Afin d'effectuer les classements et les analyses portant sur la mortalité selon la cause médicale de décès, il est d'usage d'utiliser uniquement la cause initiale de décès, qui représente la maladie ou le traumatisme ayant initié la séquence d'événements menant au décès. Cette méthode comporte plusieurs limites. L'analyse de causes multiples, qui a la qualité d'utiliser toutes les causes citées sur le certificat de décès, serait particulièrement indiquée pour mieux expliquer la mortalité puisque les décès sont souvent attribuables à plusieurs processus morbides concurrents. L'analyse des causes multiples de décès chez les personnes âgées au Québec pour les années 2000-2004 permet d'identifier plusieurs conditions ayant contribué au décès, mais n'ayant toutefois pas été sélectionnées comme cause ayant initié le processus morbide. C'est particulièrement le cas de l'hypertension, de l'athérosclérose, de la septicémie, de la grippe et pneumonie, du diabète sucré et de la néphrite, syndrome néphrotique et néphropathie. Cette recherche démontre donc l'importance de la prise en compte des causes multiples afin de dresser un portrait plus juste de la mortalité québécoise aux âges où se concentrent principalement les décès que le permet l'analyse de la cause initiale seule. / To this day, mortality analysis has primarily focused on the underlying cause of death which represents the disease or injury which initiated the sequence of morbid events leading to the death. But since death is due to a complex process, especially at advanced ages, analysis based solely on this concept has its limitations and some causes are more likely to be identified as the underlying cause than others. Selecting only one cause per death may influence the relative importance of the various causes of death. Multiple causes of death statistics provide a more complete view of mortality patterns. The analysis of multiple causes of death among the elderly in Quebec for 2000-2004 identifies certain conditions that contributed to death, but have not been selected as the cause that initiated the disease process. This is particularly the case of hypertension, atherosclerosis, sepsis, influenza and pneumonia, diabetes mellitus and nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis. This research therefore demonstrates the importance of taking into account multiple causes in order to provide a more accurate portrait of Quebec's mortality at older ages that allows analysis of the underlying cause alone.

La presse de hard news connaît les prémices d’un changement institutionnel qui se traduit en particulier par un processus de managérialisation des modes de gestion des rédactions et des pratiques professionnelles journalistiques. En mobilisant la théorie néo-institutionnelle, nous appréhendons ce phénomène à travers l’analyse de conflits entre logiques institutionnelles définies par des sous-logiques institutionnelles. On peut ainsi constater une érosion de la robustesse de la logique éditoriale dominante (depuis 1944) dans la gestion des rédactions et des activités journalistiques au profit de la logique business ou d’une nouvelle logique hybride managériale (qui combine des éléments des logiques éditoriale et business). A travers principalement des études ethnographiques menées au sein des rédactions de La Croix, de 20 Minutes et du Parisien-Aujourd’hui en France (entre 2007 et 2009), nous proposons une description des profils des journalistes-managers et une analyse de leur pratiques quotidiennes pour montrer le rôle substantiel rempli par ces JM dans ce processus de managérialisation. Par ailleurs, nous identifions les trois situations majeures dans lesquelles se trouvent aujourd’hui les groupes de PQN relativement à ce processus de managérialisation : des rédactions gouvernées par la logique éditoriale qui reste dominante, des rédactions qui connaissent un changement de logique dominante – passant de la logique éditoriale à la logique business – et des rédactions engagées dans une voie médiane caractérisée par la recherche d’une logique institutionnelle hybride en voie de pré-institutionnalisation. Notre analyse socio-historique de ce changement institutionnel de la presse de hard news (entre 1944 et 2010) conduit enfin à proposer une lecture prospective de la lutte sous-jacente pour la détention du pouvoir de direction des groupes de presse que se livrent actionnaires, managers et journalistes et au sein de laquelle nous identifions le rôle central rempli par les JM dans la définition et l’orientation à donner au processus de managérialisation / Hard news press faces the early beginnings of a deep institutional change through a managerialization process of newsrooms’ and journalistic practices management. Using the new institutionalism theory we assume to scrutinize this change through studying emerging conflicts between institutional logics – and underlying institutional logics – Inside newsrooms. We particularly notice that the strength of the dominant logic (since 1944 in France) – the editorial logic – that traditionally shapes and governs the newsroom and journalistic practices’ management is eroding; thus sometimes the competitive logic – the business logic –appears dominant or a new hybrid logic – combining elements from editorial and business logics – comes up. We have done extensive ethnographic studies inside newsrooms of three French major national newspapers, La Croix, 20 Minutes, and Le Parisien-Aujourd’hui en France (from 2007 to 2009). As a result we offer a first deep description of the characteristics of journalist-managers and analysis of their daily practices, and we show the major role played by these journalist-managers in the managerialization process. We also identify the three major situations that face the French Press groups regarded to managerialization: some newsrooms are still ruled and shaped by the editorial dominant logic; some that face a shift in the dominant logic – from the editorial to the business one; some that experience the attempt to define a hybrid institutional logic that only appears at a proto-institutionalization stage. Our socio-historical analysis of this deep institutional change process that affect the hard news press (from 1944 to 2010) finally invites to consider the evolution of the underlying struggle for power to run the Press firms involving shareholders, managers, and journalists; we assume journalist-managers play and will play the major role in shaping the orientation and content of managerialization process

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, estudar as variações da mortalidade por câncer, no Distrito de São Paulo, ocorridas no período de doze anos, compreendido entre 1962-1963 e 1974-1975. Foram utilizados dados de mortal idade originados da \" lnvestigação lnteramericana de Mortalidade\" , realizada em 1962-1963, e do \"Estudo dos Transtor Mentais como causa básica e associada na mortalidade de adultos de 15-74 anos no Distrito de São Paulo e Município de Botucatú e São Manuel em 1974-1975\". A escolha desses dados de mortalidade deu-se porque esses referidos estudos utilizaram uma mesma metodologia de pesquisa, baseada fundamentalmente na correçao da causa básica de óbito assinalada no atestado de óbito, através de entrevistas domiciliares e junto aos médicos, hospitais,etc. Desse modo, os 811 óbitos por tumores malígnos apresentados nesse trabalho, do período de 1962-1963, e os 452 do período de 1974-75, são mais fidedígnos que os oficiais. As variações da mortalidade foram descritas, tanto por corte transversal do tempo, quanto por coortes. Em relação ao sexo masculino, o risco morte por todas as localizações de câncer, aumentou de 1962-1963 à 1974-1975 em todos os grupos etários, exceto no de 15-24 anos.Para o sexo feminino, o risco de morte por todos os tumores malígnos, aumentou de 1962-1963 à 1974-1975 nos grupos etários de 15-24 anos de 35-44 anos e de 45-54 anos. As coortes mais jovens foram as que apresentaram maior incremento da mortal idade por câncer. / The objective of this dissertation was to study the variations of cancer mortality, in the District of São Paulo, during the período of twelve years, between 1962-1963 and 1974-1975- The baseline data used were those from the studies \"Investigação lnteramericana de Mortalidade\", done in 1962-1963, and \"Estudos dos Transtornos Mentais como Causa Básica e Associada na Mortalidade de Adultos de 15-74 anos no Distrito de São Paulo e Município de Botucatu e São Manuel em 1974-1975\'\'. These data were chosen because both studies used the same methods of research, based in the underlying cause of death registered in the death certiffcate and corrected by means of home interviews and interviews whith physicians, in hospitals and other sources of informations. So, the 811 deaths by malignant neoplasms for the period 1962-1963 and the 452 for the period 1974- 1975, studied in the present dissertation are figures more reliable than the official ones. The variations of mortality were described both under the views of a cross-section in the time and as the aspect of cohort. For males, the risk of death for all sites became greater from 1962-1963 to 1974-1975 in all age groups, except 15-24. For females, the risk became greater from 1962-1963 to 1974-1975 in the age groups: 15-24, 35-44 and 45-54. The youngest cohorts presented the greatest increment in cancer mortality.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, estudar as variações da mortalidade por câncer, no Distrito de São Paulo, ocorridas no período de doze anos, compreendido entre 1962-1963 e 1974-1975. Foram utilizados dados de mortal idade originados da \" lnvestigação lnteramericana de Mortalidade\" , realizada em 1962-1963, e do \"Estudo dos Transtor Mentais como causa básica e associada na mortalidade de adultos de 15-74 anos no Distrito de São Paulo e Município de Botucatú e São Manuel em 1974-1975\". A escolha desses dados de mortalidade deu-se porque esses referidos estudos utilizaram uma mesma metodologia de pesquisa, baseada fundamentalmente na correçao da causa básica de óbito assinalada no atestado de óbito, através de entrevistas domiciliares e junto aos médicos, hospitais,etc. Desse modo, os 811 óbitos por tumores malígnos apresentados nesse trabalho, do período de 1962-1963, e os 452 do período de 1974-75, são mais fidedígnos que os oficiais. As variações da mortalidade foram descritas, tanto por corte transversal do tempo, quanto por coortes. Em relação ao sexo masculino, o risco morte por todas as localizações de câncer, aumentou de 1962-1963 à 1974-1975 em todos os grupos etários, exceto no de 15-24 anos.Para o sexo feminino, o risco de morte por todos os tumores malígnos, aumentou de 1962-1963 à 1974-1975 nos grupos etários de 15-24 anos de 35-44 anos e de 45-54 anos. As coortes mais jovens foram as que apresentaram maior incremento da mortal idade por câncer. / The objective of this dissertation was to study the variations of cancer mortality, in the District of São Paulo, during the período of twelve years, between 1962-1963 and 1974-1975- The baseline data used were those from the studies \"Investigação lnteramericana de Mortalidade\", done in 1962-1963, and \"Estudos dos Transtornos Mentais como Causa Básica e Associada na Mortalidade de Adultos de 15-74 anos no Distrito de São Paulo e Município de Botucatu e São Manuel em 1974-1975\'\'. These data were chosen because both studies used the same methods of research, based in the underlying cause of death registered in the death certiffcate and corrected by means of home interviews and interviews whith physicians, in hospitals and other sources of informations. So, the 811 deaths by malignant neoplasms for the period 1962-1963 and the 452 for the period 1974- 1975, studied in the present dissertation are figures more reliable than the official ones. The variations of mortality were described both under the views of a cross-section in the time and as the aspect of cohort. For males, the risk of death for all sites became greater from 1962-1963 to 1974-1975 in all age groups, except 15-24. For females, the risk became greater from 1962-1963 to 1974-1975 in the age groups: 15-24, 35-44 and 45-54. The youngest cohorts presented the greatest increment in cancer mortality.

<p>Contemporary society focuses heavily on the individual and this is also characterized by an individual thinking that many people contribute to. This is furthermore shared in the field of entrepreneur research studies where a profound deal of time has been focused on the personal qualities of specific entrepreneurs. However, in modern settings today many corporations originate in a team-based structure, which therefore leads towards a different approach rather than examining exclusively on individuality. Previous research shows that entrepreneurial teams are establishing and growing at a steady pace, yet studies within this field has not developed in an extensive fashion. Entrepreneurial teams can be defined as a group of people who share a common goal, usually consisting of two or more individuals who commenced a foundation from the early stages of that specific firm and who originated an initial idea. This therefore generates an interest to further investigate entrepreneur studies. The development of the individuality of entrepreneurship has been revised previously. Nevertheless, analyzing the underlying factors to why individuals tend to establish teams of entrepreneurship is a reoccurring topic to this day.</p><p>The main purpose of this study is to map out these underlying factors and investigate the fundamental preferences of the individuals who prefer to create team-based entrepreneurships.</p><p>This study is of a deductive layout and has been carried out in a qualitative method. Eight separate interviews were carried out with the originators of respective business corporations, and underlying factors have been mapped out with the help of theories within the field of entrepreneurship.</p><p>Subsequent to the gathering of primary empirical data and with the support of important theory studies, certain conclusions can be made. The underlying motives behind the formation of entrepreneurial teams can be characterized by earlier experiences, friendship, and the addition of members who acts as supplements to the team. But also a sense of affinity within the group, the spread of risk-taking, and furthermore an addition of enjoyment to the group are all important factors when investigating team entrepreneurship.</p> / <p>I dagens samhälle fokuseras det mycket på individen och många präglas utav ett individualistiskt tänkande. Detta kan även ses inom entreprenörskapsforskning där det en längre tid fokuserats på entreprenörens personliga egenskaper. När det i dagsläget är vanligare än man tror att starta företag i team, bör inte endast de personliga egenskaperna undersökas. Tidigare studier visar på att entreprenöriella team etableras och växer i snabbare takt, dock är forskningen om entreprenöriella team inte så utvecklad och omfattande. Definitionen av ett entreprenöriellt team, är att det består av en grupp personer som har ett gemensamt mål. Denna grupp består av två eller fler personer, som samtliga har varit med från idéstadiet av företaget. Det är därför av intresse att bygga vidare på den befintliga forskningen. Att utveckla entreprenörens personliga egenskaper är redan utforskat, men att kartlägga de bakomliggande faktorerna till varför individer tenderar att bilda entreprenöriella team är idag ett aktuellt ämne.</p><p>Syftet med undersökningen blir därav att kartlägga de bakomliggande faktorer individer har, som gör att de startar företag i team.</p><p>Undersökningen har en deduktiv ansats, som har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod i form av åtta intervjuer med grundare från respektive företag. Med hjälp av teorier inom ämnet har bakomliggande faktorer kartlagts.</p><p>Efter att empirisk data samlats in och analyserats med hjälp av teorierna har följande slutsatser härletts. De bakomliggande faktorerna till entreprenöriella team är att de haft tidigare erfarenheter som påverkat, att de är vänner, att addition av ny medlem medför en resurs som kompletterar teamet, att det skapar samhörighet, att riskerna sprids, att det blir roligare, att kapital saknas och att det hela kan bero på tillfälligheter som gör att man formerar ett team.</p>

Contemporary society focuses heavily on the individual and this is also characterized by an individual thinking that many people contribute to. This is furthermore shared in the field of entrepreneur research studies where a profound deal of time has been focused on the personal qualities of specific entrepreneurs. However, in modern settings today many corporations originate in a team-based structure, which therefore leads towards a different approach rather than examining exclusively on individuality. Previous research shows that entrepreneurial teams are establishing and growing at a steady pace, yet studies within this field has not developed in an extensive fashion. Entrepreneurial teams can be defined as a group of people who share a common goal, usually consisting of two or more individuals who commenced a foundation from the early stages of that specific firm and who originated an initial idea. This therefore generates an interest to further investigate entrepreneur studies. The development of the individuality of entrepreneurship has been revised previously. Nevertheless, analyzing the underlying factors to why individuals tend to establish teams of entrepreneurship is a reoccurring topic to this day. The main purpose of this study is to map out these underlying factors and investigate the fundamental preferences of the individuals who prefer to create team-based entrepreneurships. This study is of a deductive layout and has been carried out in a qualitative method. Eight separate interviews were carried out with the originators of respective business corporations, and underlying factors have been mapped out with the help of theories within the field of entrepreneurship. Subsequent to the gathering of primary empirical data and with the support of important theory studies, certain conclusions can be made. The underlying motives behind the formation of entrepreneurial teams can be characterized by earlier experiences, friendship, and the addition of members who acts as supplements to the team. But also a sense of affinity within the group, the spread of risk-taking, and furthermore an addition of enjoyment to the group are all important factors when investigating team entrepreneurship. / I dagens samhälle fokuseras det mycket på individen och många präglas utav ett individualistiskt tänkande. Detta kan även ses inom entreprenörskapsforskning där det en längre tid fokuserats på entreprenörens personliga egenskaper. När det i dagsläget är vanligare än man tror att starta företag i team, bör inte endast de personliga egenskaperna undersökas. Tidigare studier visar på att entreprenöriella team etableras och växer i snabbare takt, dock är forskningen om entreprenöriella team inte så utvecklad och omfattande. Definitionen av ett entreprenöriellt team, är att det består av en grupp personer som har ett gemensamt mål. Denna grupp består av två eller fler personer, som samtliga har varit med från idéstadiet av företaget. Det är därför av intresse att bygga vidare på den befintliga forskningen. Att utveckla entreprenörens personliga egenskaper är redan utforskat, men att kartlägga de bakomliggande faktorerna till varför individer tenderar att bilda entreprenöriella team är idag ett aktuellt ämne. Syftet med undersökningen blir därav att kartlägga de bakomliggande faktorer individer har, som gör att de startar företag i team. Undersökningen har en deduktiv ansats, som har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod i form av åtta intervjuer med grundare från respektive företag. Med hjälp av teorier inom ämnet har bakomliggande faktorer kartlagts. Efter att empirisk data samlats in och analyserats med hjälp av teorierna har följande slutsatser härletts. De bakomliggande faktorerna till entreprenöriella team är att de haft tidigare erfarenheter som påverkat, att de är vänner, att addition av ny medlem medför en resurs som kompletterar teamet, att det skapar samhörighet, att riskerna sprids, att det blir roligare, att kapital saknas och att det hela kan bero på tillfälligheter som gör att man formerar ett team.

The purpose of this study was to examine the experience of organizational culture among salespeople at a specific workplace. The purpose was also to investigate what motivates these salespeople in their work and the impact culture has on their motivation. We have used a qualitative research method to collect the empirical material. With the help of seven interviews, including six salespeople from one of Sweden’s biggest electronic retailer and also one information interview with a sales consultant, we attempted to find the answer to how they perceive the organizational culture and how it affects their work motivation.  The following questions are used to fulfill this purpose:   How do the salespeople experience the organizational culture?   What motivates the salespeople in their daily work?   What effects does the organizational culture have on the salespersons motivation?  As analytical tools we have used are the concept of organizational culture, Schein's description of the three components of culture and Herzberg Motivation-Hygiene theory.  The results of the study indicate that the salespeople experience a positive organizational culture and that this culture promotes fellowship and unity between colleagues, which in turn contributes to an enhanced motivation. Our study also shows that there are other factors contributing to the salespeople’s motivation such as conscious efforts of the organization and the factors that are built in into their daily work. A strong contest culture is also shown in the organization, the colleagues compete amongst each other to become the best salesperson. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur försäljarna inom en specifik butikskedja upplever organisationskulturen på sin arbetsplats. Syftet var även att undersöka vad som motiverar försäljarna i deras dagliga arbete samt vilken betydelse organisationskulturen har på försäljarnas motivation.  Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod för att samla in det empiriska materialet. Vi har tagit hjälp av sju intervjupersoner varav sex försäljare i en av Sveriges största elektronikkedjor och en informant som informationskälla till försäljaryrket. Med hjälp av dessa intervjupersoner har vi försökt få svar på hur de upplever organisationskulturen och vad i denna organisationskultur som påverkar deras motivation. Följande frågeställningar används för att uppfylla detta syfte:   Hur upplever försäljarna organisationskulturen?   Vad motiverar försäljarna i deras dagliga arbete?   Vilken betydelse har organisationskulturen på försäljarnas motivation?  Som analysverktyg har vi använt oss av begreppet organisationskultur, Scheins förklaring av organisationskulturens tre olika beståndsdelar samt Herzbergs Motivation-Hygien theory.  Resultatet av undersökningen påvisar att försäljarna upplever organisationskulturen positivt och att denna organisationskultur främjar gemenskapen och samhörigheten mellan kollegorna, vilket i sin tur bidrar till en ökad motivation bland försäljarna. Vår studie visar även att det finns ytterligare faktorer som bidrar till försäljarnas motivation, såsom medvetna insatser från ledningen och faktorer som är invävda i det dagliga arbetet. Även en stark tävlingskultur påvisas i organisationen, där försäljarna tävlar sinsemellan för att bli den bästa säljaren.

Financial Derivatives are one of the most popular and emerging innovations in the field of financial engineering. Since their inception, there has been a phenomenal growth in the volumes of derivatives traded all over the world. Financial markets are known to be extremely volatile and derivatives provide a way of eliminating or reducing the risks involved in these markets. Since these instruments derive their value from some underlying asset, trading in these instruments is bound to affect the underlying assets. Thus it becomes important to examine what these effects are and whether they have been favourable or detrimental to the underlying stock markets specially when there has been an explosive growth of these financial derivatives all over the world. This issue gains more importance in the case of emerging markets like India as they try to be more competitive and efficient as the developed Western markets. This thesis mainly deals with looking at this impact on the Indian stock markets. The Indian markets still being very new in this area, not many studies have been reported here related to this issue. The main focus of this thesis is to provide some more evidence on the impact of one kind of derivative instrument, namely options on different characteristics of underlying stocks in the Indian stock market. The thesis has the following objectives: • To examine the impact of option introduction on the price of underlying stocks in National Stock Exchange (NSE). • To examine the impact of option introduction on the volatility of underlying stocks in NSE • To examine the impact of option introduction on liquidity of underlying stocks in NSE NSE introduced derivatives beginning with index futures on June 12, 2000, followed by index options on June 4, 2001, options on individual securities on July 2, 2001 and finally futures on individual securities on November 9, 2001. Due to the temporal proximity of the introduction of index options and individual options, there exists a possibility of an interaction of these two effects. This problem is solved by a judiciously chosen sampling design. In particular, three groups of stocks are considered. The first group consists of stocks on which options were first introduced on 2nd July 2001 and thus would exhibit a combined effect of the two events if any. The second group consists of stocks on which options were introduced much later and therefore would show effects of individual option introduction if any. The third group comprises of nonoptioned stocks whose returns are considered around the date of index option introduction and thus would show effects of index option alone if any. To separate the two effects an ANOVA/ Logistic Regression model is used. An objective selection of the event and estimation windows is done using a Bayesian Change Point Analysis. The first part of the thesis looks at the effect of option introduction on the price of underlying stocks. A standard event study methodology as has been used in the literature is employed for this purpose. The study does not find any significant effect of option introduction on the prices. The second part of the thesis deals with the effect on volatility. Volatility is measured as the risk of a stock and as is done in the literature, three kinds of risk are looked at: total risk, systematic risk and the unsystematic risk. In case of the total risk, an F-test and an Ansari Bradley test is used to check for changes in the variance and scale parameters of market-adjusted continuously compounded returns of the stocks before and after option introduction. The results of these tests are recorded as a categorical variable taking on the value 0 for no change and 1 for a change and a Binomial Logistic Regression is used to separate the effects of the two events. Furthermore, after recording the results of the above mentioned tests as a categorical variable with three categories (0, 1, -1), a Multinomial Logistic Regression is also used in order to estimate the direction of the change (increase, decrease or no change). The ratios of after to before total risks are also analyzed using an ANOVA model. The systematic risk is measured using three kinds of betas – OLS betas, Scholes-Williams betas and Fowler-Rorke betas. The differences in the before and after betas of every stock are modelled using an ANOVA model in order to separate the two effects as well as the interaction effect. The unsystematic risk is estimated by the conditional variances and the unconditional variances of ARMA and ARMA-GARCH models fitted to market model excess returns. The ANOVA model is used here as well. In addition to this, the before and after ARCH and GARCH coefficients of GARCH (1, 1) models fitted to the excess returns are also compared using the ANOVA model. The results indicate that individual options are leading to a decline in total risk however index options are causing an increase in total risk. The interaction effect is significant in this case thereby causing an increase in total risk in the Group I stocks. The OLS betas indicate that individual option introduction seems to have increased the systematic risk. The Scholes-Williams betas indicate that index option introduction seems to have increased the systematic risk. The Fowler Rorke betas on the other hand, do not show any significant impact of individual option or index option introduction. For all the three betas index options introduction seems to have no effect on the systematic risk. Though the interaction effect seems to be significant in all the three cases, it however does not significantly affect the systematic risk in Group I stocks. As regards the unsystematic risk, both the conditional and unconditional variances of ARMA models show a significant reduction for individual option introduction but index options do not have any significant impact on either one of these measures. In case of unconditional variances of ARMA-GARCH models, none of the effects come out as significant. While comparing the news and persistence coefficients of GARCH (1, 1) models, the news coefficients indicate that the due to index option introduction, stocks are becoming more efficient in terms of absorbing the news more rapidly. No significant effect of either event is found on the persistence coefficients. The last part of the thesis deals with the liquidity issue. Liquidity has been measured using two measures – relative volume (based on daily data) and implicit bid-ask spread given by Roll (1984) (calculated from intra-day data). In case of the liquidity measures, the Logistic Regression models are used i.e. a categorical variable with two or three categories obtained from the results of a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test for comparing the median volume and spread before and after option introduction, is used. It is found that for the relative volume, individual option introduction has led to a favourable effect in terms of increasing the volume post introduction of options; however index options seem to have had a negative effect. As for the spread, index options seem to have had a stabilizing influence on the underlying stocks than the individual options.

Afin d'effectuer les classements et les analyses portant sur la mortalité selon la cause médicale de décès, il est d'usage d'utiliser uniquement la cause initiale de décès, qui représente la maladie ou le traumatisme ayant initié la séquence d'événements menant au décès. Cette méthode comporte plusieurs limites. L'analyse de causes multiples, qui a la qualité d'utiliser toutes les causes citées sur le certificat de décès, serait particulièrement indiquée pour mieux expliquer la mortalité puisque les décès sont souvent attribuables à plusieurs processus morbides concurrents. L'analyse des causes multiples de décès chez les personnes âgées au Québec pour les années 2000-2004 permet d'identifier plusieurs conditions ayant contribué au décès, mais n'ayant toutefois pas été sélectionnées comme cause ayant initié le processus morbide. C'est particulièrement le cas de l'hypertension, de l'athérosclérose, de la septicémie, de la grippe et pneumonie, du diabète sucré et de la néphrite, syndrome néphrotique et néphropathie. Cette recherche démontre donc l'importance de la prise en compte des causes multiples afin de dresser un portrait plus juste de la mortalité québécoise aux âges où se concentrent principalement les décès que le permet l'analyse de la cause initiale seule. / To this day, mortality analysis has primarily focused on the underlying cause of death which represents the disease or injury which initiated the sequence of morbid events leading to the death. But since death is due to a complex process, especially at advanced ages, analysis based solely on this concept has its limitations and some causes are more likely to be identified as the underlying cause than others. Selecting only one cause per death may influence the relative importance of the various causes of death. Multiple causes of death statistics provide a more complete view of mortality patterns. The analysis of multiple causes of death among the elderly in Quebec for 2000-2004 identifies certain conditions that contributed to death, but have not been selected as the cause that initiated the disease process. This is particularly the case of hypertension, atherosclerosis, sepsis, influenza and pneumonia, diabetes mellitus and nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis. This research therefore demonstrates the importance of taking into account multiple causes in order to provide a more accurate portrait of Quebec's mortality at older ages that allows analysis of the underlying cause alone.

The aim of this study has been to investigate whether metaphors in terms of fire and heat in rock lyrics can be interpreted figuratively as well as literally. The terms for these latter two categories are internal and external metaphors. Many rock lyrics are about love, a theme often described with the use of metaphors. One common type of metaphorisation for describing love is to use what in this study has been called “fire and heat metaphors”. These are metaphors that as their source use FIRE and HEAT/WARMTH and map some of these qualities on to the metaphorical target LOVE, which results in metaphorical constructions like I am on fire. Internal and external metaphors are terms coined by Alm-Arvius (2003:78) and they serve the purpose of separating the metaphors that cannot be taken literally from those that can also be given a literal meaning in another context. The main aim of this study has been to investigate whether a set of chosen metaphorical constructions taken from different rock songs can also be interpreted literally in relation to another universe of discourse. Moreover, the semantic and syntactic structures of the metaphor examples have been outlined, and some theories why the constructions should be regarded as internal or external metaphors have been presented. A number of related underlying cognitive structures (conceptual metaphors) were identified in this study, and (BEING IN) LOVE IS (EXPERIENCING) HEAT/WARMTH is a structure that allows external metaphorical constructions. Some cognitive scientists see this cognitive structure as metonymy. However, it seems more adequate to connect it to the occurrence of external metaphors, since the language constructions relating to it can be literal as well as figurative. However, the distinction between internal and external metaphors is not always clear, it is difficult to make a clear distinction. Therefore, a continuum has been presented in this study which shows both the distinction and the occasional overlap between the categories of internal and external metaphors.