Metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles (Nps) have a wide range of applications in various settings including household, cosmetics and chemical industries, as well as for coatings. Nevertheless, an in-depth study of the potential toxic effects of these Nps is still needed, in order to fulfill the mandatory requirement of ensuring the safety of workers, patients and the general public. In this study, Quick Cell colorimetric assays were used to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of different metal oxide Nps [Fe(II,III)Ox, TiOx, ZnO and CeO2] in several cell lines. The ZnO Nps were found to be highly toxic, with a lethal dose ≥100 μg/ml for all the cell lines studied. Western blot was also used to test the ability of the different Nps to activate the complement pathway. However, no activation of this cascade was observed when the Nps were added. In addition, the aggregation state and charge of the Nps in culture media was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and measurement of zeta potential. Transmission Electron Microscopy was used to analyze Np uptake and localization at the cellular level.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide; it is responsible for nearly 10% of all newly diagnosed cancers and is the second most cause of cancer related death in Europe. Biomarkers for therapy guidance, targeted therapy and survival prognosis are still limited. As CRC is a heterogeneous disease, different parts of the tumor might have varying molecular characteristics which may change during therapy or disease progression. Through solid biopsies and screenings, these local or temporal differences are impossible to monitor. To facilitate detection of these possible temporal changes, a regularly and non-invasively accessible biomarker is required for disease monitoring. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) might represent such a biomarker as they have been shown to be fluid surrogates of the solid tumor. EpCAM positive CTCs have shown to be prognostic in CRC for survival, but their full potential has not yet been evaluated further. By using the High Definition Single Cell Analysis (HD-SCA) workflow, we were able to analyze the entire spectrum of CTCs and categorize them as the regular CTCs (HD-CTC), CTCs with a smaller nuclear area (CTC-Small), CTCs with low expression of epithelial marker cytokeratin (CTC-LowCK) and CTCs undergoing apoptosis and therefore releasing cell free DNA...

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide; it is responsible for nearly 10% of all newly diagnosed cancers and is the second most cause of cancer related death in Europe. Biomarkers for therapy guidance, targeted therapy and survival prognosis are still limited. As CRC is a heterogeneous disease, different parts of the tumor might have varying molecular characteristics which may change during therapy or disease progression. Through solid biopsies and screenings, these local or temporal differences are impossible to monitor. To facilitate detection of these possible temporal changes, a regularly and non-invasively accessible biomarker is required for disease monitoring. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) might represent such a biomarker as they have been shown to be fluid surrogates of the solid tumor. EpCAM positive CTCs have shown to be prognostic in CRC for survival, but their full potential has not yet been evaluated further. By using the High Definition Single Cell Analysis (HD-SCA) workflow, we were able to analyze the entire spectrum of CTCs and categorize them as the regular CTCs (HD-CTC), CTCs with a smaller nuclear area (CTC-Small), CTCs with low expression of epithelial marker cytokeratin (CTC-LowCK) and CTCs undergoing apoptosis and therefore releasing cell free DNA...

O câncer de mama é a neoplasia de maior ocorrência na população feminina. É uma doença hormônio-dependente com etiologia complexa e multifatorial. O câncer de mama invasivo é uma das principais causas da morbidade e mortalidade de mulheres no mundo. O desenvolvimento e a progressão de câncer de mama estão associados com acúmulo de várias alterações genéticas e epigenéticas, que resultam na expressão gênica diferencial entre células normais e tumorais. A hipóxia pode ser considerada uma das características principais de tumores sólidos e uma força motriz para a sobrevida das células tumorais e progressão maligna. O gene supressor de tumor PAWR (PKC apoptosis WT1 regulator; também denominado PAR-4, prostate apoptosis response-4) tem importante papel na apoptose tanto pela via intrínseca quanto pela via extrínseca e pode ser considerado um alvo para a terapia seletiva de células tumorais uma vez que a expressão de PAR-4 aumenta a sensibilidade da maioria das células de câncer a um segundo estímulo apoptótico. Alguns estudos, incluindo os de nosso grupo, têm mostrado o envolvimento de PAR-4 em câncer de mama e seu papel como fator prognóstico e preditivo de resposta a quimioterapia. No entanto, pouco é conhecido sobre o papel funcional deste gene ou os mecanismos envolvidos na regulação da expressão de PAR-4 na glândula mamária e no processo de tumorigênese da mama. No presente trabalho investigamos os efeitos da hipóxia na expressão de PAR-4 nas linhagens celulares MCF10A, MCF7 e MDA-MB-231. Para isto, as células foram incubadas por períodos de 30 minutos, 1, 2, 6 ou 24 horas em ambiente controlado com 5 % CO2, 95% N2 e 0.2% O2. A expressão de Par-4 foi avaliada quanto aos transcritos, por PCR em Tempo Real e quanto à expressão protéica, por western blot. Observamos que a baixa concentração de oxigênio diminui a expressão do mRNA de PAR-4, em tempos de 6 e 24 horas, nas linhagens MCF10A e MCF7 e no tempo de 24h nas células MDA-MB-231. Já quando os níveis protéicos de Par-4 foram analisados não foi observada diferença significativa nessas células após exposição à condição de hipóxia. A expressão do gene NDRG1, a qual se encontra aumentada em condições de hipóxia, foi utilizada como controle. Nossos dados sugerem que a expressão dos transcritos do gene supressor de tumor PAR-4 é inibida pelos mecanismos celulares de sobrevivência celular ativados durante a hipóxia / Breast cancer has the highest incidence rate of all malignant neoplasias affecting women. It is a hormone dependent disease with complex and multifactorial etiology. Invasive breast cancer is one of the principal causes of women morbidity and mortality in the world. Breast cancer development and progression are associated with accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic alterations, which result in differential gene expression among normal and tumor cells. Hypoxia could be considered one of the principal hallmarks of solid tumors and the driving force for the tumor cell survival and malignant progression. The tumor suppressor gene PAWR (PKC apoptosis WT1 regulator; also known as PAR-4, prostate apoptosis response-4) has an important role in apoptosis either by intrinsic or extrinsic pathways and could be considered as a target for selective therapy of tumor cells. Some studies, including of our group, have shown the PAR-4 involvement in breast cancer and its role as prognostic and predictive factor in response to chemotherapy. However, little is known about functional role of this gene or the mechanisms involved in PAR-4 expression regulation in mammary gland and in breast tumorigenesis process. In the present study we evaluated the hypoxia effects on PAR-4 expression in MCF10A, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Therefore, the cells were incubated for time periods of 30 minutes, 1, 2, 6 or 24 hours under controlled environment with 5 % CO2, 95% N2 e 0.2% O2. PAR-4 expression was evaluated for transcripts, by Real Time PCR, and for protein expression, by western blot. We observed that low oxygen concentration decreases PAR-4 mRNA expression, in periods of 6 and 24 hours, in MCF10A and MCF7 cell lines and in the period of 24 hours in MDA-MB-231 cells. However, when the Par-4 protein levels were evaluated, no significant difference was observed in these cells after incubation under hypoxic conditions. NDRG1 gene expression, which is increased under hypoxia, was used as a control. Our data suggest that the expression of tumor suppressor gene PAR-4 transcripts is inhibited by cell survival mechanisms activated during hypoxia

L’apparition de la technique CellSearch® a permis d’obtenir la sensibilité et la spécificité suffisantes et de détecter les CTCs en ciblant les marqueurs spécifiques dans le sang périphérique. Elle permet la numération et l’étude morphologique des CTCs qui est largement utilisée et validée. Nous décrivons une adaptation de la méthode CellSearch® pour détecter les cellules tumorale chez les LM (métastases leptoméningées) patients atteints de cancers du sein, du poumon et mélanomes, qui semble atteindre une sensibilité améliorée en comparaison avec la cytologie conventionnelle. Nous présentons également un cas clinique pour la détection de cellules tumorales dans l’ascite et du sang chez un patient avec le cancer de l’oesophage métastatique. De plus, la détection des cellules tumorales dans le redon chez les patients subis une chirurgie de la tête et du cou a été également réalisée. En utilisant cette méthode, les résultats sont non seulement quatitatifs, mais aussi quantitatifs avec des images numériques de chaque cellule, et des résultats séquentiels ont été étudiés chez certains patients atteints de cancer du sein, de cancer du poumon et de mélanome. Les données ont montré des changements dynamiques des nombres de cellules tumorales détectées dans le LCR, mais leurs corrélations avec la réponse au traitement ou la progression de la maladie ont besoin des études supplémentaires plus contrôlées avec une grande cohorte de patients. La mise en évidence de cette application serait importante en clinique pour le diagnostic, le pronostic et le traitement des patients atteints de cancer avec des métastases aux niveaux du SNC, du péritoine / The introduction of CellSearch® technology allows to give sufficient sensitivity and specificity and to detect CTCs targeting specific markers in peripheral blood. The enumeration and morphological study of CTCs are widely used and validated. We described an adaptation of the CellSearch® method to detect tumor cells in LM (leptomeningeal metastases) patients with breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma, which appeared to achieve an improved sensitivity in comparison with conventional cytology. We also presented a case report for the detection of tumor cells in the ascites and blood of a patient with metastatic oesophageal cancer. Furthermore, the detection of tumor cells in aspirative drains after neck dissectionin from the patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer was also performed. Using this method, the results were not only quatitative but also quantitative with digital images of each cell, and sequential results were studied in some patients with breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma. The data showed dynamic changes of the numbers of tumor cells detected in CSF, but their correlation with the response to treatment or disease progression need additional more controlled studies with a large cohort of patients. The application would be important for the clinical diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer patients with CNS metastases and peritoneal metastases

Previous studies have shown that the upregulation of CD151 and β1 is associated with poor prognosis in many cancers such as breast cancer. Studies have provided evidence that these proteins are associated with the adhesion and migration of tumor cells. In this study, a microfluidic flow chamber was utilized to determine how CD151 and β1 affected the firm and initial adhesion of metastatic breast cancer cells to a planar endothelial monolayer under shear stress. This system mimicked the adhesion of metastatic breast cancer cells to the endothelial cells of the circulatory system. CD151 and β1 increased the firm adhesion of metastatic breast cancer cells onto an endothelial monolayer when subjected to high shear stresses. CD151 and β1 increased the initial adhesion of metastatic breast cancer cells onto an endothelial monolayer. A transwell assay was utilized to determine how CD151 and β1 affected random migration through different matrixes and random transendothelial migration. CD151 and β1 decreased the random migration of metastatic breast cancer cells through matrices. Additionally, background information is provided related to the metastatic cascade, how it can be modeled with microfluidics, and how CD151 and β1 have been known to effect cancer and metastasis.

Orientador: Noeme Sousa Rocha / Resumo: O tumor venéreo transmissível canino (TVTC) ocorre naturalmente em cães, sem predileção por raça ou sexo sendo transmitido durante o coito ou hábitos sociais. É também um tumor transplantável experimentalmente e tem sido utilizado como modelo para o estudo da relação entre tumor e hospedeiro. Apesar da maior infiltração inflamatória intratumoral e da expressão de moléculas do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (MHC) estar associada à regressão do tumor, o papel central das células imunes do hospedeiro na evolução clínica do TVTC ainda não está claro. Neste estudo nós buscamos analisar a interação entre TVTC natural e hospedeiro, especialmente sob o ponto de vista da imunidade celular tumoral. Aqui nós identificamos e quantificamos por citometria de fluxo células T (CD3+, CD4+ e CD8+), células NK, células B, macrófagos, em amostras de sangue e de tumor, além da expressão imunoistoquímica de moléculas do MHC de classe I e II, sobretudo nas diferentes fases clínicas do tumor, assim como classificamos os subtipos citológicos do tumor e avaliamos o comportamento tumoral frente ao tratamento quimioterápico com sulfato de vincristina em uma amostra de 22 cães com TVTC natural. A quimioterapia foi efetiva no tratamento da maioria dos casos. Encontramos predomínio de TVTC linfocitóide e que metástases e resistência quimioterápica ocorreram apenas nos tumores de fenótipo linfocitóide e misto. Identificamos aumento significativo na expressão de moléculas de MHC classe I e II na ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The transmissible venereal canine tumor (CTVT) occurs naturally in dogs, without predilection for race or gender being transmitted during intercourse or social habits. It is also an experimentally transplantable tumor and it has been used as a pattern for the study about the relationship between the tumor and the host. Despite the greater intratumoral inflammatory infiltration and the expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC) is associated with tumor regression, the central role of host immune cells in the CTVT clinical evolution is not clear yet. In this study we sought to analyze the interaction between natural and host CTVT, especially from the point of view of tumor cell immunity. Here we identify and quantify by flow cytometry cells T (CD3+, CD4+ e CD8+), cells NK, cells B, macrophages, in blood and tumor samples, besides the immune histochemical expression of MHC class I and II molecules, specially in the different clinical phases of the tumor as well as classifying the cytological subtypes of the tumor and evaluating the tumor behavior against the chemotherapy treatment with vincristine sulfate in a sample of 22 dogs with natural CTVT. Chemotherapy was effective in the treatment of most cases. We found a predominance of lymphocytoid CTVT and that metastases and chemotherapeutic resistance occurred only in tumors of lymphocytoid and mixed phenotype. We identified a significant increase in the expression of MHC class I and II molecules in the regress... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O câncer de mama é a neoplasia de maior ocorrência na população feminina. É uma doença hormônio-dependente com etiologia complexa e multifatorial. O câncer de mama invasivo é uma das principais causas da morbidade e mortalidade de mulheres no mundo. O desenvolvimento e a progressão de câncer de mama estão associados com acúmulo de várias alterações genéticas e epigenéticas, que resultam na expressão gênica diferencial entre células normais e tumorais. A hipóxia pode ser considerada uma das características principais de tumores sólidos e uma força motriz para a sobrevida das células tumorais e progressão maligna. O gene supressor de tumor PAWR (PKC apoptosis WT1 regulator; também denominado PAR-4, prostate apoptosis response-4) tem importante papel na apoptose tanto pela via intrínseca quanto pela via extrínseca e pode ser considerado um alvo para a terapia seletiva de células tumorais uma vez que a expressão de PAR-4 aumenta a sensibilidade da maioria das células de câncer a um segundo estímulo apoptótico. Alguns estudos, incluindo os de nosso grupo, têm mostrado o envolvimento de PAR-4 em câncer de mama e seu papel como fator prognóstico e preditivo de resposta a quimioterapia. No entanto, pouco é conhecido sobre o papel funcional deste gene ou os mecanismos envolvidos na regulação da expressão de PAR-4 na glândula mamária e no processo de tumorigênese da mama. No presente trabalho investigamos os efeitos da hipóxia na expressão de PAR-4 nas linhagens celulares MCF10A, MCF7 e MDA-MB-231. Para isto, as células foram incubadas por períodos de 30 minutos, 1, 2, 6 ou 24 horas em ambiente controlado com 5 % CO2, 95% N2 e 0.2% O2. A expressão de Par-4 foi avaliada quanto aos transcritos, por PCR em Tempo Real e quanto à expressão protéica, por western blot. Observamos que a baixa concentração de oxigênio diminui a expressão do mRNA de PAR-4, em tempos de 6 e 24 horas, nas linhagens MCF10A e MCF7 e no tempo de 24h nas células MDA-MB-231. Já quando os níveis protéicos de Par-4 foram analisados não foi observada diferença significativa nessas células após exposição à condição de hipóxia. A expressão do gene NDRG1, a qual se encontra aumentada em condições de hipóxia, foi utilizada como controle. Nossos dados sugerem que a expressão dos transcritos do gene supressor de tumor PAR-4 é inibida pelos mecanismos celulares de sobrevivência celular ativados durante a hipóxia / Breast cancer has the highest incidence rate of all malignant neoplasias affecting women. It is a hormone dependent disease with complex and multifactorial etiology. Invasive breast cancer is one of the principal causes of women morbidity and mortality in the world. Breast cancer development and progression are associated with accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic alterations, which result in differential gene expression among normal and tumor cells. Hypoxia could be considered one of the principal hallmarks of solid tumors and the driving force for the tumor cell survival and malignant progression. The tumor suppressor gene PAWR (PKC apoptosis WT1 regulator; also known as PAR-4, prostate apoptosis response-4) has an important role in apoptosis either by intrinsic or extrinsic pathways and could be considered as a target for selective therapy of tumor cells. Some studies, including of our group, have shown the PAR-4 involvement in breast cancer and its role as prognostic and predictive factor in response to chemotherapy. However, little is known about functional role of this gene or the mechanisms involved in PAR-4 expression regulation in mammary gland and in breast tumorigenesis process. In the present study we evaluated the hypoxia effects on PAR-4 expression in MCF10A, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Therefore, the cells were incubated for time periods of 30 minutes, 1, 2, 6 or 24 hours under controlled environment with 5 % CO2, 95% N2 e 0.2% O2. PAR-4 expression was evaluated for transcripts, by Real Time PCR, and for protein expression, by western blot. We observed that low oxygen concentration decreases PAR-4 mRNA expression, in periods of 6 and 24 hours, in MCF10A and MCF7 cell lines and in the period of 24 hours in MDA-MB-231 cells. However, when the Par-4 protein levels were evaluated, no significant difference was observed in these cells after incubation under hypoxic conditions. NDRG1 gene expression, which is increased under hypoxia, was used as a control. Our data suggest that the expression of tumor suppressor gene PAR-4 transcripts is inhibited by cell survival mechanisms activated during hypoxia

The advancement of cancer treatment depends on understanding the biological processes that contribute to disease progression. The spread of tumor cells from the primary site to distant organs is the biggest obstacle to efficacious treatment. The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins IRS1 and IRS2 are cytoplasmic adaptor proteins that organize signaling events downstream of the Insulin receptor (IR) and the Insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R). Both of these receptors have been implicated in cancer progression. The IRS proteins share a significant level of homology and are both capable of recruiting and activating phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K). Despite these similarities, signaling through IRS1 and IRS2 leads to distinct tumor cell outcomes in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, IRS1 regulates cell proliferation and growth and IRS2 regulates metabolism, survival and invasion. In vivo, Irs2 is a positive regulator of tumor metastasis, whereas Irs1 does not promote metastasis. The major objective of this thesis work was to further the understanding of the mechanism by which IRS2 signaling regulates tumor progression. To investigate how IRS-1 and IRS-2 regulate distinct tumor cell outcomes, I examined the involvement of the microtubule cytoskeleton in IRS-dependent signaling. I determined that IRS2-mediated AKT activation is dependent upon an intact microtubule cytoskeleton, whereas IRS1-mediated AKT signaling occurs independently of microtubules. As a result, drugs that disrupt microtubules promote apoptosis in cells that signal through IRS2, but cells that signal through IRS1 are resistant to the effects of microtubule disruption. However, AKT inhibition sensitizes IRS1-dependent cells to apoptotic cell death upon microtubule disruption. From a clinical perspective, my studies identify IRS2 as a potential biomarker for the response of breast cancer patients to anti-microtubule drug therapy. To investigate further the mechanism of IRS2 contributions to tumor progression, I employed a mutagenesis approach to identify structural requirements of IRS2 for its function. I established that the ability of IRS2 to activate PI3K is necessary for its regulation of both invasion and tumor initiating cell (TIC) self-renewal. I also identified two independent regions within the IRS2 C-terminus that are required for invasion and self-renewal, respectively. Characterization of the invasion-promoting region identified BMP2-induced protein kinase (BMP2K) as an interacting protein. Suppression of BMP2K expression in mammary tumor cells disrupts IRS2-mediated tumor cell invasion. Taken together, my work advances the understanding of how IRS2 contributes to breast cancer progression and provides a molecular understanding for the development of novel approaches for the treatment of breast cancer and other malignancies that rely upon IRS2.

Contexte : Le mélanome est un cancer agressif chez l’homme, développé aux dépens des mélanocytes. L’identification de la mutation BRAF conditionne la prescription d’une thérapie ciblée. L’objectif de ce travail a été de mettre au point dans les tissus tumoraux et dans le sang (cellules tumorales circulantes, ADN libre tumoral plasmatique) des approches technologiques de biologie moléculaire et d’immunohistochimie (IHC) pour identifier des biomarqueurs prédictifs d’une réponse ou de résistance thérapeutique. Nous montrons que l’IHC BRAF (clone VE1, Roche, Ventana) pourrait remplacer l’analyse en biologie moléculaire dans certaines indications, notamment sur un matériel tumoral de petite taille. Parallèlement, nous montrons que la présence de cellules mélanocytaires circulantes [détectées par cytomorphologie (Technique ISET)] chez des patients atteints de mélanome métastatique est un facteur prédictif indépendant de mauvais pronostic de la survie globale. Enfin, nous montrons que le système Biocartis Idylla™ (processus automatisé couplant l’extraction, le séquençage et l’analyse de l’ADN) est sensible et spécifique pour la détection plasmatique des mutations BRAF et NRAS et que cette technique pourrait être indiquée dans le suivi de la maladie résiduelle (apparition de résistance) après traitement des patients atteints de mélanomes métastatiques. Conclusion : L’identification des biomarqueurs tissulaires et sanguins (BRAF, NRAS et CTC) permettent : 1- Une optimisation des délais diagnostiques de la mutation BRAF/NRAS – 2) L’identification de facteurs de mauvais pronostic – 3) De détecter une récidive précoce et de suivre la maladie résiduelle après traitement / Background: Knowledge of the BRAFV600E status is mandatory in metastatic melanoma patients (MMP). Molecular biology is currently the gold standard method for status assessment. The aim of this work was to assess and compare several methods of molecular biology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tissue and blood (cell-free circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cell (CTC)) to identify predictive biomarkers of response or resistance to targeted treatment. Results: We showed that BRAFV600 IHC could be a substitute for molecular biology in the initial assessment of the BRAFV600E status in MPP. We also found that the presence of circulating tumor cell detetcted by a cytomorphological approach ISET (Isolation by Size of Epithelial Tumor Cell – Rarecells Diagnostics, Paris, France) in MMP is an independent predictor of shorter survival. Then, in a monocentric study conducted at the University of Nice Hospital, we evaluated a novel and fully automated CE-IVD PCR-based system (IdyllaTM, Biocartis, Mechelen, Belgium) for plasmatic BRAF and NRAS mutation detection. We showed that this technology is highly sensitive and specific and provide promising potential to assess tumor progression, identify targets for therapy, and evaluate clinical response to treatment. In conclusion, identification of tissue and blood biomarkers with these technologies allow a quick turnaround-time to BRAF/NRAS diagnosis and improve monitoring of treatment response and development of resistance in metastatic melanoma patients