Mellan Delacroix´s och Turners verk finns ibland en släktskap trots de stora skillnaderna i stil. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att försöka fånga den känsla av likhet, som finns mellan några av deras verk, som uttrycker patos och kamp på liv och död mot naturens starka krafter eller människors ondska. Exempel på sådana verk är Delacroix´s Death of Sardanapalus, 1826 och Turners Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Thyphon Coming On), 1840 samt Delacroix´s The Lion Hunt, 1855 och Turners Whalers, 1845. Dessa verk ger uttryck för sublim storhet. Gemensamt för verken är också en högsta känsla för färgens måleriska möjligheter. Utvalda verk har analyserats med kontextuell metodik med avseende på sublimt innehåll utifrån estetiska teorier och litterära källor för det sublima enligt normerna för det akademiska måleriet i Frankrike och England under första hälften av 1800-talet. Uttryck för målerisk stil har studerats med formal metodik utifrån Ruskins och Wölfflins begrepp om det måleriska. I den formala analysen har även begrepp om komplementära färger ingått. Analysen visar att båda konstnärerna i flera avseenden inspirerats av såväl samma estetiska begrepp om det sublima, som av samma litterära klassiska och romantiska källor. Bådas stil blir alltmer expressiv med åren och deras senaste verk förebådar det moderna måleriet. Komplementära färger ingår i Delacroix´s senare stil. Släktskapet mellan Delacroix och Turner kan bäst sammanfattats utifrån Ruskins begrepp om det sublima. / Between Delacroix and Turner there is sometimes a kind of kinship as displayed in some of their works, although their great differences in style. The purpose of this thesis is an attempt to capture this feeling of similarity that can be found between some of their works expressing pathos including fights for life or death against the strong forces of Nature or the evil in Man. Examples of such works are Delacroix´s Death of Sardanapalus, 1826 and Turners Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Thyphon Coming On),1840 and Delacroix´s The Lion Hunt, 1855 and Turners Whalers, 1845. These work express sublime greatness. Common to the works are also the highest sense for the painterly possibilities of colour. Selected works have been analysed using a contextual method regarding contents of the sublime according to esthetical theories and literary sources of the sublime in agreement with the norms for the academic painting in France and England during the first half of the 19th century. Expressions of a painterly style have been studied using a formal method including the concepts of the painterly by John Ruskin and Heinrich Wölfflin. In the formal analysis also concepts of complementary colours have been studied. The analysis shows that both artists, in several ways, have been inspired by the same esthetical concepts of the sublime and the same literary classical and romantic sources. The painterly style of both artists becomes more expressive with age and their late works hint at the modern art to come. Complementary colours, are evident in the late style of Delacroix. The kinship between Delacroix and Turner can best be summarized by Ruskins words on the sublime.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-31 / We report here on a girl who, despite her 45,X/46,X,der(Y) karyotype, showed no signs of virilization or physical signs of the Ullrich-Turner syndrome [UTS], except for a reduced growth rate. After prophylactic gonadectomy due to the risk of developing gonadoblastoma, the gonads and peripheral blood samples were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH] and polymerase chain reaction [PCR] to detect Y-specific sequences. These analyses allowed us to characterize the Yderived chromosome as being an isodicentric Yp chromosome [idic(Yp)] and showed a pronounced difference in the distribution of the 45,X/46,X,idic(Yp) mosaicism between the two analyzed tissues. It was shown that, although in peripheral blood almost all cells (97.5%) belonged to the idic(Yp) line with a duplicated SRY gene, this did not determine any degree of male sexual differentiation in the patient, as in the gonads the predominant cell line was 45,X (60%). / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com deficiência de GH e síndrome de Turner, associados a baixa estatura, são beneficiados com o tratamento com GH. Há controvérsias sobre a atuação deletéria do GH no crescimento craniofacial, porém a maioria dos trabalhos é retrospectiva. Nosso objetivo foi realizar estudo prospectivo para avaliar o crescimento craniofacial de pacientes em tratamento com GH e o possível desenvolvimento de traços acromegálicos. CASUÍSTICA: 30 pacientes com idade cronológica de 4,6 a 23 anos e idade óssea de 1,5 a 13 anos divididos em 3 grupos baseados no diagnóstico e uso de GH: grupo 1- pacientes virgem de tratamento com GH portadores de hipopituitarismo e deficiência isolada (n=6); grupo 2: pacientes já em tratamento com GH: portadores de hipopituitarismo e deficiência isolada (n=16); grupo 3: pacientes com síndrome de Turner em tratamento com GH (n=8). A dose do GH utilizada foi de 0.1 a 0.15 U/kg/dia, via subcutânea, à noite, por 2 a 11 anos. MÉTODOS: medidas antropométricas (altura, pés e mãos), radiografia panorâmica, telerradiografia seguida pela análise cefalométrica de Ricketts e medidas lineares da base do crânio, altura facial, terço inferior da face, mandíbula e maxila, e fotografia facial de frente e perfil anualmente, por no mínimo 3 anos. As medidas lineares citadas foram comparadas com a média da população brasileira e entre si para avaliar o desenvolvimento craniofacial individual. As medidas de mãos e pés foram comparadas com atlas de morfometria e consideradas alteradas quando >P97. Os níveis de IGF1 e IGFBP3 foram mensurados a cada 6 meses para adequação da dose de GH. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente tomando-se como significantes valores de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: grupos 1 e 2 (deficiência isolada de GH ou hipopituitarismo): 3 pacientes com perfil desarmonioso obtiveram harmonia, 2 pacientes devido ao crescimento mandibular e um paciente devido ao crescimento maxilar, nenhum paciente desenvolveu desarmonia facial; observamos aumento significante da base posterior do crânio, mandíbula e terço inferior da face (p<0,05). Grupo 3 (síndrome de Turner): 2 pacientes com face desarmoniosa obtiveram harmonia, devido ao crescimento mandibular e nenhuma paciente desenvolveu desarmonia facial. Todos os pacientes, quando comparadas a análise cefalométrica de Ricketts inicial e final, mantiveram o mesmo padrão de crescimento facial. Observamos aumento das mãos em 2 pacientes (1 do sexo masculino com deficiência de GH e outra com síndrome de Turner), enquanto que o aumento dos pés foi observado em 50% das pacientes com síndrome de Turner e em 32% dos pacientes com deficiência de GH. CONCLUSÕES: A comparação das medidas cefalométricas do grupo de pacientes com deficiência de GH, virgem de tratamento, demonstrou maior atuação do GH no crescimento da base posterior do crânio e mandíbula; todos os pacientes mantiveram o mesmo padrão de crescimento craniofacial durante o acompanhamento; não houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre as medidas cefalométricas e a harmonia da face, portanto a associação dos métodos de cefalometria e análise facial por fotografia é necessária para avaliar a atuação do GH no crescimento craniofacial, houve melhora da harmonia facial em 28% dos pacientes retrognatas, devido ao crescimento mandibular, portanto pacientes retrognatas podem ser beneficiados com o tratamento com GH; não observamos desenvolvimento de desproporções faciais e nenhum paciente desenvolveu desarmonia facial no decorrer do tratamento com doses padronizadas de GH. Observamos, no entanto, aumento das extremidades, principalmente dos pés. / INTRODUCTION: Patients with GH deficiency and Turner syndrome, associated to short stature can benefit from GH treatment. There are controversies on the deleterious effect of GH on craniofacial growth; however, most of the studies are retrospective. Our objective was to carry out a prospective study to evaluate the craniofacial growth of patients in treatment with GH and the possible development of acromegalic features. PATIENTS: 30 patients with chronological age of 4.6 to 23 years and bone age of 1.5 to 13 years divided in 3 groups based on the diagnosis and GH use: group 1- patients with hypopituitarism and isolated GH deficiency naïve to GH treatment (n=6); group 2: patients with hypopituitarism and isolated GH deficiency (n=16) and group 3: patients with Turner syndrome, both already on GH treatment (n=8). GH treatment (0.1 to 0.15 U/kg/day, subcutaneously) was carried out at the night for 2 to 11 years. METHODS: Anthropometrical (height, hands and feet) measurements, panoramic x-ray, teleradiography followed by cephalometric analysis according to Ricketts and linear measurements of the skull base, facial height, lower third of the face, lower jaw and maxilla, and frontal and profile analysis of face by photography were made annually, for at least 3 years. The mentioned linear measurements were compared with the average Brazilian population and among themselves to evaluate the individual craniofacial development. The hand and foot size measurements were compared with a morphometric atlas and were considered increased when >P97. The levels of IGF1 and IGFBP3 were measured each 6 months for GH dose adequacy. The results were analyzed statistically and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Group 1 and 2 with isolated GH deficiency or hypopituitarism: 3 patients with disharmonious profile attained harmony, 2 due to the mandibular growth and 1 patient due to maxillary growth; no patient developed facial disharmony; we observed a significant increase of the posterior skull base, inferior jaw and lower third of the face (P<0.05). Group 3 with Turner syndrome: 2 patients with facial disharmony obtained harmony due to the mandibular growth and no patient developed facial disharmony. All of the patients maintained the same pattern of facial growth when the initial and final cephalometric analyses according to Ricketts were compared. Hand size increase was observed in 2 patients (1 with GH deficiency and another with Turner syndrome); foot size increase was observed in 50% of the patients with Turner syndrome and in 32% of the patients with GH deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of the cephalometric measurements of the group with GH deficiency naïve to GH treatment, demonstrated a greater GH effect on the growth of the posterior skull base and jaw; all of the patients had kept the same craniofacial growth pattern during the follow-up; there was no statistically significant correlation between the cephalometric measurements and facial harmony; therefore, the association of the methods of cephalometric and facial analysis through photography is mandatory to evaluate the effect of GH on craniofacial growth. There was an improvement in the facial harmony in 28% of the retrognathic patients due to mandibular growth; therefore, patients with mandibular retrognathism can benefit from GH treatment. None of the patients treated with standardized doses of GH developed facial disharmony during treatment. We observed however, an increase of the extremities, mainly of the feet.

O hormônio anti-Mülleriano (AMH) é um marcador de reserva ovariana e função testicular. A aplicação clínica desse hormônio requer padronização adequada de valores de referência, de acordo com o imunoensaio utilizado. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: validar o imunoensaio AMH Gen II (Beckman Coulter Company, TX, USA), estabelecer valores normais de AMH em homens e mulheres saudáveis, avaliar a influência do uso de contraceptivos hormonais, tabagismo e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) sobre os valores de AMH e verificar as concentrações séricas desse hormônio em pacientes com síndrome de Turner (ST), síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e em meninos com criptorquidismo submetidos ao teste de estímulo com rhCG (gonadotrofina coriônica humana recombinante). A validação do ensaio AMH Gen II foi realizada utilizando protocolo simplificado, conforme as recomendações do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Para estabelecer valores normais de AMH, 133 mulheres e 135 homens saudáveis foram selecionados prospectivamente. Além disso, 66 pacientes com ST, 29 com SOP e 31 com criptorquidismo foram estudados. A sensibilidade analítica e funcional do ensaio AMH Gen II foram 0,02 e 0,2 ng/mL, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de variação intra e interensaio variaram entre 5,2% - 9,0% e 4,6% - 7,8% em diferentes concentrações, respectivamente. A linearidade, paralelismo e estabilidade das amostras apresentaram percentual de recuperação entre 80% - 120%. O ensaio AMH Gen II correlacionou-se fortemente com o ensaio Immunotech anteriormente utilizado (r = 0,9; p < 0,001). No sexo feminino, os valores séricos de AMH demonstraram declínio progressivo com o aumento da idade (r = -0,4; p < 0,001). Por outro lado, os valores de AMH não diferiram entre usuárias e não usuárias de contraceptivos hormonais, entre tabagistas e não tabagistas, bem como entre mulheres obesas e não obesas. No sexo masculino, a idade não influenciou as concentrações séricas de AMH; no entanto, os valores de AMH foram significativamente reduzidos com o aumento do IMC (r = -0,3, p = 0,008), contudo, esses valores permaneceram dentro do intervalo observado no grupo de indivíduos com peso normal. Todas as pacientes com ST apresentaram valores indetectáveis de AMH. Em contraste, na SOP as concentrações de AMH foram significativamente maiores do que nos controles femininos, mas com 76% de sobreposição entre os dois grupos. Em meninos com criptorquidismo, a concordância entre os valores basais de AMH e a testosterona pósestímulo com rhCG foi de 74%, houve correlação positiva significativa entre os valores basais de AMH e a testosterona pós-estímulo (r = 0,5; p < 0,001). Em conclusão, o ensaio AMH Gen II é confiável para a determinação sérica do AMH. Valores normativos de AMH apresentaram ampla faixa de normalidade em ambos os sexos. Valores reduzidos de AMH em homens obesos encontraram-se dentro da faixa de indivíduos normais. Na ST, o potencial uso do AMH para avaliar a reserva ovariana exige estudos longitudinais. A utilização do AMH como um critério diagnóstico da SOP deve ser associada aos critérios já estabelecidos. Em meninos com criptorquidismo, um AMH normal provê informação útil sobre a função testicular, mas não exclui a necessidade do teste de estímulo com rhCG e pacientes com resultados discordantes necessitam de acompanhamento clínico / The anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a marker of ovarian reserve and testicular function. The clinical application of this hormone requires proper standardization of reference values according to the immunoassay used. The aims of this study were: to validate the AMH Gen II immunoassay (Beckman Coulter Company, TX, USA), to establish reference AMH values in healthy men and women, the influence of hormonal contraceptive use, smoking and body mass index (BMI) on the values of AMH and to check serum concentrations of this hormone in patients with Turner syndrome (TS), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and in boys with cryptorchidism underwent stimulation test rhCG (recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin).The validation of the AMH Gen II assay was performed using simplified protocol following the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. To establish reference AMH values, 133 healthy women and 135 men were prospectively selected. In addition, 66 patients with TS, 29 with PCOS and 31 with cryptorchidism were studied. The analytical and functional sensitivity of the AMH Gen II assay was 0.02 and 0.2 ng / mL, respectively. Intra and inter-assay coefficients of variation in different concentrations ranged between 5.2-9.0% and 4.6-7.8%, respectively. The linearity, parallelism and stability studies showed recovery % between 80 and 120%. The AMH Gen II assay strongly correlated with the previously used Immunotech assay (r = 0.9, p < 0.001). In females, serum AMH showed a progressive decline with increasing age (r = -0.4, p < 0.001). On the other hand, AMH values did not differ between users and nonusers of hormonal contraceptives, smokers and nonsmokers, obese and non-obese. In males, age did not influence the levels of serum AMH, however, AMH values were significantly reduced with increasing BMI (r = -0.3, p = 0.008), but, these values were within the range observed in the group of subjects with body weight. All TS patients showed undetectable AMH levels. In contrast, in PCOS AMH values were significantly higher than in women controls, but with overlap of 76% between the two groups. In boys with cryptorchidism, the concordance between baseline AMH and testosterone after stimulation with rhCG was 74%, there was a significant positive correlation between baseline AMH values and testosterone values after stimulation (r = 0.5, p < 0.001). In conclusion, AMH Gen II assay is reliable for determining the serum AMH. Reference AMH values showed a wide range in both sexes. Reduced values of AMH in obese men were within the range of normal individuals. In ST, the potential use of AMH to assess ovarian reserve requires longitudinal studies. The use of AMH as a diagnostic criterion of SOP must be based on the association with the criteria already established. In boys with cryptorchidism, a normal AMH provides useful information on testicular function, but does not exclude the need for stimulation test rhCG, patients with discordant results require follow-up

Estudos relacionando a síndrome de Turner com o estado nutricional relativo aos micronutrientes, em especial o zinco e selênio, são praticamente inexistentes. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o estado nutricional relativo ao zinco e ao selênio dessa população, considerando as diferentes fases de vida. A avaliação antropométrica das crianças mostrou que 55,6% estavam eutróficas e 44,4% com sobrepeso, de acordo com o índice de peso/estatura. As adolescentes foram classificadas segundo o percentil de IMC ajustado para a idade, onde 73,7% estavam eutróficas e 26,3% com sobrepeso. Em relação ao grupo das adultas, 42,9% estavam com sobrepeso e 14,3% com obesidade, considerando o IMC (kg/(m)2). A avaliação do consumo alimentar foi realizada por meio do software Nutwin, mostrando que a ingestão de zinco dietético de 35,7% das participantes do estudo estava abaixo da EAR. Em relação à ingestão de selênio, observou-se que 100% das pacientes consumiram quantidades deste mineral acima da EAR. Na avaliação da concentração de zinco plasmático foi demonstrado que 22,2%, 68,4% e 14,3% das crianças, adolescentes e adultas estavam deficientes em zinco. A concentração de zinco eritrocitário apresentou-se deficiente em 66,7% das crianças, 57,9% das adolescentes e 28,6% das adultas. Na avaliação da excreção urinária de zinco observou-se que mais de 50% da população estudada estavam eliminando baixas concentrações desse mineral. Em relação ao estado nutricional de selênio, 77,8% das crianças, 78,9% das adolescentes e 85,7% das adultas encontravam-se deficientes em selênio plasmático e 55,6%, 52,6% e 57,1% das crianças, adolescentes e adultas, respectivamente, estavam deficientes em selênio eritrocitário. Opercentual de crianças, adolescentes e adultas com baixas concentrações de selênio na urina foi de 100%, 94,7% e 100%, respectivamente. A determinação da concentração de selênio nas unhas mostrou que 100% das crianças, 93,8% das adolescentes e 66,7% das adultas se encontravam com valores reduzidos neste compartimento. Os resultados da atividade da glutationa peroxidase se mostraram dentro dos limites de normalidade nas três fases de desenvolvimento. Assim, pode se concluir que o estado nutricional relativo ao zinco e ao selênio está deficiente para grande parte das pacientes, visto que as concentrações desses micronutrientes encontram-se reduzidos para a maioria dos parâmetros utilizados. / Studies relating to Turner Syndrome with the nutritional status on micronutrients, in particular zinc and selenium are practically non-existent. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status on zinc and selenium in this population, considering the different stages of life. Anthropometric evaluation of the children showed that 55.6% were eutrophic and 44.4% with overweight, according to the rate of weight/height. The adolescents were c1assified according to the percentile of BMI adjusted for age, where 73.7% were eutrophic and 26.3% with overweight. Regarding the group of adults, 42.9% were overweight and 14.3% with obesity, according BMI (kg/m2). The assessment of food consumption was made through the software Nutwin, demonstrating that the intake of dietary zinc, 35.7% of participants in the study were below the EAR. Regarding the intake of selenium, it was observed that 100% of patients consumed quantities of this mineral above the EAR. In assessing the plasma concentration of zinc has been shown that 22.2%, 68.4% e 14.3% of children, adolescents and adults were deficient in zinco The concentrations of zinc in erythrocyte were deficient 66.7% of children, 57.9% of adolescents and 28.6% of adults. In assessing the urinary excretion of zinc observed that 55.6%,57.9% and 66.7% of children, adolescents and adults, respectively, eliminate low concentrations of this mineral. The nutritional status of selenium, 77.8% of children, 78.9% of adolescents and 85.7% of adults were found deficient in plasmatic selenium and 55.6%, 52.6% and 57.1% of children, adolescents and adults, respectively, were deficient for selenium in erythrocyte. The percentage of children, adolescents and adults with low concentrations of selenium in urine was 100%, 94.7% and 100% respectively. The determination of the concentration of selenium Nail showed that 100% of children, adolescents and 93.8% from 66.7% of adults with values were reduced in this compartment. The results of the activity of glutathione peroxidase were within the limits of normality in the three stages of development. Thus, it can be concluded that the nutritional status on the zinc and selenium is deficient for most patients, because the concentrations of these micronutrients, are reduced for most of the parameters used.

Measurement of absorption spectra of plasma during reactive ion etching enables characterization of etched species and control over the etching process. Aim of this diploma thesis is to design spectroscope with Czerny-Turner configuration for reactive ion etching system. Developed spectroscope achieves 1 nm resolution in 350-800 nm range. Device was tested during reactive ion etching of silicon.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to map the form and development of funeral customs in the southern part of the Roman Catholic parish Český Dub - in the collature of the church of St. Jakub Major in Letařovice from the middle of the 19th century to the second half of the 20th century. The focus is on the local village community, its experience of the death of its own member and the form of the funeral rite, which allowed the deceased to pass from the world of the living to the world of the dead. The work analyzes funeral rituals and their development through the prism of the theory of rites of passage, specifically through the perspective of Victor Turner and the analysis of the liminal phase. It also shows the reason for ritual behavior and its performative parts. The work reflects the modernization and secularization of society and tries to reveal their influence on the rituality of burials in Letařovice. It analyzes with bureaucratization and sanitation of funeral homes. The first part of this diploma thesis presents the development of burial in the Czech lands and regional historical context. Furthermore, the traditional rural funeral in the Letařovice cemetery, its spiritual and secular part, is depicted and analyzed, as it looked for the entire period - farewell in the mourning house,...

El presente trabajo se propone ofrecer una investigación que analiza y sistematiza las veladas literarias que organizó Clorinda Matto durante el periodo de la posguerra. En dichas reuniones, la autora utilizó estratégicamente el espacio doméstico como antesala para difundir su modelo de sociedad ideal. Este último traspasó las fronteras del ámbito privado al público por medio de la prensa. El trabajo, en consecuencia, se ha dividido en dos capítulos.Así, en el primero se toma como referencia las veladas de Juana Manuela Gorriti, para estudiar cuáles son los vasos comunicantes entre las veladas de preguerra con las de posguerra y; además,cómo delimitan sus propias fronteras a partir de los temas trabajados y discutidos en ambos salones. Por otro lado, en el segundo capítulo, estudiamos cuáles fueron las líneas discursivas debatidas en las veladas mattianas. En ese sentido, la inclusión del indígena y la secularización de la educación femenina fueron los ejes temáticos discutidos durante el paulatino desarrollo de las reuniones de posguerra.Por ello,analizamos cómo se relacionan entre sí los textos leídos en las veladas y de qué manera se configuran en relación al proyecto social de la propia Clorinda y de los intelectuales que la acompañaron a lo largo del primer año de sus reuniones. Para ello, proponemos revisar la prensa periódica y semanal contemporánea a las veladas (El Perú Ilustrado, El Nacional y La Opinión Nacional), para entender cómo sincrónicamente se construyó a las reuniones mattianasy cuál fue el espacio que se les confirió. / Tesis

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka konsumism med hjälp av religionsvetenskapliga teorier om ritual och myt. Med hjälp av framförallt Victor Turners ritualteori och Bruce Lincolns mytteori studerar vi exempelfallen Harley Davidson, Saab, Coca-Cola, Corona, Mountain Dew och Snapple samt hur köpcentra och stormarknader kan fungera som rituellt rum.Med konsumism menar vi konsumtion som en kulturellt viktig handling. Ett fenomen som uppstår när vi har så pass mycket materiella tillgångar att vi har möjlighet att köpa saker för att vi vill ha dem, inte för att vi behöver dem. För vårt religionsvetenskapliga grundperspektiv använder vi oss av Clifford Geertz religionsdefinition.Vi har visat att reklamer kan studeras utifrån ett religionsvetenskapligt perspektiv, då framförallt som myter. Med hjälp av en strukturalistisk analysmetod kan vi påvisa att exempelvis Coca-Colas underliggande mytem är en myt vänskap, där den rituella handlingen av att ge en Coca-Cola till någon mytiskt skapar en slags samhörighet och vänskap. Corona har å sin sida skapat sig en rituell och mytisk ö på vilken deras reklamer fungerar. Vi kan se hur Mountain Dew och Snapple använder sig av en slags minimal offentlig religion för att skapa sina egna märken som kulturellt betydelsefulla symboler.Vi diskuterar även vad som händer med våra religionsvetenskapliga begrepp när vi applicerar dem på ett material som vanligtvis inte betraktas som religionsvetenskapligt, och menar att det finns en intressant korsbefruktning mellan olika kulturvetenskapliga områden.

The thesis explores the work of two disparate figures, John Ruskin (1819-1900) and Albert Smith (1816-1860) who, together, helped transform the way the Alps were perceived in the mid nineteenth century. Both esteemed the Alps in their own way, although Ruskin’s cultural aestheticism contrasting markedly to the popular showmanship of Smith. Nevertheless, both Ruskin’s five-volumed Modern Painters (1843-1860), and Smith’s theatrical shows describing his ascent of Mont Blanc (1852-1858), contributed significantly to the growing popularity of the landscape resulting in the Alpine Club (1857) and the birth of modern tourism in the region. This work examines in detail the work and interests of both characters. This includes Ruskin’s drawings, art theory (especially in relation to his admiration of Turner), geological interests, religious convictions, and poetry. These reveal his desire to centre ideas of the sublime around his scientific interest in the area and the legacy of his Evangelical upbringing. The thesis investigates the tension between these elements. Smith’s climb of Mont Blanc (1851) and his subsequent shows highlighted his desire to thrill and entertain. For him, presentation of the Alps was a matter of showmanship and the thesis investigates his success, tracing its roots in elements of Victorian popular entertainment. Both Smith’s shows, and works like Of Mountain Beauty (Volume IV of Modern Painters (1856)), inspired many to explore the landscape for themselves. For Ruskin, this led to a decline in his interest in the Alps following the development of the rail network and the expansion of popular tourist sites, including his beloved Chamonix. For Smith, the public’s increasing familiarity with the region, and the popularity of other stories of Alpine ascents by members of the Alpine Club, led to a decline in interest in his shows by the end of the 1850s. Due to their interest in the region, the Romantic appreciation of the Alps in the early nineteenth century associated with theories of the sublime became a much more diverse phenomenon illustrating a number of key features of Victorian culture, including: the relationship of ‘high’ and ‘popular’ culture; the increasing influence of mass tourism; and the ways in which major figures in Victorian Britain explored and utilised foreign destinations. The thesis will also, from time to time, examine the relationship between cultural and visual forms and key elements in Victorian intellectual controversy, including the relationship of religion and science.