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Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvanio Batista de Sousa.pdf: 2248146 bytes, checksum: 53eaaddd8845b73159fdf8df908cc1f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-31 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Understanding the relationship between dysfunctional behavior and confidence of managers in management is essential, as these factors may adversely affect the results and performance of businesses and undermine the organizational climate. The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between these two aspects, reliability and dysfunctional behavior. These results demonstrated that the presence of dysfunctional behavior affects the decision confidence of managers in management and was also verified that different than expected in theory the wages received not exerted great influence on the decisions taken by the subjects. A possible cause of this difference between the results obtained and the theory may be that the present study have extended the results of the task of Zhang (2008) from single period to multiple periods creating social ties among individuals, in addition, the test sample belongs to called generation Y, which has different values from those included in the theories and this is an issue that can be studied in future research. Besides worrying about the negative aspects of dysfunctional behavior, companies should be alert to the career expectations of generation Y, who will soon assume positions of leadership, because this generation is concerned with values other than the main salary, as free time , establishing lasting relationships with coworkers and with a good organizational climate. / Compreender a relação entre comportamento disfuncional e a confiança dos gestores na administração da empresa é fundamental, pois estes fatores podem afetar negativamente os resultados e desempenho das empresas e prejudicar o clima organizacional. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a relação entre estes dois aspectos, confiança e comportamento disfuncional. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstraram que a presença de comportamento disfuncional afeta a decisão de confiança dos gestores na administração da empresa e também foi possível verificar que diferente do esperado na teoria o salário recebido não exerceu grande influência nas decisões tomadas pelos sujeitos. Uma possível causa deste desvio entre os resultados obtidos e a teoria pode ser o fato da presente pesquisa ter estendido os resultados da tarefa de Zhang (2008) de período único para múltiplos períodos criando laços sociais entre os sujeitos, além disso, a amostra testada pertence a chamada geração Y, que possui valores diferentes dos preconizados nas teorias e este é um assunto que pode ser estudado em futuras pesquisas. Além de se preocuparem com os aspectos negativos do comportamento disfuncional, as empresas devem estar atentas às expectativas de carreira da geração Y, que em breve irá assumir cargos de liderança, pois esta geração está preocupada com outros valores além da remuneração principal, como tempo livre, estabelecimento de relações duradouras com os colegas de trabalho e com um bom clima organizacional.

Interpersonal trust is a one-sided social dilemma. Building on the binary trust game, we ask how trust and trustworthiness can evolve in a population where partners are matched randomly and agents sometimes act as trustors and sometimes as trustees. Trustors have the option to costly check a trustee's last action and to condition their behavior on the signal they receive. We show that the resulting population game admits two components of Nash equilibria. Nevertheless, the long-run outcome of an evolutionary social learning process modeled by the best response dynamics is unique. Even if unconditional distrust initially abounds, the trustors' checking option leads trustees to build a reputation for trustworthiness by honoring trust. This invites free-riders among the trustors who save the costs of checking and trust blindly, until it does no longer pay for trustees to behave in a trustworthy manner. This results in cyclical convergence to a mixed equilibrium with behavioral heterogeneity where suspicious checking and blind trusting coexist while unconditional distrust vanishes. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Submitted by Anderson Cerqueira (andersonjfc@ufba.br) on 2018-02-22T19:39:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Anderson Final (oficial).pdf: 1214459 bytes, checksum: 480db42def5d9539fa59a64406198c36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marivalda Araujo (masilva@ufba.br) on 2018-02-23T12:41:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Anderson Final (oficial).pdf: 1214459 bytes, checksum: 480db42def5d9539fa59a64406198c36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-23T12:41:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Anderson Final (oficial).pdf: 1214459 bytes, checksum: 480db42def5d9539fa59a64406198c36 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia / No atual contexto social e econômico, em que transações comerciais entre pessoas desconhecidas são cada vez mais comuns, principalmente por meio da internet, sentimentos como confiança, reciprocidade e reputação tornam-se elementos essenciais para convalidar tais transações. Dito posto, o objetivo geral deste estudo é explicar a influência da contabilidade, por meio de registros históricos (recordkeepping), no processo da construção do relacionamento entre indivíduos estranhos, em uma negociação contínua. Para tanto, utilizaram-se parcialmente as hipóteses formuladas por Basu et al. (2009), bem como o protocolo experimental através da modalidade single-player do trust game desenvolvido por Berg et al. (1995), com o intuito de capturar o comportamento do investidor e do administrador. A amostra do estudo é representada por 64 estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação, sendo a coleta realizada por meio de oferta de créditos extracurriculares como recompensa na participação do experimento. Diante da extração dos dados, utilizou-se a inferência de médias da correlação e a regressão multivariada com dados em painel para testar as hipóteses formuladas. Os resultados indicaram, em geral, que a contabilidade provoca mudança e estabilização no comportamento dos agentes econômicos. Este fato deriva-se do aprimoramento da reputação. Em relação à reciprocidade, os resultados indicaram que a contabilidade não contribuiu para o seu aperfeiçoamento. Especificamente, foi possível notar que os investidores, ao considerarem o registro histórico como ferramenta de decisão, aumentaram o poder de investimento, levando em conta a imagem construída pelos administradores, conforme indicação de Basu et al. (2009). Os administradores consideram a imagem do investidor para retornar quantias proporcionais, ao exportar os registros históricos para o bookkeepping. Em suma, ao investigar o relacionamento entre agentes econômicos, os resultados apontaram que a contabilidade, por meio dos registros históricos, aprimora a formação da reputação entre indivíduos independentes em uma negociação contínua com trocas impessoais (BASU; WAYMIRE, 2006; BASU et al., 2009; MULLINS et al., 2013; LUNAWAT, 2013). Portanto, notou-se que as decisões baseadas nos registros históricos, sobretudo pelos administradores, estimulam o alinhamento entre as partes, oferecendo benefícios para os mesmos. / ABSTRACT In the current social and economic context, in which commercial transactions between unknown people are increasingly common, especially through the internet, feelings such as trust, reciprocity and reputation become essential elements in validating such transactions. Having said that, the general objective of this study is to explain the influence of accounting, by means of historical records (recordkeepping), in the process of building the relationship between strangers, in a continuous negotiation. For this, the hypotheses formulated by Basu et al. (2009) were partially used, as well as the experimental protocol through the single-player modality of the trust game developed by Berg et al. (1995), in order to capture the behavior of the investor and administrator. The sample of the study is represented by 64 undergraduate and graduate students, and the data collection happened through the offer of extracurricular credits as a reward for participating in the experiment. After data extraction, the inference of correlation averages and the multivariate regression with panel data were used to test the formulated hypotheses. The results indicated, in general, that accounting causes change and stabilization in the behavior of economic agents. This is due to reputation enhancement. Regarding to reciprocity, the results indicated that accounting did not contribute to its improvement. Specifically, it was possible to note that considering the historical record as a decision tool, the investors increased the investment power, considering the image constructed by the managers, according to Basu et al. (2009). Managers consider the image of the investor to return proportional amounts by exporting historical records to bookkeepping. In sum, in investigating the relationship between economic agents, the results pointed out that accounting, through historical records, enhances the reputation formation among independent individuals in a continuous negotiation with impersonal exchanges (BASU; WAYMIRE, 2006; BASU et al. , 2009; Mullins et al., 2013, LUNAWAT, 2013). Therefore, it was noted that decisions based on historical records, especially by administrators, stimulate alignment between the parties, offering benefits for them.

Introduction: Many Veterans with PTSD struggle with symptoms of social dysfunction, including isolation [1] and physical violence [2]. Current Veterans Affairs (VA) treatments effectively decrease posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) [3, 4, 5, 6], but do not directly target social dysfunction. In the current study, we investigate deficits in two potential mechanisms: trust and social responsiveness. We propose to use the iterated Trust Game [7, 8]– an economic exchange task that operationalizes trust and social responsiveness– to investigate differences due to PTSS severity. We will also investigate changes after treatment using the Trust Game in a dataset of Veterans undergoing residential treatment for PTSD at a VA Medical Center. We hypothesize that those with greater PTSS severity will show deficits in trust or social responsiveness, and these deficits will assuage with PTSS improvement after treatment. Methods: We analyze a cross-sectional dataset of combat-exposed Veterans (n = 153) and a dataset undergoing residential treatment for PTSD (n = 36). PTSS are measured using the PTSD CheckList (PCL). Each Veteran plays a ten-round variant of the iterated Trust Game. Each round involves exchange between the Veteran (or “investor”) who is endowed $20 each round, and a “trustee”, in whom the investor may entrust any portion of the $20. The investment is tripled before being sent to the trustee, and the trustee may return any proportion. Trust is operationalized as investment, and social responsiveness is operationalized as the ability of the trustee’s changes in response to the investor—“trustee reciprocity”—to predict changes in the investor’s next round investment. We investigate the two potential mechanisms in the cross-sectional dataset. To determine the relationship between trust and PTSS, we regress investment onto PCL. To investigate the relationship between social responsiveness and PTSS, we regress round change in investment onto the interaction of PCL and trustee reciprocity. We next investigate the impact of treatment in the residential treatment dataset. To determine the impact of PTSS improvement on trust, we regress change in investment onto PCL score change (posttreatment–pretreatment). To determine the impact of treatment-related change on social responsiveness, we regress round change in investment onto the interaction of change in PCL (posttreatment–pretreatment), visit, and trustee reciprocity. Results: In the cross-sectional dataset, higher PTSS correlates with decrease in trust, operationalized as investment (β1 = −0.002, p = 0.003, n = 153). Increase in trustee reciprocity correlates with increase in round change in investment (β1 = −0.25, p < 0.001, n = 153), indicating Veterans were socially responsive. There was no PTSS-related variation in social responsive- ness (0 < β3 < 0.001,p = 0.5,n = 153). In the residential treatment dataset, less PTSS improvement correlated with decrease in trust after treatment (β1 = −0.006, p = 0.015, n = 36). Veterans were socially responsive (β1 = 0.39,p < 0.001,n = 36), with a decrease in responsiveness at posttreatment (β5 = −0.29,p = 0.001, n = 36) and a greater decrease posttreatment in those with less improvement in PTSS (β7 = −0.01, p = 0.02, n = 36). Conclusions: In the cross-sectional dataset, trust decreased with higher PTSS, while social responsiveness did not change with PTSS severity. This suggests that Veterans with more severe PTSS show deficits in trust, but not social responsiveness, and supports deficit trust as a mechanism for the social dysfunction observed in Veterans with PTSD. In the residential treatment dataset, both trust and social responsiveness decreased with less improvement in PTSS after treatment. This suggests that Veterans whose PTSS do not improve with treatment experience further decline in mechanisms of social functioning after discharge. In the absence of a control group, it is hard to determine whether this decline is due to symptom-related order effect, or unsuccessful treatment itself. These findings suggest decreased trust, but not social responsiveness, is a mechanism of social dysfunction observed in PTSD. Further investigation into mechanisms of social dysfunction and treatment-related change in Veterans with PTSD, the iatrogenic effects described, and the way these effects can be minimized is also necessary. These findings lend support to treatments that directly target social dysfunction in the context of treatment-resistant post- traumatic stress disorder. / National Institute of Health, 1I01RX000120, NIH-I01 2009-2010, 2013-2014, NIH-I01 2018-2019 National Institute of Health, 5I01RX002354, NIH-I01 2018-2019, 2020-2021 / Master of Science

本研究欲探討信任對於對社會動態發展影響及信任機制建立受那些因子影響。採用雙向信任賽局並納入個人差異進行研究分析，總共招募十組受測者，研究發現信任不一定能夠被建立，且每個組別動態發展存在差異，差異的原因受到初始情況、期中互動歷程影響，且兩部分皆受個人因素影響，初始情況是影響後續是否能建立良好合作與互惠關係之重要原因，愈是勤勞、溫順柔和、好動及豪爽的受測者其第一期願意於信任賽局投資之金額愈多；期中互動歷程，研究發現上一期投資金額、投資比率，及投資回報率對受測者而言是最重要的解釋變數，互動歷程相關變數則因人而異。 / In this study, we attempted to find out how trust affected social dynamic development and which factors will influence on the process of building trust mechanism. We recruited 10 groups of subjects and used two-way trust game to analyze it when individual differences were considered. This study showed that trust can’t be built under certain conditions and groups are heterogeneous in their initial conditions and interaction dynamics. This two parts are also influenced by individual differences. Initial condition is the key factor whether if the trust can be built. The more diligent, docile, lively, and forthright subject will offer more in first period. While in interaction dynamics within period, we found that invest, reward and invest ratio are the most important decisive factors to subjects. But variables about interaction dynamics within period depend on individual differences.

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Stable networks of cooperation, through which persons act under assumptions of reciprocity, promise-keeping and trust, are necessary for any society to flourish. These relationships have been described as “social capital”, defined as the norms and networks that enable collective action. Whilst study of social capital has generated much attention from those interested in its consequences for economic development and social unity, there remains a certain gap within the social sciences between homo economicus assumptions of self-motivated behaviour and manifestations of social capital. This invites analysis into the causes of social capital, which is the question taken up in this thesis. Asking what necessary conditions facilitate social capital’s emergence, this study analyses trustful relationships in urban Kenya and Tanzania. Urban living acts as a litmus test to trust relations and helps expose the necessary forces for social capital’s creation. Alongside this, the research sites of Kenya and Tanzania assisted in controlling for historical and cultural factors that may blur causal accounts of social capital. The two countries share similarities in their political, social and economic histories and, at the same time, exhibit diverging political emphases since independence and resulting levels of citizen-on-citizen trust. The country-level similarities and differences thus help contrast the lower levels of urban trust found in Kenya against the higher levels found in Tanzania, allowing in-depth examination of the conditions that support social capital’s emergence. Evidence is offered firstly through qualitative exploration of the formation of trustful relationships in economically competitive scenarios. Study of a single social network of plastic-bag sellers in Mwanza, Tanzania, reveals the importance of early anchors of trust as zones of reputation-indication. The comparative experiences of local market-sellers in Kisumu, Kenya, and Mwanza, Tanzania, support understanding higher levels of trust to pervade in Tanzania than in Kenya, and evaluate the influence of ethnic homogeneity for community solidarity. Interviews with business owners of Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, proceed to offer insights on alternative, normative dimensions that may help explain different levels of trust found amongst citizens. To measure the quantitative extent of trust and particular factors influential for its formation, “trust games” were deployed in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam. The experiments were engineered to test areas of common knowledge, specifically ethnicity and the “social virtue” of integrity. Engaging with common knowledge variables in this way offered for analysis areas of mutual understanding between citizens. Alongside confirming higher levels of trust in Tanzania than in Kenya, the games revealed how common knowledge of ethnicity and integrity bore influential effects on levels of trust that were country-specific. Whilst common knowledge of ethnicity tended to have a negative impact on levels of cooperation in Tanzania as compared to Kenya, the effect was the opposite for the social virtue of integrity. The thesis’ central argument is that congruence between citizens on what marks out a trustworthy person is a precondition for relationships of trust to emerge; some symmetry in the moral discourse surrounding agency, character and reputation is thus critical for bringing about the economic and political benefits associated with social capital.

Knowledge on how to design trustworthy virtual characters are of importance when these are becoming more and more common interaction partners. In this study, a closer look at the suggested relationship from previous research between valence and trustworthiness is investigated by constructing virtual characters with different non-verbal behaviours and letting participants rate them in a pre-study. A second question of how perception of trustworthiness is based for virtual characters is investigated by letting participants play a trust game with life-sized virtual characters on a big 4k-screen. Results indicated that valence is not necessarily a factor influencing trustworthiness and that positive valence together with mutual gaze is not enough to provide a clearly trustworthy virtual character. Results also indicated that perception of trustworthiness is not based solely on a virtual character's previous decisions of trust in a longer interaction but also on its non-verbal behaviour. The outcome of this study will help when constructing virtual characters in different scenarios, especially when the goal is to make them as trustworthy as possible. The study also gives insight into tools and software that can be used when creating virtual characters and setting up scenarios of trust.

Social tillit är en central faktor i ett välfungerande samhälle och skapar förutsättningar för ekonomisktillväxt och sänkta transaktionskostnader. Att förstå vilka komponenter som kan bidra till nedbrytning avsocial tillit har därför stor betydelse för att kunna påverka samhällsutvecklingen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att identifiera och analysera drivkrafter och mekanismer som kan bryta ned social tillit i Sverige. En del forskare, däribland Robert Putnam, pekar på att etnisk mångfald på kort sikt kan bryta ned tillit. För att besvara uppsatsens syfte består studien av tre steg. Först identifieras tre komplikationer samt teser som utgör grunden för vår analysmodell. Dessa är modern informationsteknologi kan sprida misstro, identitet och polariserande drivkrafter kan styra individer att inte lita på andra samt begränsad rationalitet kan främja nedbrytningen av social tillit. Därefter genomfördes en omfattande litteraturstudie. Arbetet avslutades med en kvalitativ studie med sju semistrukturerade intervjuer där forskare och professorer fick granska den analysmodell som identifierats i studiens första steg. Komplikationerna analyseras med utgångspunkt i spelteorins förtroendespel. Även ett köns- ochgenusperspektiv inkluderas i analysen för att ta hänsyn till jämställdhetens centrala roll för ett fungerande högtillitssamhälle. Uppsatsen är explorativ och undersöker komplikationer som inte tidigare forskats kring. Därför önskade vi få kunskapsbidrag från professorer och forskare från olika discipliner för att skapa en helhetsbild av komplikationernas relevans för nedbrytningen av social tillit. Studien pekar på ett fortsatt högt och stabilt tillitsläge i Sverige och utöver komplikationerna visar studien att ekonomisk ojämlikhet och brist på gemenskap kan bidra till nerbrytning av social tillit. Denna hypotesgenererande uppsats ger upphov till tre hypoteser för fortsatt forskning. Att identitet och polariserande drivkrafter direkt kan förklara nedbrytning av social tillit genom att styra individer att inte lita på andra. Att modern informationsteknologi och begränsad rationalitet indirekt kan förklara nedbrytning av social tillit genom att sprida misstro respektive främja nedbrytningen. Att Putnams tes endast ger en förenklad bild av verkligheten och att etnisk mångfald inte ärdet största hotet för nedbrytning av social tillit. / Social trust is a key factor in a prosperous society and creates prerequisites for economic growth and reduced transaction costs. It is of significant value to understand which components contribute to the decomposition of social trust in order to impact social development. The purpose of this essay is toidentify and analyze forces and mechanisms that could decompose social trust in Sweden. Some researchers, including Robert Putnam, indicate that ethnic diversity could decompose trust in the short run. To answer the purpose of this study, the study consists of three stages. Three complications as well as theses were first chosen to create our analytical model. These are, that modern information technology could disseminate mistrust, that identity and polarizing forces could steer individuals not to trust others and that bounded rationality could promote the decomposition of social trust. After this stage, an extensive literature study was conducted. Lastly, a qualitative study with seven semi-structured interviews took place where professors and researchers were asked to review the analytical model that was conducted in the first stage of the study. The complications are analyzed from a game theoretic- and gender perspective. The study is explorative and examines complications that have not previously been examined or researched. As of this, we wish to gather knowledge from professors and researchers from different disciplines to create a holistic view of the complication's relevance on the decomposition of social trust. The study indicates a continuously high and stable state of trust in Sweden and, beyond the complications, the study shows that economic inequality and lack of community can contribute to the decomposition of social trust. This hypothesis generating essay originates three hypotheses for further research. That identity and polarizing forces could directly explain the decomposition of social trust by disseminating individuals not to trust others. That modern information technology and bounded rationality could indirectly explain the decomposition of social trust by steering mistrust respectively promoting the decomposition. That Putnam ́s thesis gives a simplified view of reality, and that ethnic diversity is not themost significant threat for the decomposition of social trust.