The topic and general objective of this work is to show how civic engagement functions in public policy, specifically in the social area. Then based on a descriptive case study, a specific objective is the analysis of a non-governmental organization Platform for Social Housing and the specifics of its advocatory function. These phenomena are observed in the context of the Czech Republic. The theoretical part of the work is divided into four chapters covering basic concepts and definitions of concepts. The first chapter specifies the theoretical framework of public policy on the state level, the second chapter does the same for civic society. The third chapter builds on previous chapters and focuses on the relationship between the state and non-governmental organizations, as well as the role of civic engagement in the public policies. The fourth, a more practically-oriented chapter, contains the theoretical framework of lobbying.

Bedingt durch Digitalisierung und Globalisierung, Inter- als auch Intra-Wettbewerb sind verstärkt Managemententscheidungen im Messewesen hin zur Internationalisierung zu beobachten. Wirtschaftlich sehr bedeutend, ist China auch für die Internationalisierungsstrategien von Messeveranstaltern essentiell. Dabei erfolgt beim Transfer der Heimatmesse vom Standort Deutschland nach Asien entweder eine Anpassung oder eine Differenzierung der Messemarke. Die Forschungsarbeit fußt auf dem Verständnis der holistischen Markengestaltung des Leistungsbündels „Messeveranstaltung“ mittels Marken-Design. Ausgehend von der Markenarchitektur der messespezifischen Dachmarkenstrategie und deren kommunikationspolitischen Markenführungselementen werden Implikationen auf die physisch-kommunikative Gestaltung internationalisierter Transfermarken getroffen. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die wahrnehmungsbezogene Evaluation visueller Stimuli bzw. Schemata und deren identitätsorientierten Wirkung in der Outside-In Perspektive des asiatischen Marktes. Kulturspezifische Merkmale des Auslandsmarktes sind dabei erstmalig in der Gestaltung von Messemarken berücksichtigt. Per dato nicht betrachtet, weist die Arbeit mittels Marken-Fit-Analyse Imagetransfereffekte empirisch nach. Somit ist eine Ableitung von Handlungsempfehlungen für das Markenmanagement von Messeveranstaltern möglich und der Transfer von Theorie zur Praxis wird hergestellt.

For three decades, the ongoing HIV pandemic has taken the lives of tens of millions of people. Still, more tens of millions are fighting this incurable disease today. Current failures in combating this global problem are caused mainly by the virus's extreme ability of mutation, its very effective molecular shield which repels the immune system's attacks, and its immense variability. A breakthrough, achieved relatively recently, is the discovery of the so-called broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, which carry a very efficient and broad neutralizing response. So far, it's not known how to elucidate the production of these antibodies in the infected hosts to quell or altogether eliminate the virus. This work deals with experimental results, which led to both in vivo and in vitro proof-of-concept of the so-called protein mimetics, the ability to imitate viral surface epitopes, and therefore stimulate an efficient immune response carried by targeted broadly neutralizing antibodies. This effect is mediated by recombinant binding proteins, based on the Myomedin scaffold. This work describes the selection and characterization of these binding proteins mimicking the epitopes of one of the most effective broadly neutralizing antibodies, 10E8. It shows that the binding affinities of selected...

本研究從消費者的觀點出發，比較功能型或象徵型的母品牌，進行產品線向下延伸時，以母品牌直接推出或品牌傘兩種策略下，不同奢華態度消費者的購買意願是否有所差異。 本研究經由前測，選擇兩種產品類別進入正式實驗，並為兩產品類別進行品牌傘策略的產品線延伸，各創造一個副品牌，以及向下延伸的價格。數位相機類別中，以SONY為象徵型品牌，以Nikon為功能型品牌，並以Quanta為副品牌名稱，依7999元推出新款數位相機；手錶類別中，以Swatch為象徵型品牌，以Casio為功能型品牌，並以Axis為副品牌名稱，依899元推出新款手錶。本研究總共模擬8張彩色平面廣告，施測於320位政大學生，進行2 (產品線向下延伸策略：以母品推出、品牌傘策略) x 2 (品牌觀念：功能型、象徵型) x 2 (消費者奢華態度：高、低奢華態度群) 的實驗。 研究結果顯示：一、就品牌策略主效果而言，消費者對於以母品牌直接推出低價新產品的購買意願，高於品牌傘策略。二、在品牌觀念的調節作用下，象徵型品牌推出低價新產品時，以母品牌直接推出低價新產品的消費者購買意願，優於品牌傘策略的程度，大於功能型品牌。三、在高價品牌推出低價新產品時，高奢華態度的消費者，在以母品牌直接推出時的購買意願，優於品牌傘策略的幅度，大於低奢華態度的消費者。 當該品牌為功能品牌時，消費者在兩品牌策略下的購買意願間差距較小，此時企業可較為彈性運用此兩種策略推出低價新產品；而當品牌為象徵型品牌時，消費者對以母品牌推出的低價新產品之購買意願，較品牌傘策略下高出許多，因此企業以母品牌推出低價新產品，應能吸引較多的消費者。 該品牌的目標客群主要為低奢華態度群時，目標客群對兩品牌策略的購買意願間差距較小，企業可彈性使用兩種策略；當目標客群主要為高奢華態度群，兩品牌策略下的購買意願差距大，以母品牌推出低價新產品，能吸引較多的消費者。 / The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of two kinds of product downward line stretch’s branding strategies: original branding strategy and umbrella branding strategy. Based on the moderate effect of brand concept and consumer attitude toward luxury, the influence of these two strategies on the consumer purchase intention will be evaluated. Cameras and watches were selected as products for this study. When dividing brand concept into symbolic and functional concept, Sony and Nikon were selected as the camera brands by this order; Swatch and Casio were also chosen as the watch brands. A 2 (product downward line stretch’s branding strategies: original branding strategy and umbrella branding strategy) x 2 (brand concept: functional brand and symbolic brand) x 2 (consumer’s attitude toward luxury: positive and negative) experimental design collected data from 320 Cheng-chi university students through 8 color printed advertisements. The main effect of brand strategy suggested that the original branding strategy is prior to the umbrella branding strategy on consumer purchase intention. Under the moderate effect of brand concept, it is suggested that the gap between the original branding strategy prior to the umbrella branding strategy on the consumer purchase intention is wider for the symbolic brand than for the functional brand. Under the moderate effect of consumer’s attitude toward luxury, it is suggested that the gap between the original branding strategy prior to the umbrella branding strategy on the consumer purchase intention of consumers with positive attitude toward luxury is wider than consumers with negative attitude toward luxury. To sum up, firms must differentiate brand strategies between brand concepts of brand and attitudes toward luxury of consumers, when deciding which branding strategy to extend to low priced products.

Inscrite dans la dialectique changement-permanence, la stabilité juridique ne saurait s'opposer au changement normatif. Si rien ne changeait, il n'y aurait nul besoin de parler de stabilité, mais tout simplement d'intangibilité, d'immutabilité ou même d'éternité du droit. Par la stabilité, on cherche donc à garantir deux valeurs juridiques importantes : l'évolution du droit et la sécurité juridique. Tout produit juridique aspire à la stabilité. Sur le terrain du droit objectif, la stabilité est protégée afin d'éviter des situations d'inflation normative, de désordre dans la production normative, et de faciliter l'application des produits juridiques dans le temps. Sur le terrain des droits subjectifs, elle est souvent protégée afin d'assurer le maintien des situations juridiques individuelles malgré l'écoulement du temps. Ces aspects transparaissent dans le droit international des investissements à travers l'attente légitime de stabilité juridique. Cela étant, pour qu'une telle attente de stabilité juridique présente un caractère légitime, il faut qu'existe un engagement explicite ou implicite de l'État en ce sens et que les investisseurs se comportent d'une façon diligente et de bonne foi. Sur le plan substantiel, l’investisseur ne doit également pas s’attendre à ce que le droit ne change pas, car le droit est évolutif par nature. En revanche, il peut légitimement s’attendre à ce que les changements normatifs soient introduits de façon prévisible et non arbitraire. La violation de la stabilité juridique de la part de l'État engage sa responsabilité internationale. Au-delà de toutes ces considérations, la stabilité juridique fait face aujourd'hui à de nombreux bouleversements, le plus important semblant être son émergence en tant que principe coutumier de droit international. / Discussions of legal stability involve the notions of change and permanence; therefore, legal stability cannot oppose legal change. If nothing changed, there would be no need to talk of stability, and one would simply speak of intangibility, immutability or even of the eternity of the law. Through stability we seek to ensure two important legal values: the development of law and the principle of legal security. Stability is a central aspiration of every law. In the field of objective law, stability is protected in order to prevent a surfeit of laws, disorder in the legislative process and to facilitate the application of laws over time. In the field of subjective rights, it often exists in order to maintain certain specific legal situations and rights in spite of the passage of time. These aspects are reflected in international investment law through the legitimate expectation of legal stability. This being the case, so that such an expectation of legal stability be considered legitimate, there must be an explicit or implicit commitment by the State in this direction and investors must act diligently and in good faith. On the substantive side, it is also necessary that the investor does not expect the law not to change given that law evolves with time. Nevertheless, the investor can legitimately expect that regulatory changes be introduced in a predictable and non-arbitrary manner. Violation of legal stability by the State incurs international liability. Beyond these considerations, today legal stability faces a lot of challenges; the most important of which seems to be its emergence as a customary principle of international law.

Background: All brands need to keep moving and to keep building their stories by bringing new and exciting products or experiences. During the last twenty years, companies have been more and more convinced that their brands are among their most valuable resources and today we see an increasing trend of brand extension attempts, however with a significant number of failures, as well.The strategies of how a brand extension should be done, have been published in several books during the last decades. Despite of this, some companies still do not see the link between brand extension and business development. There seem to be a certain lack of knowledge and understanding of the underlying factors that affect a brand extension. In this study, we would therefore like to examine and identify these different factors in order to create a greater understanding of branding strategies.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to research, describe and analyse the nature of horizontal brand extensions in order to create a theory regarding the essential key factors to take into consideration before considering an extension. Based on the theory, the hypothesis will be tested empirically in order to strengthen- or reject it.Methodology: This study is made with a deductive approach, where the theoretical framework, based on previous presented theories, has led to the conformation of our hypothesis, which has later on been applied to the findings from the empirical researches in order to confirm or discard our hypothesis.The empirical basis consists of qualitative interviews with respondents from two companies with experience from horizontal brand extension: Craft of Scandinavia and Peak Performance.Conclusion: Our conclusion from this research is that for a horizontal extension to be successful it must:‐ Be a part of a brand with a clear brand image and plan, for the brand ­‐ Fit the brand ‐ Live up to the original brand promise - Fit with the old associations and generate new, positive associations to the brand ­‐ Have high perceived quality and trust in the mind of the customer- Be a part of a risk evaluation in order to limit the risks and obtain a more realistic view of the extension. / Program: Textil produktutveckling med entreprenörs- och affärsinriktning

本研究以原產品與延伸產品之「認知產品類別相似度」為中介變數，探討「品牌延伸」及「品牌傘」兩種新產品品牌策略對於消費者評價反向延伸之影響。反向延伸意指「當原屬於品類A（以下稱原品類）的廠商1（以下稱原廠商）品牌延伸至另一個品類B（以下稱延伸品類）後，原屬於品類B的廠商2（以下稱反向延伸廠商）亦反向延伸至品類A。」研究中並探討「消費者產品知識」與「原廠商品牌寬度」兩者對於新產品品牌策略的調節效果，進而影響消費者認知品類相似度及反向延伸評價。 本研究採2（新產品成功之品牌策略：品牌延伸策略、品牌傘策略）x2（原廠商品牌寬度：窄品牌Nokia、寬品牌LG）x2（消費者產品知識：產品知識高、產品知識低）之實驗設計，並設計無提供先前延伸成功經驗之控制組。根據前測結果，選定手機為原品牌之原產品、數為相機為延伸產品。推出新產品之原手機廠商之窄品牌為Nokia、寬品牌為LG，而數位相機廠商進行反向延伸的品牌則為Canon。 研究結果發現，原產品與延伸產品類別之認知品類相似度為新產品品牌策略與反向延伸評價之中介變數，且當原廠商跨產品類別推出新產品成功，相較於品牌傘策略，品牌延伸策略將使消費者對於認知產品品類相似度提升效果較大、反向延伸之評價也較好。調節效果方面，當消費者產品知識低時，消費者之認知產品類別相似度被提昇的程度較高，且有較佳之反向延伸評價，然其於不同品牌策略間所產生的差異較小；原廠商認知品牌寬度方面，當品牌寬度窄時，消費者之認知產品類別相似度被提昇的程度亦較高，且亦有較佳的反向延伸評價，然品牌寬度較窄的廠商於不同品牌策略間所造成的認知產品類別相似度及反向延伸評價之提升效果差異皆較大。

In my work, I want to focus on the perceived advantages and disadvantages of membership in the umbrella organization. This topic, I will discuss from the perspectives of the member organizations. This is a specific segment associations - the patient organizations focused to patients with rare diseases. It is clear that cooperation in the umbrella organization brings advantages, but it is probable that it can also bring some disadvantages. For my work I choose the Czech Association for rare diseases. In the Czech Republic is the only organization in the civil sector, focusing exclusively on rare diseases. The goal of the master thesis is to find out the perceived advantages and disadvantages, and how it is related to the level of activity of members of the umbrella organization. Further, I want to compare the data with the theoretical literature in order that differs. Theme of umbrella in the Czech Republic is almost unexplored. There are only a few expert papers in this area. That's why I decided to focus on cooperation in civil sector (organization focus on rare diseases), which is relatively unknown. Keys words: advantages of cooperation, disadvantages of cooperation, rare disease, advocacy function, information function, umbrella organizations, patient organizations, Czech Association for Rare...

Établissant une relation entre un État ou l’une de ses émanations, d’une part, et un investisseur d’autre part, le droit des investissements étrangers se meut au-delà de la distinction droit public/droit privé. Compte tenu du fait qu’il se situe à un point de jonction entre le droit international et le droit interne, le droit des investissements pose d’importantes questions relatives à la loi applicable, ainsi qu’aux juridictions compétentes. Conçu comme un ordre juridique spécifique provenant de l’interaction entre les ordres juridiques international et interne, le droit des investissements engendre de multiples répercussions quant à son interférence avec l’ordre juridique interne. Cette interférence, n’étant soumise à aucune hiérarchie de compétence législative ou juridictionnelle, soulève de sérieuses interrogations : quel serait le droit applicable lorsque les droits interne et international ont vocation à s’appliquer dans un même litige ? Dans le même ordre d’idées, quelle serait la juridiction compétente si les institutions juridictionnelles internationales et internes sont toutes les deux compétentes selon leurs propres règles de rattachement pour trancher le litige ? Les réponses à ces interrogations ne sont pas évidentes et continuent de donner lieu à de vifs débats. La question n’ayant pas été tranchée de façon ferme et définitive, la présente étude proposera d’y apporter des éléments de réponse en démontrant la manifeste prééminence du droit international de fond et de l’arbitrage transnational de nature à permettre d’écarter l’application de la loi locale et d’exclure la compétence des juges internes. Cette prééminence fera enfin l’objet d’un examen approprié. / Establishing a relationship between a State or one of its emanations, on the one hand, and an investor, on the other, international investment law moves beyond the distinction between public law and private law. Given the fact that it resides in-between international law and domestic law, international investment law raises important questions about the governing law and jurisdiction. Conceived as a specific legal order arising from the interaction between the international and the national legal orders, international investment law begets controversy with respect to its interference with the national legal order. This interference, which is not submitted to any hierarchy on the legislative or jurisdictional level, raises serious questions: what would be the applicable law when domestic law and international law are both involved in the same dispute? In a similar manner, what would be the competent court if the international and domestic jurisdictional institutions are both competent according to the rules of their own legal order? The answers to these questions are not obvious and continue to give rise to heated debates. As the issue has not been firmly and definitively resolved, the present study aims to provide an answer by demonstrating the pre-eminence of substantive international law and transnational arbitration to the point of clearly excluding the application of the local law and the competence of domestic judges. This pre-eminence will finally be subject to an in-depth examination.

The aim of the thesis was to design, implement and evaluate the results of automatic tests for the JavaScript Restrictor project, which is being developed as a web browser extension. The tests are divided into three levels - unit, integration, and system. The Unit Tests verify the behavior of individual features, the Integration Tests verify the correct wrapping of browser API endpoints, and the System Tests check that the extension does not suppress the desired functionality of web pages. The System Tests are implemented for parallel execution in a distributed environment which has succeeded in achieving an almost directly proportional reduction in time with respect to the number of the tested nodes. The benefit of this work is detection of previously unknown errors in the JavaScript Restrictor extension and provision of the necessary information that allowed to fix some of the detected bugs.