Tetraploid cells, which typically arise from errors in mitosis, are genomically unstable and promote tumorigenesis. Recent evidence suggests that ~40% of tumors undergo a tetraploid intermediate during their evolution, with ~20% of all solid tumors maintaining a tetraploid karyotype. Consequently, tumor suppression mechanisms have evolved to limit the proliferation of tetraploid cells. However, it remains unclear how tetraploid cells are able to overcome these tumor suppression mechanisms to initiate tumorigenesis. To address this unresolved question, we developed and validated a genome-wide screening assay to comprehensively identify miRNAs whose overexpression promotes tetraploid cell proliferation. We then profiled those miRNAs to mechanistically define how each miRNA functions to overcome tetraploid induced arrest. Our results demonstrate that miRNAs can promote proliferation via multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway, hyperactivation of growth factor signaling, and inactivation of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway. Additionally, we investigated mechanisms that facilitate tumorigenesis from proliferating tetraploid cells. It is well established that tetraploid cell proliferation promotes both numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities, although the precise mechanisms underlying these phenomena remain incompletely understood. Chromosome missegregation can lead to the formation of micronuclei separate from the primary nucleus, a result of either lagging or polar chromosomes. Micronuclei have been shown to rupture during interphase, leading to massive amounts of DNA damage and chromothripsis, resulting in extensive DNA breaks and rearrangements. We followed micronuclei formed from both lagging and polar chromosomes to determine whether all micronuclei are equally prone to nuclear envelope rupture. Our results show that polar micronuclei have nuclear envelopes that are significantly more stable than the nuclear envelopes of micronuclei formed from lagging chromosomes. Furthermore, micronuclei have been shown to be deficient at nuclear import of proteins. Kinetochore assembly, vital for proper chromosome segregation, is dependent upon the nuclear import of many proteins. We sought to establish whether micronuclei have defects in kinetochore assembly since without functional kinetochores, chromosomes cannot bind to the mitotic spindle. We found that chromosomes in micronuclei fail to assemble kinetochores efficiently, and thus promote additional chromosome missegregation. Overall, this dissertation identifies multiple mechanisms that facilitate tumorigenesis from tetraploid intermediates.

RNAs undergo different posttranscriptional chemical modifications, which affect their structural stability and functional diversity. RNA methylation is a very common type of post-transcriptional modification and is present in all domains of life: Archaea, Eukaryotes and Bacteria. Some of these methylations are catalyzed either by a RNA-protein complex or by stand-alone enzymes. The RNA-protein complex (Ribonucleoprotein complex) is comprised of a small RNA known as the guide RNA (Box C/D RNA) and core proteins (L7Ae, Nop5, and Fibrillarin). Box C/D RNAs contain conserved regions, called box C and box D near their 5’ and 3’ termini, respectively, and their imperfect copies called box C’ and box D’, internally. A short stretch of sequence between these Boxes are known as the guide/spacer regions, as the guide region helps in recruiting and positioning a specific target RNA for modification. Both in Archaea and Eukarya, box C and box D, as well as box C’ and box D’ together can form a structure called a Kink-turn (K-turn) that is characterized by a canonical Watson-Crick base-paired stem on one side, and a non-canonical stem on the other, separated by a 3-nucleotide loop. In Archaea box C’ and D’ can also form a K-loop, where the canonical stem of K-turn is replaced by a loop. Archaeal L7Ae binds first to the K-turn or K-loop and allows the recruitment of other proteins to form the complex. The presence of a unique box C/D RNA of Haloferax volcanii, called sR-tMet has been reported previously to guide the 2’-O-methylation of C34 in elongator pre-tRNAMet. Here we tried to characterize the structure-function relationship of this guide RNA under in vivo conditions. This RNA lacks a conventional K-turn or K-loop at its C’/D’ motif. We have created an H. volcanii strain that has a genomic deletion of sR-tMet. The sR-tMet gene is not essential for H. volcanii but this sR-tMet deleted strain lacks the 2’-O-methylation of C34 of its elongator tRNAMet. Unlike the close sR-tMet homologs (sR8 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and sR49 from Pyrococcus abyssi), the Box C’/D’ motif of sR-tMet is neither a K-turn nor a K-loop. The introduction of proper K-loop in the Box C’/D’ motif (sR-tMet with K-loop) abolished its Cm34 modification function in ΔsR-tMet strain. Direct interaction between L7Ae and the K-loop is not an absolute requirement for its function. However, disruption of the G/A and A/G pairing in Box C/D motif and Box D’ suggests the importance of these non-Watson crick base pairings in respect to sR-tMet’s function. Several other mutational studies have revealed that peculiar sR-tMet guide RNA from H. volcanii, behaves more like a Eukaryotic Box C/D RNA (where the K-loop is not required and presence of longer spacer length) than regular Archaeal one. Pseudouridine synthase 10 (Pus10) is the most recently identified Ψ synthase, found only in higher eukaryotes and Archaea. Archaeal Pus10 produces either tRNA Ψ55 or both tRNA Ψ54 and Ψ55 modifications. In Human, its Ψ synthase activity is not yet confirmed and interestingly it has been implicated in apoptosis. Herein for the first time we revealed that this putative RNA Ψ synthase protein, Human Pus10 (HuP10), translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in TRAIL induced apoptosis. This nucleo-cytoplasmic movement of HuP10 occurs through the CRM1 mediated nuclear export pathway and Caspase 3 influences this movement. HuP10 also mediates crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways during TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Other than its involvement in apoptosis, we have also uncovered that HuP10 is involved in regulation of cell proliferation. Depletion (knockdown) of this protein in different cancer cell lines, promotes cell migration and anchorage-independent cell growth in the absence of any apoptotic stimulation.

A família de genes HOX compreende um conjunto de fatores de transcrição altamente conservados evolutivamente. Em mamíferos, os genes HOX se subdividem em 4 clusters: HOXA, HOXB, HOXC e HOXD, atuando no desenvolvimento embrionário com a regulação de processos biológicos como proliferação, diferenciação, migração, angiogênese e apoptose que são reativados durante a carcinogênese. Estudos recentes apontam que os genes HOX podem exercer papel relevante na formação de diversos tumores sólidos, todavia ainda não foi possível caracterizar sistematicamente a expressão dos genes HOX em tumores bem como determinar seus alvos em tumores. Desta forma, o objetivo geral deste trabalho consistiu na caracterização in silico do modelo de atuação genes HOX na carcinogênese. Para cumprir este objetivo foi identificado o perfil diferencial dos genes HOX entre amostras normais e tumorais. Alvos de genes HOX foram identificados e, quando diferencialmente expressos, foram associados com os genes HOX, independentemente dos índices de metilação e CNA. Por fim, as associações finais entre os genes HOX e seus alvos foram enriquecidas com os bancos de dados KEGG e GO. Identificou-se diferentes assinaturas de expressão de genes HOX em diferentes tumores, associadas com o eixo ântero-posterior do corpo humano, bem como os folhetos embrionários originários aos tecidos tumorais, compatível com o padrão de expressão no desenvolvimento embrionário. Um número considerável de genes HOX atuam preferencialmente via enhancers na regulação de seus alvos. Como exemplo, os genes HOXB7 e HOXC11, que funcionam como moduladores anti tumorais. Finalmente, o estudo mostra que diante do número crescente de dados genômicos públicos, é possível viabilizar projetos de grande valor científico. / The HOX gene family comprises a set of evolutionarily highly conserved transcription factors. In mammals, HOX genes are subdivided into four clusters: HOXA, HOXB, HOXC and HOXD, acting on the embryonic development with regulation of biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis and apoptosis that are reactivated during carcinogenesis. Recent studies indicate that HOX genes may play a relevant role in the formation of several solid tumors, but it has not been possible to systematically characterize the expression of HOX genes in tumors as well as to determine their targets in tumors. Thus, the general aim of this project was to characterize the in vivo model of HOX genes in carcinogenesis. To accomplish this goal the differential profile of HOX genes was identified between normal and tumor samples. HOX gene targets were identified and, when differentially expressed, were associated with HOX genes regardless of methylation and CNA indices. Finally, the final associations between the HOX genes and their targets were enriched with the KEGG and GO databases. Different signatures of HOX gene expression were identified in different tumors, associated with the anteroposterior axis of the human body, as well as the embryonic leaflets originating from the tumor tissues, compatible with the expression pattern in the embryonic development. A considerable number of HOX genes preferentially act via enhancers in the regulation of their targets. As an example, the HOXB7 and HOXC11 genes, which function as pro-tumor modulators. Finally, the study shows that in view of the growing number of public genomic data, it is possible to make feasible projects of great scientific value.

La mucine MUC4 est un acteur important de la cancérogenèse pancréatique. Elle favorise la progression tumorale et son expression est associée à un mauvais pronostic. Il a également été montré l’implication de la mucine MUC4 dans la résistance aux chimiothérapies. L’ensemble de ces données souligne l’intérêt de la mucine MUC4 comme cible thérapeutique. De plus, sa néoexpression dès les stades précoces de la cancérogenèse pancréatique lui confère un rôle potentiel de marqueur précoce de la carcinogenèse. Les mécanismes moléculaires responsables de l’induction précoce de l’expression de MUC4 sont toutefois encore peu connus.L’étude de la régulation de l’expression de la mucine MUC4 contribuerait donc mieux à comprendre son rôle dans la cancérogenèse. Ainsi, il a été montré que le gène MUC4 est régulé in vitro par des mécanismes transcriptionnels et par des mécanismes épigénétiques de méthylation de l’ADN et des modifications post-traductionnelles des histones. En revanche, la régulation post-transcriptionelle de l’expression de MUC4 notamment par les miARN est peu connue. Nos travaux ont pour but d’identifier les miARN dérégulés dans le cancer du pancréas et/ou ciblant potentiellement MUC4, de déterminer le(s) miARN inhibant l’expression de la protéine oncogénique MUC4 et l’impact de l’administration de ce(s) miARN dans la cancérogenèse pancréatique, et d’identifier les miARN impliqués dans la chimiorésistance médiée par MUC4 dans le cancer du pancréas.Dans un premier temps, nous avons dressé le profil d’expression des miARN dans des lignées cellulaires pancréatiques humaines normales et cancéreuses par puces miARN. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence une signature d’expression de miARN qui a permis de valider nos modèles cellulaires. Puis, à l’aide des bases de données TargetScan, Microcosm et MiRanda, nous avons identifié les miARN ciblant potentiellement MUC4. L’analyse par PCR quantitative a permis de montrer que seuls le miR-145 et miR-219-1-3p étaient sous-exprimés dans l’ensemble des lignées cancéreuses étudiées. Finalement, uniquement miR-219-1-3p est capable d’inhiber l’expression protéique de MUC4 ; c’est pourquoi nous nous sommes intéressés à son rôle dans le cancer du pancréas.Nous avons observé une perte d’expression du miR-219-1-3p dans des tissus de patients atteints d’adénocarcinome pancréatique. Par deux approches complémentaires de surexpression (transitoire ou stable) ou d’inhibition de miR-219-1-3p, nous avons montré qu’il était capable de réprimer l’expression de MUC4 au niveau protéique en se fixant directement sur son 3’-UTR. Nous avons observé une inhibition de la migration et de la prolifération cellulaires associées à une diminution de l’expression de la cycline D1 et de l’activation des voies de signalisation Akt et Erk. In vivo, la croissance tumorale est fortement ralentie après l’injection intratumorale de miR-219-1-3p. Grâce au modèle murin Pdx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D de lésions PanIN, nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la perte d’expression du miR-219-1-3p intervient précocement dès les stades PanIN-1/2 de la cancérogenèse pancréatique et qu’il existait une corrélation inverse entre l’expression de miR-219-1-3p et celle de la mucine Muc4.Par ailleurs, nous avons observé que le traitement des cellules cancéreuses pancréatiques humaines par la gemcitabine induit une forte surexpression du miR-219-1-3p qui laisse penser à un rôle potentiel de ce miARN dans la sensibilité des cellules à la chimiothérapie. Cependant, cette surexpression n’a montré aucun effet sur la survie cellulaire après traitement. Nous avons par la suite mis en évidence un profil d’expression différentiel des miARN entre les cellules invalidées pour MUC4 et les cellules contrôles. [...] / The MUC4 mucin is an important actor of pancreatic tumorigenesis as it contributes to tumor progression and its expression correlates with a poor prognosis. It has also been shown that MUC4 is involved in resistance of cells to chemotherapies. In this context, MUC4 is a potential therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. MUC4 neoexpression at early stages of carcinogenesis confers to this mucin a potential interest as an early marker. Molecular mechanisms responsible for MUC4 induction of expression are not well defined. Thus, studying MUC4 gene expression regulation would contribute to better understand its role in tumorigenesis. MUC4 gene is regulated at the transcriptional level and epigenetically by DNA methylation and histone modifications mechanisms. However, MUC4 post-transcriptional regulation notably by miRNA is largely unknown. Our work aimed at (i) identifying miRNA dysregulated in pancreatic cancer and/or potentially targeting MUC4, (ii) determining miRNA(s) inhibiting MUC4 expression and its (their) impact on pancreatic carcinogenesis and finally (iii) identifying miRNAs involved in chemoresistance mediated by MUC4 in pancreatic cancer.First, using miRNA microarrays we established the miRNA expression profile of normal and cancerous pancreatic cell lines. We showed a cancer-specific miRNA signature which allows us to validate our cellular models. Then, performing in silico studies with TargetScan, Microcosm and MiRanda databases led us to identify miRNA potentially targeting MUC4. Analysis by qRT-PCR showed that miR-145 and miR-219-1-3p were downregulated in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Finally, only miR-219-1-3p inhibited MUC4 expression thus we focused on its role in pancreatic cancer.We observed a loss of miR-219-1-3p expression in pancreatic cancer tissues. Complementary approaches overexpressing (transiently or stably) and inhibiting miR-219-1-3p expression, led us to show that miR-219-1-3p represses MUC4 protein expression by interacting directly with its 3’-UTR. We observed a decrease of cell migration and cell proliferation which was associated with an inhibition of cyclin D1 expression and an inhibition of Akt and Erk activation. Tumor growth in scid mice was strongly slowed down following miR-219-1-3p intratumoral injection. In the Pdx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D mouse model of PanIN, loss of miR-219-1-3p expression was an early event as soon as PanIN1/2 and miR-219-1-3p expression was conversely correlated to Muc4 expression.While the strong induction of miR-219-1-3p following gemcitabine treatment of pancreatic cancer cells suggests a potential role of this miRNA in sensitivity of cells,miR-219-1-3p has no effect on survival rate of cells treated with gemcitabine. We then established the miRNA expression profile of MUC4 knocked-down (MUC4-KD) cells and control cells (Mock) and showed a dysregulation of miRNA expression in MUC4-KD compared to Mock cells.To conclude, our results indicate that miR-219-1-3p, downregulated in pancreatic cancer, negatively regulates MUC4 expression, alters cancer cell biological properties and has an antimoral effect in vivo. Altogether, these results propose miR-219-1-3p as tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer. Loss of MUC4 leads to an aberrant miRNA expression profile suggesting a potential role of miRNA as markers of chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / Post-natal mammary gland development is a complex process in which epithelial proliferation and branching of lactiferous ducts is followed by extensive formation of lobuloalveolar units that produce milk. Classical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65/p50 transcription factors are dynamically induced in the mammary gland during pregnancy, and inhibitor of NF-κB-alpha (IκB-α) deficiency leads to hyperplasia of the mammary epithelium. To further elucidate the role of NF-κB factors in mammary development, we examined NF-κB subunit expression in the mammary glands of transgenic mice expressing the IκB-α S32/36A super-repressor (SR) protein under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-long terminal repeat promoter, in which mammary gland development is transiently delayed, but not completely blocked. Developmental recovery correlated with induction of RelB/p52 NF-κB complexes, which failed to interact with an IκB-α fusion protein and potently induced cyclin D1 and c-myc promoter activities. Activation of IκB-α kinase alpha (IKKα) and NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) was detected by day 5.5, and were hypothesized to be responsible for the induction of ReIB/p52. In support of this hypothesis, we found that constitutively active IKKα induced p52, RelB, and cyclin D1 in untransformed mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, mammary tumors induced by high-dose 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) treatment in wild type FVB/N mice, displayed increased RelB/p52 binding activity. These results implicate activation of RelB/p52 complexes by the alternative NF-κB signaling pathway in branching of lateral ducts and alveolar development during mammary gland development, and in mammary carcinogenesis. / 2031-01-01

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an extremely aggressive and almost always fatal brain tumor. GBM literature indicates defective mismatch repair (MMR) mechanisms are not involved in GBM tumorigenesis as in other tumors, and instigating mechanisms of GBM tumorigenesis remain unclear. GBM and neural progenitor (NPR) cells were exposed to three concentrations of H2O2 (0, 0.5, and 1.0 μM), cultured, and then harvested 0, 2, 4, and 6 days post-exposure; DNA from cells was amplified with microsatellite primers, investigating whether or not H2O2 exposure affected microsatellite instability (MSI) in target sequences. Three out of six markers showed significant MSI in the H2O2-exposed NPR cells. Our results suggest H2O2, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), correlated with MSI accumulation that occurred in NPR cells in specific DNA regions. Thus, gene expression analysis to assess normal and abnormal gene expression of GBM and NPR cellss is warranted.

No description available.

Gliomas are aggressive glial cell tumors that are nearly impossible to treat successfully, yielding strikingly low survival rates for patients. Glioblastomas, the most severe type of gliomas, have even poorer prognoses. In the past decade, new literature has shown that H19, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is not only highly expressed in human gliomas, but that it plays several important roles in glioma progression and can even impede certain treatment measures. H19 directly and indirectly promotes several features of glioma cells including their survival, growth, migration, invasion, metastasis – essentially every stage of glioma development – and even stemness. Simply knocking down H19, in vitro, hampered every single one of these features to some degree. High H19 levels have also been linked to a lack of response to temozolomide and radiation treatments, two of the main therapeutic methods currently used to target gliomas. In vivo observations also followed this pattern of high H19 levels correlating with glioma tumorigenicity. So far, due to the accumulation of such findings, H19 has already become valued as both a prognostic and theragnostic marker. However, having seen how damaging H19 knockdown is to gliomas, there is no reason the role of H19 should be limited to that of an indicator; rather, the proto-oncogenic lncRNA should be viewed as a potential therapeutic target. Moreover, given that high H19 expression is an attribute unique to the human embryo stage, any instances of upregulation are typically oncogenic in nature, making H19 an ideal target for cancer therapy. Thus, targeting H19 in glioma patients should be integrated into existing treatment plans as this will obstruct glioma tumorigenesis, improve responsiveness to other therapies, and is not likely to impede normal biological functions.

No description available.

No description available.