerase, contrastando com a completa falta de expressão no material fresco de placenta normal e em sua cultura primária. Conclusão: A intensa expressão IHQ de IL-6 e STAT-3 no coriocarcinoma indica a atuação de ambas na carcinogênese. A expressão proteica de IL-6 no material fresco de placenta normal e sua ausência no material de cultura primária e na linhagem BeWo pode ser ocasionado pelo contato célula-a-célula nas culturas aderentes, inibindo o crescimento celular e, consequentemente, as vias de sinalização. A falta de expressão da pSTAT-3 tanto na IF como por WB demonstra que a via JAK-STAT está sendo desativada. A ausência de expressão de LIF, em todos os métodos estudados, sugere que esta citocina poderia estar sendo inibida por meio de proteínas SOCS3 ou, atuando, de modo indireto, na proliferação celular do coriocarcinoma. O aumento da atividade da telomerase nas células BeWo reforça sua relação com o fenótipo maligno e a aponta como um bom marcador para progressão da doença / Abstract: The invasion of the endometrium by extravillous trophoblast is a fundamental process in the growth of the fetus and placenta. The process is controlled by factors related to the immune and hormonal activity that, when changed, may result in termination of pregnancy and development of so-called gestational trophoblastic diseases. In some cases, changes can result in malignancy, in which some molecules play a role in cell fusion process and inflammation, although studies in this area are inconclusive. Considering this information, the study had the aim of investigating the expression of cytokines LIF, IL-6, STAT- 3 and the function of telomerase to understand their participation in abortion, in normal at term placenta and choriocarcinoma. Methods: The expression of the molecules was assessed by immunohistochemical assay (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), Western Blotting (WB) and Real-Time PCR (RT - PCR) using fixed material from biopsies of abortions, normal at term placentas and choriocarcinoma along with fresh tissue of normal at term placenta and their primary culture and BeWo cell line. Paraffin embedded material used in IHC and IF assays were obtained from the Department of Pathology files. Tests of WB and Real-Time PCR employed fresh material, obtained from cell cultures of normal at term placenta and the BeWo line. Results: IHC reactions to abortion biopsies showed moderate staining for IL-6 in 58.4% of cases and intense for STAT-3 in 33.3 % of cases. In biopsies of normal placenta, there was intense reaction for IL-6 in 50% of cases, intense for STAT-3 in 16.7%; choriocarcinoma showed intense staining for IL- 6 in 50% of cases and also for STAT-3 in 75% of cases. On the other hand, LIF expression was missing in all three groups. WB analyses showed IL-6 protein in fresh material from normal placentas, but no expression in placenta primary cultures and BeWo line. LIF was absent in all groups. Cytoplasmic STAT-3 was observed in all groups, while the nuclear expression of phosphorylated STAT-3 was absent. On gene analyses a strong expression of IL-6 and STAT- 3 was observed from fresh normal placenta, but very weak expression in primary cultures of normal placenta and BeWo cell line. LIF expression was very weak in all groups. In regard to the gene expression of telomerase, it was strong in the BeWo line which contrasted with its complete lack of expression in fresh normal placenta and its primary culture. Conclusion: The high expression of IL-6 and STAT-3 in biopsies of choriocarcinoma indicates the role of both in tumor progression. Regarding protein expression, the presence of IL-6 in the material from fresh normal placenta, and its absence in primary culture and BeWo line may be caused by the cell-to-cell contact cultures by inhibiting cell growth and thus signaling pathways. However, the lack of expression of phosphorylated STAT-3 whether through IF or WB shows that its JAK-STAT pathway is inhibited. Lack of expression of the LIF suggests that it might be involved indirectly in choriocarcinoma cell proliferation or be inhibited by SOCS3 protein. Moreover, the increased telomerase activity of BeWo cells enhances their relation to the malignant phenotype and indicates a good marker for disease progression / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutora em Ciências Médicas

Les cellules placentaires portent un génome différent du génome maternel, puisque 50% de leurs gènes proviennent du génome paternel. Cependant, comme les cellules cancéreuses après la transformation néoplasique, elles réussissent à envahir les tissus de leur hôte, échapper à son système immunitaire et induire une angiogenèse afin d’établir la grossesse. Les cellules cancéreuses et placentaires arborent aussi une différence majeure : alors que de tels mécanismes typiques des cancers sont incontrôlés dans les cellules cancéreuses, ils sont spatialement et temporairement contrôlés dans les cellules placentaires saines. Ainsi, le recherche sur le « concept cancer/placenta » – l’utilisation du placenta pour mieux comprendre le cancer – peut aboutir à l’identification de biomarqueurs et d’approches thérapeutiques innovantes en oncologie, tout comme en gynécologie-obstétrique. Par exemple, les efforts de recherche portant sur l’expression des gènes CGB, codant pour la sous-unité ß de l’hormone chorionique gonadotrope humaine, dans les cellules cancéreuses et placentaires a mené au développement d’un biomarqueur largement utilisé pour la prise en charge de multiples cancers. Il est aussi intéressant de noter que ce même biomarqueur est aussi utilisé pour le dépistage d’aneuploïdies fœtales. De même, le clonage d’INSL4, codant pour le précurseur du peptide placentaire précoce ressemblant à l’insuline (pro-EPIL), dans des cellulaires placentaires précoces, a mené au développement d’un biomarqueur faisant actuellement l’objet d’études cliniques. Avec l’émergence de l’épigénétique, des études de la méthylation de l’ADN, la caractéristique épigénétique la mieux comprise, ont montré que les loci de gènes CGB et INSL4 sont hypométhylés dans les cellules cancéreuses et placentaires ; ce qui pourrait refléter l’hypométhylation globale caractéristique de ces deux types cellulaires. Par conséquent, le projet doctoral présenté dans cette thèse a exploré les modifications des paysages épigénétiques des cellules placentaires au cours de la grossesse et des cellules cancéreuses au cours de la transformation néoplasique. Ce projet a contribué initialement au développement d’un test d’immunoanalyse qui détecte l’hCGß de type II, spécialement codée par un sous-groupe de gènes CGB et détectée dans le sérum de patients atteints de cancers non-placentaires et de trisomie 21 fœtale. Ce test d’immunoanalyse, avec un test similaire développé pour la détection de pro-EPIL, a aussi été utilisé pour des études de preuve de concept précoces quant à l’effet de la méthylation de l’ADN sur l’expression de l’hCGß de type II et de pro-EPIL dans des surnageants de culture cellulaire. En fin de compte, ce projet a mené à la première comparaison directe et pan-génomique de la méthylation de l’ADN dans des cellules cancéreuses au cours de la transformation néoplasique et dans des cellulaires placentaires au cours de la grossesse. Cette étude a porté sur des données, disponibles publiquement, générées à partir de biopsies de 13 types de tumeurs, de villosités choriales (tissus placentaires) et d’autres tissus sains. Elle a également porté sur des données originales générées par nos soins à partir d’échantillons placentaires uniques : des cellules cytotrophoblastiques isolées de villosités choriales ex vivo. Toutes les données inclus dans cette étude ont été générées sur une plateforme de puces à ADN pour la mesure de la méthylation au niveau de 485 512 sites CpG pour chaque échantillon. En combinant, des logiciels innovants reposant sur la puissance d’algorithmes de lissage statistique et sur un solide rationnel biologique, cette étude a ainsi contribué à l’identification de motifs d’hypométhylation à l’échelle du mégabase distinguant les cellules placentaires du début de la grossesse de celles de la fin de la grossesse tout comme ils distinguent les cellules cancéreuses des cellules normales. (...) / Placental cells carry a genome different from the maternal genome, as 50% of it originate from the paternal genome. However, like cancer cells after neoplastic transformation, they successfully invade their host tissues, escape its immune system and induce angiogenesis in order to establish the pregnancy. Cancer and placental cells also display a major discrepancy: while such hallmarks of cancer mechanisms are uncontrolled in cancer cells, they are spatially and temporally controlled in healthy placental cells. Thus, research on the “cancer/placenta concept” – the use of the placenta to better understand cancer – can lead to innovative biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in oncology as well as in gynecology and obstetrics. For example, research efforts on the expression of the CGB genes, encoding for the human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit (hCGß), in cancer and placental cells have led to the development of a biomarker widely used for the management of various cancers. Interestingly, this same biomarker is also used for the screening of fetal aneuploidies. Likewise, the cloning of INSL4, encoding for the precursor of the early placenta insulin-like peptide (pro-EPIL) in early pregnancy placental cells, has led to the development of a biomarker currently investigated in the clinical setting. Following the rise of epigenetic, studies on DNA methylation, the most well understood epigenetic mark, showed that the loci of CGB genes and INSL4 are hypomethylated in cancer and placental cells, which may reflect a global hypomethylation also characteristic of these cells. Therefore, the doctoral project presented in this dissertation had explored modifications in the epigenetic landscape of placental cells throughout pregnancy and cancer cells throughout neoplastic transformation. This project initially contributed to the development of an immunoassay detecting type II hCGß, specifically encoded by a subset of CGB genes and detected in the serum of patients with non-placental cancers and fetal Down Syndrome. This immunoassay, along with another one directed to pro-EPIL, was also used for an early proof of concept study regarding the effect of DNA methylation on the expression of type II hCGß and pro-EPIL in cell culture supernatants. Ultimately, this project led to the first direct genome-wide comparison of DNA methylation in cancer cells throughout neoplastic transformation and in placental cells throughout pregnancy. It included publically available data generated from biopsies of 13 types of tumors, chorionic villi (placental tissues) and other normal tissues. It also included original data generated from unique placental samples: villous cytotrophoblastic cells isolated ex vivo from chorionic villi. All datasets were generated on a microarray platform measuring DNA methylation at 485,512 CpG sites in each sample. Combining innovative software that leverages the power of statistical smoothing algorithms and a strong biological rationale, this study thus contributed to the identification of megabase-scale patterns of hypomethylation distinguishing early pregnancy from late pregnancy placenta cells as they distinguish normal from cancers cells. Strikingly, the affected genomic regions encompassed genes related to hallmarks of cancer mechanisms such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), innate and acquired immune response, and hypoxia. Taken together, these results suggest the hypothesis that patterns of DNA methylation might contribute to “cancer/placenta epigenetic switches” allowing placental implantation and neoplastic transformation when turned “on”, while preventing the placenta to degenerate into an aggressive tumor when turned “off”.

<div>Rare circulating cells are becoming a subject of interest due to their potential clinical applications to replace invasive procedures. Due their low presence in blood (as low as 1 in 1 ml of blood) various platforms are developed to capture and isolate them. Common limitations of current platforms include the inability to process large volumes of blood without an initial volume reduction step such as centrifugation, reliance on a single antibody for the capture, and the difficulty of releasing and retrieving the captured cells with high purity. A rare cell retrieval platform with high throughput operation and high purity retrieval is needed to capture these rare cells by processing large volumes of blood.</div><div><br></div><div>In this thesis study, we have developed a two-tiered microchip system to capture and retrieve rare cells from blood samples with high purity. The first module of the system is a high throughput microfluidic interface that is used to immunomagnetically isolate targeted rare cells from whole blood, and discard > 99.999% of the unwanted leukocytes. The second module is a microwell array that furthers the purification by magnetically guiding each cell into a separate well concurrently, and allows individual retrieval of each cell. Even though the system we have developed is applicable to many fields pertaining to rare cell capture, here we demonstrate the proof-of-concept using model cell lines that represent circulating fetal trophoblasts. We describe the design, operation as well as the experimental characterization of the system. Our characterization results show that the process can be completed within 145 minutes from the very beginning till the retrieval of a target cell, and can provide efficiencies and purities that are as high as 100%. </div><div><br></div><div>In order to demonstrate a real-world use case for our device, we present preliminary experiments done with blood samples from pregnant women. We show that we are able to retrieve candidate fetal cells under 167 minutes. Future work will be focused on sequencing the candidate fetal cells retrieved from maternal samples to confirm their fetal origin as well as enhancing system performance in maximizing the number of cells captured.</div><div><br></div>

No description available.

This study has determined the cellular site of adenosine deaminase (ADA) expression in the mouse during development from Days 5 through 13 (day vaginal plug was found = Day 0) of gestation. Developmental expression of ADA progressed in two overlapping phases defined genetically (maternal vs. embryonal) and according to region (decidual vs. placental). In the first phase, ADA enzyme activity increased almost 200-fold in the antimesometrial region (decidua capsularis + giant trophoblast cells) from Days 6 through 9 of gestation but remained low in the mesometrial region. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a major localization of ADA to the secondary decidua. In the second phase, ADA activity increased several-fold in the placenta (labyrinth + basal zones) from Days 9 through 13 of gestation but remained low in the embryo proper. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a major localization of ADA to secondary giant cells, spongiotrophoblast, and labyrinthine trophoblast. Regression of decidua capsularis and growth of the spongiotrophoblast population accounted for an antimesometrial to placental shift in both ADA enzyme activity and a 40-kDa immunoreactive protein band. To verify a shift from maternal to fetal expression, studies were performed with two strains of mice (ICR, Eday) homozygous for a different ADA isozyme (ADA-A, ADA-B). Blastocysts homozygous for Adab were transferred to the uterus of pseudopregnant female recipients homozygous for Adaa. The isozymic pattern in chimeric embryo-decidual units analyzed at Days 7, 9, 11, and 13 revealed a predominance of maternal-encoded enzyme at Days 7 through 11 of gestation and a shift to fetal-encoded enzyme by Day 13. Thus, maternal expression of ADA in the antimesometrial decidua may play a role during establishment of the embryo in the uterine environment, whereas fetal expression of ADA in the trophoblast might be important to placentation.