The aim of this diploma thesis is making design of device for setting tyres into the machine for ozone deterioration of tyres with following parametres: tyre size 295/80 R22,5, deployment profile of tyres, its foundation into the machine and sealing ozone atmosphere. The first part of this thesis contain research retailing to issues of tyre. After that there si presented design, which is completely making in programme Autodesk Inventor 2010. Calcutations are making in programme Mathcad 14 and deformation load, mainly construction, is making in programme Ansys 12.1. Finally there is making drawings.

The aim of this thesis is a construction concept of tyre rolling resistance measuring device. The first part deals with the rolling resistance. It describes its causes, its influential factors and it also includes rolling resistance identification methods. The second part deals with construction design of the rolling resistance measuring device itself. It contains stress analysis, and fatigue analyses as well. It includes selection of transducers used for tyre rolling resistance measuring and also measurement error analyses. The last part focuses on estimated financial requirements connected with producing and assembling the designed measuring device.

With a large amount of tyres being discarded every year, the question of how to manage the end-of-life tyres (ELTs) has become a serious issue. Thus this study identifies different driving forces for this management and the most possible scenarios for the future management of ELTs. The study also compares the business as usual model with a waste hierarchy model to explore the possibilities for optimizing management of ELTs through cascading. This study collects opinions about the driving forces of ELT management from 29 experts working in the area. Important driving forces identified were: price of substitute products, recycled materials’ market, environmental legislation, and technology. This study also surveys 23 experts in the tyre area about the most possible scenarios for ELTs in 2020. One of the more believed in futures was: “Due to increasingly limited fossil fuels and a rise of sustainability awareness, applications for ELTs are growing both in material and energy recycling.” This suggests that a shift toward an equal recycling situation of ELTs among material and energy might be likely to happen by 2020. Based on the most possible scenario for ELTs in 2020, a comparison between waste hierarchy model and business as usual model has been performed. The result shows that the (cascading) waste hierarchy model would likely create more environmental benefits than business as usual model. This is done though the saving and cycling of more materials from energy recovery into material recycling.

Antalet bilar har ökat stadigt genom åren och i mars 2019 befann sig nästan 4,9 miljoner personbilar i aktiv användning i Sverige. Något som inte får lika mycket uppmärksamhet som koldioxidutsläpp från trafiken och slitage av vägar är slitaget av bildäck. Regeringen har därmed tillsatt ett uppdrag där mängden mikroplastutsläpp ska kvantifieras, sprida kunskap om problemet och utveckla åtgärder mot utsläppen. En av myndigheterna som fått detta uppdrag är Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI), med vilka detta arbete genomfördes. Arbetet går ut på att försöka kvantifiera utsläppen av mikroplastutsläpp från personbilar samt undersöka vilka typer av slitage som är vanligast förekommande. Rapporten består av två delar, en litteraturstudie som ska ge en klar bild av nuläget, typer av däck, vad mikroplaster är samt varför slitage uppstår. Under den andra delen genomfördes mätningar på kasserade däck, där mönsterdjupsprofiler, vikt, mönsterdjup, DOT märkning, modell, märke, typ av däck och dimensioner antecknades. Med hjälp av profilerna och originaldata som tillhandahölls av olika däcktillverkare kunde de vanligaste slitagen bestämmas och den bortslitna vikten och volymen kunde uppskattas. De vanligaste typerna av slitage är centrum-, jämnt- och sidoslitage, vilket beror på för högt lufttryck i däcken, samt fel hjulinställningar. Den totala årliga mängden utsläpp av mikroplaster från personbilar uppskattades ligga mellan 8 300 och 16 700 ton. / The number of cars has been on a steady increase in Sweden and in mars 2019 there were almost 4,9 million cars in active use. Nowadays most of the attention is focused on pollution through carbon dioxide and the wear of roads. However, a problem that often goes unrecognized is the tear of car tyres and the release of microplastics into the environment. In order to quantify the amount of microplastics released into the environment, the Swedish government has instructed The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) to carry through with this. The aim of this report is to, with the help of VTI, try to quantify the amount of microplastics released from private car traffic and examine the main types of tyre wear. This report consists of two parts, one study of what microplastics is and how tyre wear arises. The second part consists of measuring, where used tyres have had their weight and tread measured. The profile of the tear, DOT number, production date, model, dimensions and type of tyre is additional data that was collected. Through the use of data provided by the tyre companies and the collected data, the total loss of weight and volume together with a yearly weight and volume loss could be calculated. Through analysis of the tyre profiles and their tread depths the most occurring type of wear patterns was determined, which were central, even and side wear. The estimated yearly amount of microplastics released in Sweden was between 8 300 and 16 700 tonnes.

Within this thesis I aim to prove that working outside my personal artistic comfort zone has ultimately been beneficial to all my work as a theatre artist. Specifically, I explore the greater merit of choosing to wrestle with a project that, from the beginning, felt far beyond my capabilities and scope as a director. This thesis explores the many challenges I faced and skills I developed during the process of directing my first Shakespearean play. Throughout my analysis of the production process I explore many of the areas where my theatrical view was clearly expanded. I spend less time, discussing the strengths that I believe I do have as a theater director and how those tools helped to keep me grounded in those moments when I felt like I was the wrong director for the project. I have been told that one of my greatest strengths as a director is my ability and desire to collaborate. I hold my collaborators’ ideas and insights in the highest regard. I sincerely believe that for each project, the right people are in the right room at the right time and that it takes a good listener and a sense of clarity and direction to achieve something beautiful and meaningful, together. I am able to rally a group of artists around one common cause. Part of this skill is that I am committed to working in great detail with each individual within a group. Regardless of the size of the cast, one of my strengths as a director is that I am able to help actors find a level of integrity and depth in their work that often translates to actors who deliver proud and confident performances. In the end, even though Pericles is not contemporary edgy fare, it is quite a compelling and twisted tale. Although, I have certainly been attracted to the odd and macabre, Pericles is more than that. It is also spiritual and aims to heal the human soul. I found this cause a worthy one and one worth the time and efforts of our talented and dedicated artistic team.

The accumulation of microplastics (MPs) are a growing concern for the environment, the maximum contributor to the MP pollution is tyre wear particles or TWPs. TWPs can accumulate in the environment and remain there for long periods of time and hence have the ability to disrupt ecosystems. With nearly 6,000,000 tons of TWPs being emitted each year globally there is a need to study theiroccurrence and fate in terms of why and how these particles get created and where they end up in the environment. The occurrence and fate of tyre wear particles (TWPs) were investigated, and a model was created in Python to simulate the flow of TWPs in a stormwater system at a test site on Highway E18 in Sweden. In the literature review it was found that the generation of TWPs is highly dependent on annual average daily traffic and the type of the road; it is also dependent on the driving behaviour such as acceleration, making unnecessary turns and the use of studded tyres in the winter. The TWPs are generally transported via stormwater but wind also plays a crucial role in transporting TWPs which are of a smaller size than 10 µm. Although the common notion is that the TWPs get washed into rivers,the literature review also suggests that most TWPs get trapped in soil that is covered with vegetation. Three processes were simulated in the developed model, namely transport, hetero-aggregation and settling. The results clearly show that a rainfall with an intensity of 40 mm during 15 min providesminimum settling in the stormwater system, and a 10 mm rainfall with a duration of more than 30 hasmaximum settling. Hetero-aggregation and settling is directly dependent on particle size and hence larger particle sizes have a higher probability of attaching to another particle or to settle in the pipes or wells of the stormwater system. It was also observed that the flow patterns such as depth, discharge and velocity of flow largely affect the settling and hetero-aggregation in the stormwater system. Most particles remain unaffected in short duration and high intensity rainfalls; the opposite is true for the longer duration and lower intensity rainfalls. Using the model, a stormwater system can be designed to trap or to flush out TWPs from the system. Also, the concentration of TWPs in the sinks can be known using the model that is created in this study

A large portion of the world’s total emissions is caused by the transport sector where rolling resistance is one of the contributing factors. The inner tyre temperature is a factor that greatly influences the rolling resistance. The effect of temperature and rolling resistance is often examined in standardised tests carried out in a lab environment. In this work, field tests were carried to find out typical operating temperatures in real driving scenarios. The field tests were carried out on one set of A-class tyres and one set of B-class tyres at different speeds: city-, small country road-, large country road- and motorway driving. Tests were performed in varying ambient temperatures and weather conditions. The results show that the rear inner tyre temperature varies between 11 to 36C in the spring around Linköping in Sweden. A brush model was also developed to see how accurately the rolling resistance could be predicted. With springs, dampers, and Coulomb friction elements the behaviour of rubber was captured. The final model contains five model parameters that were estimated by parameter fitting to measurement data, using optimisation. Measurements were carried out at a test rig that measures the forces acting on the tyre. The measurements were performed for both the A-class and B-class tyre at two different temperatures corresponding to the findings from the field tests. The results show that the developed model has a promising correlation with the measurements for all loads and speeds that were tested.

The tyre is an essential part of a road vehicle. It is in the contact between road and tyre that the forces that create the possibility for the driver to control the vehicle are generated. Tyres, however, wear down, which leads to both unhealthy wear particles and disposal of old tyres, both of which are harmful to the environment. If one could learn more about what causes wear, it might be possible to reduce tyre wear, which would be beneficial from both an economic and an ecological point of view. The aim of this thesis work is to develop a tyre model that can simulate tyre wear and take temperature, pressure and vehicle settings into account. Based on tyre brush theory, a tyre wear model has been developed which includes a thermal model, a pressure model and a friction model. Simulations and analysis of different cases has been performed. From the results, one can conclude the following: the tyre temperature and inflation pressure change with the distance the vehicle travels at the beginning and later become steady; higher external temperature will decrease tyre wear rate since the inflation pressure increases with the external temperature and the sliding friction decreases; higher vehicle speed leads to a higher tyre wear rate; the tyre temperature increases with increasing vehicle speed; the amount of tyre wear increases linearly with the normal load on the tyre; the tyre wear increases with the slip ratio exponentially due to both the siding distance and the sliding friction increasing with the slip ratio; the tyre wear increases exponentially with the slip angle. The complete model can estimate the tyre wear with different vehicle settings and external factors. More experiments are needed in the future to validate the complete model. In addition, since the heat transfer coefficient is changeable with temperature, the thermal model can be improved by introducing dynamic heat transfer coefficients. The Savkoor friction model used in the report can also be improved by tuning its parameters using more experimental data.

Energy dissipation, fuel consumption, real-estate property prices and health issues are some of the aspects related to the tyre/pavement interaction and its functional properties of rolling resistance and noise. The first two aspects are affected by the tyre/road interaction as energy is dissipated mostly by hysteretic losses as the tyre is subjected to dynamic deformations when contacting the pavement surface. The other effect of this contact system that is analysed in this thesis is noise. Excessive noise exposure leads to a decrease in real-estate property values and even health issues such as increased blood pressure, sleep disturbance, cognitive impairment in children, among others. To mitigate such issues, a good understanding of the underlying causes is crucial and therefore a holistic approach was used to analyse the contact interaction in a more comprehensive way, encompassing the pavement, tyre, environmental and contact media (contaminations). Both noise and rolling resistance were analysed after subjecting the contact system to controlled interventions in one variable while maintaining the other variables constant and then comparing to a reference condition. In the first part of the investigative work, different tyres were tested while maintaining the pavement, environment and contact media constant, allowing an evaluation of the impact of winter tyres on noise and rolling resistance. In the second part, an intervention in the pavement was applied while maintaining the other variables constant. allowing an evaluation of the impact of surface grinding on noise and rolling resistance. The first part quantified how noisier studded tyres are in comparison to non-studded tyres, yet no substantial difference in rolling resistance was found. The second part revealed the potential of the horizontal grinding to reduce noise and rolling resistance, having a limitation, on the duration of such effects, especially for Swedish roads where studded tyres are used. / Energiförluster, bränsleförbrukning, fastighetspriser och hälsoproblem är några av de effekter som följer av däckens interaktion med vägytan och som relaterar till de funktionella egenskaperna för rullmotstånd och buller. De första två effekterna uppkommer av väg- och däckinteraktionen eftersom energi förbrukas mestadels genom hysteresförluster när däcken utsätts för dynamiska deformationer vid kontakt med vägytan. Den andra effekten av däck/vägkontakten som analyseras i avhandlingen är buller. Alltför hög bullerexponering intill boendemiljöer leder till minskning av fastighetspriser och även till hälsoproblem såsom ökat blodtryck, sömnstörning, kognitiv försämring hos barn, med mera. För att mildra sådana problem, är det avgörande att ha en god förståelse av de bakomliggande orsakerna, och därför används här ett helhetsgrepp för att genomföra en mer omfattande analys av interaktionen. Analysen inkluderar egenskaper hos vägytan, däcken, omgivande miljö samt kontaktmedier (förorenande skikt).. Både buller och rullmotstånd har analyserats efter att på ett kontrollerat sätt ha varierat en viss variabel medan de andra variablerna hållits konstanta, och sedan jämföra resultaten med referensförhållandet. I den första delen av denna undersökning provades flera olika däck medan vägytan, miljö- och kontaktmedier hölls konstanta. Detta möjliggjorde en utvärdering av effekterna av olika vinterdäck på rullmotstånd och buller. I den andra delen beskrivs effekter av en förändring av vägytan, utförd genom att slipa bort topparna i vägtexturen, medan de andra variablerna hålls konstanta.. Den första delen kvantifierar bullerökningen vid användning av dubbdäck i jämförelse med odubbade vinterdäck. Några betydande skillnader i rullmotstånd hittades däremot inte mellan de två däckgrupperna. Den andra delen av texten visar på potentialen av horisontell slipning för att minska buller och rullmotstånd, dock är varaktigheten begränsad; särskilt för svenska vägar där dubbdäck används. / <p>QC 20180212</p>

Yes / This article presents transient handling analysis with a full-vehicle non-linear multi-body dynamic model, having 102 degrees of freedom. A transient cornering manoeuvre, with a constant steer angle and velocity has been undertaken. The effects of aerodynamic lift and drag forces have been included in the simulation tests. The vehicle handling characteristics with and without aerodynamic forces have been compared and various observations made. The aerodynamic forces have been predicted by a k¿1 model solution of the Navier¿Stokes equations for turbulent flow. The numerical predictions for the evaluation of aerodynamic lift coefficient agrees well with the scaled-down air tunnel experimental work, using hot-wire anemometry