This essay adopts a construction grammar approach to the linguistic pattern why don’t you. It argues that the pattern can have two different senses: an interrogative sense and a suggestive sense. Further it argues that the suggestive sense is a construction similar to the definition of a construction described by construction grammar theory. In other words, the linguistic pattern why don’t you can have a specific underlying semantics that cannot be reached by an examination of its formal pattern.

Introdução – A partir de 1999, os coeficientes anuais de mortalidade por tuberculose no Estado de São Paulo apresentam declínio, segundo dados do Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde (CVE). Para caracterizar os óbitos e entender a tendência, explora-se o fato de o óbito por tuberculose possuir características que possibilitam estudos com enfoque em causas múltiplas, podendo a doença ser causa básica ou causa associada da morte. Objetivo – Traçar o perfil da mortalidade relacionada à tuberculose no Município de São Paulo, segundo causas múltiplas de morte e suas inter-relações com outras causas básicas e verificar se os casos de tuberculose estão notificados ao banco de dados do CVE. Metodologia – Estudo descritivo utilizando dados secundários. Foram estudados todos os óbitos de pessoas residentes no Município de São Paulo, ocorridos entre 2002 e 2004, que tiveram, na declaração de óbito, tuberculose como causa básica ou causa associada, ou seqüela de tuberculose como causa básica (N=2.325). Causa básica e causas associadas de morte foram caracterizadas segundo as disposições da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Pesquisaram-se os registros do CVE para verificar se os casos de tuberculose estavam notificados. As fontes de dados foram o Programa de Aprimoramento das Informações de Mortalidade no Município de São Paulo (PRO-AIM) e o banco de dados do CVE. Os dados de população provieram da Fundação SEADE. Resultados – A utilização de causas múltiplas de morte aumentou o número de óbitos em 82,6%. A tuberculose foi selecionada como causa básica de morte em 1.212 óbitos (54,8%), tendo sido mencionada como causa associada em 1.001 óbitos (45,2%). Destes, 676 (30,5%) foram devidos à aids e 325 (14,7%), a outras causas. A seqüela de tuberculose foi causa básica de morte em 112 óbitos. As formas clínicas mais freqüentes, quando a tuberculose foi causa básica, foram a pulmonar e a miliar. O sexo masculino foi o mais atingido (1.690 óbitos, ou 72,7%). Em 46,3% dos óbitos que tinham tuberculose como causa básica, a declaração de óbito foi fornecida pelo Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos ou pelo Instituto Médico Legal, indicando dificuldades para fazer o diagnóstico ou falha na assistência aos casos. Os óbitos não encontrados no banco de dados do CVE, portanto desconhecidos pelo Sistema de Vigilância, foram 1.200 (51,6%). Conclusões – A análise segundo causas múltiplas de morte revelou óbitos em que a tuberculose estava presente mas não aparecia nas estatísticas de mortalidade por causa única. As notificações de casos de tuberculose ao CVE não foram satisfatórias, necessitando ter seus fluxos e procedimentos reavaliados. / Background – According to data from CVE – Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo (Epidemic Control Center / State Dept), yearly death rates caused by tuberculosis have declined in the state of São Paulo. In order to characterize deaths and understand the mentioned decrease, the issue death related to tuberculosis will be investigated whilst presenting certain characteristics that might enable studies to be taken over, by focusing on multiple causes. Moreover, the tuberculosis might be regarded as an underlying cause of death or as death-associated cause. Objective – The outlining of tuberculosis mortality, as a result from multiple causes and its relations with other underlying causes, and to verify if patients were underreported to CVE. Methodology – Secondary data descriptive study. Deaths occurring between 2002 and 2004 were considered for this study, from people living in São Paulo. The people died, as stated by their death certificate, from tuberculosis as an underlying or associated cause, or tuberculosis sequel as an underlying cause (N=2.325). Both underlying and associated causes of death were characterized according to the World Health Organization guidelines. The study searched tuberculosis cases on CVE’s database. Data were supplied by Programa de Aprimoramento das Informações de Mortalidade no Município de São Paulo (PRO-AIM) and CVE’s database. Results – Studies focusing on multiple causes increase deaths (82,6%). Tuberculosis was selected as an underlying cause of death in 1.212 deaths (54,8%). In 1.001 deaths (45,2%) it was regarded as associated cause: in these deaths, the underlying cause was AIDS (676 deaths – 30,5%) or other causes (325 deaths – 14,7%). Tuberculosis sequel was underlying cause in 112 deaths. The most frequent clinical forms observed, having tuberculosis as an underlying cause, were the pulmonary and the miliary types. Male sex was inflicted the most (1.690 deaths – 72,7%). Either Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos or Forensics issued death certificates where tuberculosis was selected as underlying cause of death in 46,3% of total deaths, denoting deficient diagnosis and poor assistance to cases. Death records – 1.200 (51,6%) – are not to be found in CVE’s database, so tuberculosis cases are underreported. Conclusion – Analyses that use multiple-cause data brings to view other deaths where tuberculosis was present, in spite of not being observed in statistics of mortality resulting from underlying causes. The flow of information to CVE must be inspected.

Introdução: A proporção de óbitos classificados como de causa básica mal definida é um dos principais indicadores da qualidade das estatísticas de mortalidade, de grande importância na avaliação da situação e na orientação das políticas de saúde. Estudos preliminares encontraram uma evolução temporal discrepante na comparação da mortalidade proporcional por causa mal definida no Brasil, no Estado de São Paulo, na Baixada Santista e no Município do Guarujá. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de tentar compreender tais diferenças. Métodos: A evolução temporal da proporção de óbitos por causa mal definida foi analisada no período de 1980 a 2002, dividindo-se o Estado de São Paulo em grupos de municípios com e sem o Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos (SVO) e a Baixada Santista. Além da mortalidade proporcional, a classificação do óbito por causa mal definida foi estudada com base no que se convencionou chamar de ?primeiro médico? a avaliar a causa de morte. Ou seja, o profissional que preenche a Declaração de Óbito ou encaminha o caso ao SVO ou ao Instituto Médico Legal (IML). Exclui os médicos do SVO e do IML que preenchem a declaração. A qualidade do preenchimento foi avaliada nos óbitos ocorridos em hospitais e em domicílios, baseada nas informações do tipo de atestante. Resultados: Observou-se um aumento na proporção de óbitos por causa mal definida pelo primeiro médico avaliador da causa de morte em todas as áreas do Estado de São Paulo. Em 1980, na Baixada Santista, a mortalidade proporcional por causa mal definida (MPCMD) era muito baixa, pois mais de 90% dos casos classificados como de causa mal definida pelo primeiro médico avaliador da causa de morte eram encaminhados aos IMLs da região ou ao SVO do Guarujá, onde a maioria dos casos era reclassificada para óbito de causa definida sem a realização de necropsia. A partir de 1984, progressivamente, os casos deixaram de ser encaminhados aos IMLs e passaram a ser classificados como de causa mal definida, com aumento da mortalidade proporcional de mais de nove vezes. A MPCMD no Estado de São Paulo manteve-se estável no período analisado em virtude do aumento da proporção de óbitos em serviços de saúde e de realização de necropsias. No Brasil, onde se observou uma queda de 36,4% da MPCMD, pode-se atribuir ao aumento dos óbitos hospitalares mais de 50% da redução desse indicador. O aumento do encaminhamento dos casos aos SVOs e aos IMLs foi fator importante na redução da mortalidade por causa mal definida nos óbitos domiciliares. Na Baixada Santista, no Estado de São Paulo e nos óbitos hospitalares do país, verificou-se uma piora na qualidade do preenchimento da Declaração de Óbito. Conclusão: A despeito da melhoria dos recursos diagnósticos, observou-se no período estudado uma piora na qualidade do preenchimento da Declaração de Óbito no Estado de São Paulo e nos óbitos hospitalares do país. Para enfrentar o problema da elevada mortalidade proporcional por causa mal definida, sugere-se rediscutir o modelo do fluxo de preenchimento das declarações de óbito, com redefinição das atribuições dos SVOs e dos IMLs. / Introduction: The proportion of deaths classified as due to ill-defined causes is one of the major indicators of the quality of mortality statistics, and is of great value for evaluating and orienting public policies. Preliminary studies indicate discrepant time trends in the evolution of the proportion of deaths due to ill-defined causes between Brazil as a whole, the state of Sao Paulo, the Baixada Santista region, and the municipality of Guarujá. The present study was designed as an attempt to understand these discrepancies. Methods: We analyzed the temporal evolution in the proportion of deaths due to illdefined causes between 1980 and 2002, dividing the state of Sao Paulo into three groups of municipalities: those with Death Verification Service (DVS), those without DVS, and those located in the Baixada Santista. In addition to proportional mortality, we also studied the classification of ill-defined deaths based on what was defined as the ?first physician? to evaluate cause of death. This consisted either of the professional who completed the Death Certificate or who referred the case to the DVS or medical examiner. This definition excludes any DVS or Medical Examiner physicians who filled certificates. The quality of the information in the certificate was evaluated for deaths occurred in hospitals and at home based on information on the type of physician. Results: There was an increase in the proportion of deaths due to ill-defined causes as defined by the first physician to evaluate cause of death in all areas of the State of Sao Paulo. In 1980, in the Baixada Santista, proportional mortality due to ill-defined causes (PMIDC) was very low, with over 90% of cases considered as due to illdefined causes by the first physician being referred to the region?s Medical Examiners or to the Guarujá DVS, where the majority of cases was assigned to a defined cause without need for autopsy. Beginning in 1984, the number of cases referred to Medical Examiners began to fall, leading to a 9-fold increase in PMIDC. PMIDC in the State of Sao Paulo remained stable throughout the period as a consequence of the increase in the proportion of autopsies and of deaths occurred within healthcare facilities. In the country as a whole, there was a 36.4% decrease in PMIDC, of which more than 50% can be attributed to the increase in the number of hospital deaths. Increased referral of cases to DVSs and medical examiners was an important factor in the reduction of mortality due to ill-defined causes among athome deaths. The quality of information in Death Certificates decreased in the Baixada Santista, in the State of Sao Paulo, and among hospital deaths in Brazil as a whole. Conclusion: Despite improvements in diagnosis, quality of information in Death Certificates decreased during the studied period in the State of Sao Paulo and among hospital deaths in the country as a whole. In order to tackle the issue of high proportional mortality due to ill-defined causes, we suggest a reevaluation of the flow of information in Death Certificates, with a redefinition of the role of medical examiners and DVSs.

Idioms are found in every language and learning them is an important aspect of the mastery of a language. The English language is no exception as it contains a large number of idioms, which are extensively used. However, because of their rather rigid structure and quite unpredictable meaning, idioms are often considered difficult to learn. Although little research has been done to date on the nature of idioms as well as how they are used, a better understanding of variations in idioms can nevertheless be acquired by looking at some theories and thoughts about their use and their structure. The aim of this paper is to examine a number of animal idioms, focusing primarily on English idioms and the similarities and differences found in equivalent Swedish idioms, even when the Swedish idioms do not contain an animal. Two types of studies are presented. In the first one, the English and Swedish animal idioms collected are grouped into four categories. The results of such a categorization show that half of the English animal idioms found have an equivalent in Swedish containing an animal. In the second study, the content, structure, wording, semantics and metaphorical meaning of the animal idioms are analysed and compared. The results indicate that the Swedish animal idioms that correspond to the English animal idioms have, for the most part, the same structures and similar variations in degree of literalness, fixity, manipulation and transformation. Furthermore, the use of metaphor, personification and simile appears to be common both in English and Swedish animal idioms. The role of context and literal and figurative translation are also addressed in this study.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Objectives: To assess the knowledge and attitudes of doctors in relation to death certification and also assess whether an educational intervention can improve the accuracy of death certificate completion and thereby improve mortality information. / South Africa

Hållbarhetsrapporter utförs årligen av företag i enligt svensk lag. Rapporten kommunicerar hur företagens hållbarhetsarbete har genomförts under det senaste året. Detta innebär att företag ges utrymme att presentera sitt hållbarhetsarbete och på så sätt välja hur budskapet ska kommuniceras. Det är dock inte givet att det uttryckta budskapet nödvändigtvis är det som är av intresse, utan vad som är det underliggande budskapet. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för uppsatsen har varit teori som behandlar hållbarhetskommunikation tillsammans med en fördjupning av moraliska känslor av stolthet och skuld. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur företag kommunicerar underliggande känslor kring stolthet och skuld i sin hållbarhetsrapportering, och hur kommunikationen om hållbarhet påverkar gestaltningen av företags hållbarhetsarbete. Detta genom att svara på forskningsfrågorna: hur kommunicerar företag underliggande känslor av stolthet i hållbarhetsrapporter​, hur kommunicerar företag underliggande känslor av skuld i hållbarhetsrapporter samt hur bidrar denna kommunikation av känslor till gestaltningav företagets hållbarhetsarbete? En form av netnografisk undersökning genomfördes på hållbarhetsrapporterna med hjälp av nyckelord. Utifrån denna undersökning identifierades flertal sammanhang där stolthet och skuld kunde utläsas. Resultaten bearbetades sedan genom innehållsanalys, vilket möjliggjorde eftersökningar av mönster samt tolkningar av det underliggande kommunicerade budskapet. Samtliga företag visade efter analys på underliggande känslor av stolthet och skuld med varierande grad av övermodig stolthet och autentisk stolthet, samt både skuld med och utan spår av empati. Analys av resultat medförde slutsatsen att tolkningen av företagens hållbarhetskommunikation är komplex. Gestaltning av underliggande känslor genom kommunikation av hållbarhetsarbete påverkar hur budskapet kring hållbarhet uppfattas. / Sustainability reports are carried out annually by companies according to Swedish accounting law. The report communicates how companies sustainability work has been performed during the past year. This facilitates the companies to present their sustainability work and thus to choose how the message is to be communicated. However, it is not given that the expressed message is necessarily what is of interest, but what lies beneath the message. The theoretical background for this essay has been theory which processes sustainability communication along with a deepening of moral feelings of pride and guilt. The purpose of this study has been to examine how companies communicate underlying feelings of pride and guilt in their sustainability reporting, and how the communication of sustainability affects the perception of the companies' sustainability work. This by answering the research questions: how does underlying themes of emotions show pride in companies' sustainability reporting ,how does underlying themes of emotions show guilt in companies´ sustainability reporting and how does this communication of emotions contribute to the figuration of the company’s sustainability work? A form of netnographic survey was conducted on sustainability reports using keywords, which resulted in several contexts where pride and guilt could be found. The results were then processed through content analysis, which allowed the search for patterns and to interpret the underlying communicated message. By analysis, all companies showed underlying feelings of pride and guilt, with varying degrees of hubristic pride and authentic pride, as well as guilt with and without traces of empathy. Discussion of results and analysis accounted in the conclusion that the interpretation of companies' sustainability communication is complex. The figuration of underlying emotions through communication of sustainability affects how the message of sustainability is perceived. This report is written in Swedish.

Since the late 20th Century, the consulting industry has grown significantly. Today, consulting is a widespread, one-size-fits-all term that includes virtually any form of advice-giving in a business setting. Irrespective of the industry, there is a large market and high demand for consulting. Knowing how to engage clients and ensuring successful consulting has never been more critical for consultancies looking to capitalise on scarce client demand. The purpose of this research study was to gain a collective understanding of those aspects that constitute successful consulting, focusing on the implicit dimensions that influence client-consultant engagement. In this regard, the research study aimed to add value by presenting a new perspective on, and extend understanding of the implicit dimensions influencing the client-consultant relationship by focusing on both clients and consultants though the unique lens of the Psychological Contract. This exploration of the Psychological Contract between client and consultant was conducted through the interpretivist paradigm, or to be more specific, a social constructivist approach. This approach allowed the researcher to explore the Psychological Contract between client and consultant through the constructed meanings that both clients and consultants attach to their experience of the client-consultant relationship, and enabled the researcher to explore their perceptions and interpretations of the dimensions that influenced that relationship. The researcher furthermore applied a qualitative research design and constructivist grounded theory method to explore the subjective meanings of clients and consultants, and to discover their reality. This design and method generated rich, in-depth data and understanding of the participants’ beliefs, perceptions, and subjective experiences to develop a comprehensive framework of the Psychological Contract between client and consultant. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

The Expectation confirmation model (ECM) is commonly employed to investigate technological advances and customer satisfaction with chatbots. However, customer satisfaction is a multifaceted concept intertwined with emotions and subjective perceptions, comprehending customer satisfaction fully can therefore be challenging. Consequently, the purpose of this exploratory study was to develop and refine the concept of customer satisfaction by answering the research question: How does the integration of underlying factors to the Expectation Confirmation Model (ECM) affect customer satisfaction with chatbot services?. The study incorporated underlying factors such as anthropomorphic behavior, brand perception, trust and word of mouth, which were integrated into the existing components of the ECM. Through a unique research approach involving 20 semi-structured interviews and observations, this study captured and reflected on the subjective impressions and emotions of customers while using chatbots. An array of findings are presented, such as the importance of distinguishing between usability and problem-solving efficiency of chatbots performance, the emphasis on accurate answers over human-like characteristics for chatbots, and the impact of experience, familiarity and age on customer satisfaction with chatbots. In conclusion, this study advocates for further qualitative research to explore  the potential impact of other underlying factors' on customer satisfaction for ECM.

Background: Both CSR and brands has taken a bigger role in todays market. Consumers have become more aware of how the companies drives their businesses. Beacuse of that, companies needs to adapt a CSR-program for their business. Problem discussion: Since having a CRS-program has become a demand on companies and their brands ,we find it interesting to search the underlying factor which affect the choice of which CSR- program a company chooses. Aswell as how they use this program strategic. Questions: Which factors and stakeholders affect a companies choice of philantropic CSR? How does companies differentiate / position their brand through their philantropic CSR? Aim: To disclose the underlying factors to a companies choice of philantropic CSR aswell to conclude how they use this program in a strategic way. Method: This study is using a qualitative approach where the primary data has been collected through interviews. All of the subjects has been an employee of the two companies in question, Folksam and Skandia. The studies primary data has then been analyzed through its secundary data, such as theories and previsouly done research in the same field. Conclusion: Skandia and Folksam are different in their choosing of a CSR-program, their underlying factors aswell as how they use their philantropic CSR in a strategic way. Skandias CSR-programme has been influenced by external factors, where Folksams program has been influenced by internal. The studie also shows that Skandia is using their philantropic CSR to differentiate and position their brand where Folksam is using their other CSR to do this. / Bakgrund: Både varumärken och CSR har blivit större på marknaden idag samtidigt som konsumenterna har blivit mer medvetna om hur företagen bedriver sin affärsverksamhet. Företagen måste då anpassa sin affärsverksamhet och skapa ett CSR-program. Problemformulering: Eftersom CSR nästan har blivit ett krav på ett företag och deras varumärke så anser vi det intressant att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av CSR-program samt hur företagen använder dessa program strategiskt. Frågeställningar: Vilka faktorer samt intressenter påverkar valet av ett företags filantropiska CSR? Hur arbetar företag med att differentiera/positionera varumärket genom sitt filantropiska CSR-program? Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka bakomliggande faktorer som påverkar företags val av CSR-program samt hur de använder sina filantropiska CSR-program för att positionera/differentiera sitt varumärke. Metod: Studien utgår utifrån en kvalitativ metod där primärdata har samlats in utifrån intervjuer. Respondenterna har varit diverse anställda hos de två undersökta bolagen, Folksam och Skandia. Primärdata har sedan analyserats gentemot studiens sekundärdata vilken innefattar den tidigare forskningens teorier angående hur företag väljer CSR, vilka faktorer som spelar in, samt hur de kan använda sin CSR för att differentiera samt positionera sitt varumärke. Slutsats: Skandia och Folksam skiljer sig i både val av CSR program, bakomliggande faktorer samt hur de använder sig av deras filantropiska CSR-program strategiskt. Skandias val av filantropisk CSR har påverkats huvudsakligen av externa faktorer medan Folksam har påverkats av interna faktorer. Studien har även visat att Skandia använder sin filantropiska CSR för att såväl differentiering som positionering medan Folksam istället använder annan form av CSR för att göra detta.

<p>The aim of this study has been to investigate whether metaphors in terms of fire and heat in rock lyrics can be interpreted figuratively as well as literally. The terms for these latter two categories are internal and external metaphors.</p><p>Many rock lyrics are about love, a theme often described with the use of metaphors. One common type of metaphorisation for describing love is to use what in this study has been called “fire and heat metaphors”. These are metaphors that as their source use FIRE and HEAT/WARMTH and map some of these qualities on to the metaphorical target LOVE, which results in metaphorical constructions like I am on fire.</p><p>Internal and external metaphors are terms coined by Alm-Arvius (2003:78) and they serve the purpose of separating the metaphors that cannot be taken literally from those that can also be given a literal meaning in another context. The main aim of this study has been to investigate whether a set of chosen metaphorical constructions taken from different rock songs can also be interpreted literally in relation to another universe of discourse. Moreover, the semantic and syntactic structures of the metaphor examples have been outlined, and some theories why the constructions should be regarded as internal or external metaphors have been presented.</p><p>A number of related underlying cognitive structures (conceptual metaphors) were identified in this study, and (BEING IN) LOVE IS (EXPERIENCING) HEAT/WARMTH is a structure that allows external metaphorical constructions. Some cognitive scientists see this cognitive structure as metonymy. However, it seems more adequate to connect it to the occurrence of external metaphors, since the language constructions relating to it can be literal as well as figurative. However, the distinction between internal and external metaphors is not always clear, it is difficult to make a clear distinction. Therefore, a continuum has been presented in this study which shows both the distinction and the occasional overlap between the categories of internal and external metaphors.</p>