<p> </p><p>The number of hidden refugees in Sweden is estimated to be at least 15,000. The law, which only allows this group a very limited access to health care, can be considered to clash with the human rights and the ethical codes related to the health care professionals.</p><p>The aim of the study was to examine how the personnel in public health care may experience treating hidden refugees and which ethical conflicts that may be connected to this. The study, which is of a qualitative descriptive design, is based on eight semi-structured interviews. The interviewees were trained nurses and mid-wives in an emergency room, a maternity ward and a health care centre for asylum seekers.</p><p>The experience of treating hidden refugees amongst the informants was limited. The study proved that the knowledge of laws and guidelines regarding hidden refugees amongst the interviewed health care personnel was poor. The interviewees presumed that it would be mentally trying if the law impeded them from giving a patient the care needed.</p><p>The lack of knowledge of laws and guidelines that appeared from the interviews, may lead to an insecurity for the patient, as well as for the personnel. An increasing knowledge and accurate guidelines at the work place would improve the treatment of hidden refugees.</p> / <p> </p><p>I Sverige uppskattas att det finns minst 15000 gömda flyktingar. Lagstiftningen, som endast tillåter en begränsad vård för den gruppen, kan anses stå i konflikt med de mänskliga rättigheterna och sjukvårdspersonalens yrkesetiska koder.</p><p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur sjukvårdspersonal som arbetar inom landstinget kan uppleva vård av gömda flyktingar och vilka etiska konflikter som kan vara kopplade till detta. Studien, som är en intervjustudie med kvalitativ deskriptiv design, baseras på åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer. Informanterna utgjordes av sjuksköterskor och barnmorskor på akutmottagning, BB-avdelning och en vårdcentral för flyktingar.</p><p>Informanternas erfarenhet av att vårda gömda flyktingar var begränsad. Det framkom av studien att kunskapen om lagar och riktlinjer gällande vård av gömda flyktingar hos den intervjuade sjukvårdspersonalen var bristfällig. Informanterna förutsatte att det skulle vara psykiskt påfrestande om lagen hindrade dem att ge vård till en patient.</p><p>Den brist på kunskap om lagar och riktlinjer som framkom av intervjuerna, leder till en osäkerhet för både patienten och personalen. Ökad kunskap om lagar och ordentliga riktlinjer på arbetsplatsen skulle underlätta vården av gömda flyktingar.</p><p> </p>

Anti-immigrant sentiment particularly against Mexicans in the United States has had a dramatic influence on the lives of immigrants and on how they perceive the host society. Today, little research has addressed the extent to which this enmity has affected the mental-well being of immigrants. Based on 30 in-depth interviews in Houston this study investigates the degree to which nativism contributes to depression among Mexican-origin immigrant women. The findings reveal that undocumented status was salient and contributed to symptoms of depression. Additionally, my respondents revealed perceptions of intra-ethnic conflict among Mexican Americans. This thesis further explores how segmented assimilation theory can be expanded to better understand the complexities and nuances that Mexican immigrant women endure taking into consideration immigration status, racial/ethnic identity, and the structural barriers which plays a major role in their integration and mental health well-being.

Abstract The purpose of this essay is to study how undocumented migrants situation is constructed inSwedish massmedia discourse. The purpose has also been to study how the compromisedhuman rights of undocumented migrants in Sweden are legitimated in massmedia discourseand how resistance is constructed. The following main questions have been processed in this essay: - How are undocumented migrants and their situation constructed in Swedish massmediadiscourse?- How is society’s part in the situation constructed? Following questions are related to the main questions:- How is the situation that undocumented migrants face in Sweden legitimated in discourse?-What social consequences do the constructions have for undocumented migrants and for theSwedish society? The questions have been answered through a discourse analysis on empirical materialconsisting of ten news clips from Swedish public service television SVT and ten articles fromthe online editions of the main national newspapers Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Aftonbladet and Expressen. The analysis was done with analytic methods from discursivepsychology and with the sociological theories at hand in this essay. The conclusions drawn from the analysis are that the situation is constructed according todifferent interpretative repertoires drawing on humanitarian discourses and economicdiscourses, which lead to separate social consequences and ideological categorisations of ”usand them”. The rethoric constructions of the situation in massmedia contributes to thelegitimation of the marginalisation of undocumented migrants in Sweden through the focus onpolitical and financial aspects and the legal status of the migrant before human rights. / Sammanfattning Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur irreguljära migranter, eller ”papperslösa” flyktingars situation konstrueras diskursivt i svensk massmedia. Syftet är även att studera hur ”papperslösa” flyktingars villkorade mänskliga rättigheter i Sverige legitimeras diskursivt i massmedia och hur konstruktioner av motmakt görs. Följande frågeställningar behandlas i uppsatsen: - Hur konstrueras ”papperslösa” flyktingar och deras situation diskursivt i svensk massmedia?- Hur konstrueras samhällets roll i situationen? Följande underfrågor är relaterade till frågeställningarna:- Hur legitimeras situationen som ”papperslösa” ställs inför i Sverige diskursivt?- Vilka sociala konsekvenser kan konstruktionerna ha för ”papperslösa” och för samhället? Frågeställningarna besvaras genom en diskursanalys av ett empiriskt urval bestående av tio nyhetsinslag som sänts i Sverige Television och tio nyhetsartiklar från Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Aftonbladet och Expressens Internetupplagor. Analysen genomförs med diskurspsykologiska analytiska verktyg utifrån de befintliga sociologiska teorierna. Resultatet visar att situationen konstrueras enligt skilda tolkningsrepertoarer som bygger på humanitära och ekonomiska diskurser som leder till olika sociala konsekvenser och ideologiska kategoriseringar av ”vi och dom”. Resultatet visar även att retoriska konstruktioner av situationen i massmedia bidrar till att legitimera att ”papperslösa” individer marginaliseras i Sverige genom att fokus i rapporteringen ligger på politiska och ekonomiska aspekter samt ”papperslösa” individers legala status framför mänskliga rättigheter.

In order to study the different social networks and institutions that shape the access to work and working conditions for the undocumented Bolivian migrant workers in Sweden, I have a conducted a qualitative research. This research specifically looks into how the Bolivian social networks in Stockholm are organized in terms of the access to labor market for undocumented immigrants from Bolivia. Another research dimension will be to explore the social relationships within these social networks and their internal hierarchy. The eight conducted interviews of undocumented, and previously undocumented, Bolivian migrant workers have determined the perception of the undocumented migrants’ life and working conditions. Through their testimonies I have grasped the information of what kind of social networks operate among the undocumented Bolivian labor migrants in Stockholm. With four interviews directed to four labor union representatives there has also been unraveled what the relationship are between the Bolivian social networks and the formal Swedish labor unions, and reversely. Actor network theory has been used as a perspective and a tool to examine the undocumented migrants’ perceptions of the main actors within these networks. The role of the social networks has, in terms of access to the labor market, a big influence on the undocumented Bolivian migrants and how they perceive and approach the Swedish labor unions.

The number of hidden refugees in Sweden is estimated to be at least 15,000. The law, which only allows this group a very limited access to health care, can be considered to clash with the human rights and the ethical codes related to the health care professionals. The aim of the study was to examine how the personnel in public health care may experience treating hidden refugees and which ethical conflicts that may be connected to this. The study, which is of a qualitative descriptive design, is based on eight semi-structured interviews. The interviewees were trained nurses and mid-wives in an emergency room, a maternity ward and a health care centre for asylum seekers. The experience of treating hidden refugees amongst the informants was limited. The study proved that the knowledge of laws and guidelines regarding hidden refugees amongst the interviewed health care personnel was poor. The interviewees presumed that it would be mentally trying if the law impeded them from giving a patient the care needed. The lack of knowledge of laws and guidelines that appeared from the interviews, may lead to an insecurity for the patient, as well as for the personnel. An increasing knowledge and accurate guidelines at the work place would improve the treatment of hidden refugees. / I Sverige uppskattas att det finns minst 15000 gömda flyktingar. Lagstiftningen, som endast tillåter en begränsad vård för den gruppen, kan anses stå i konflikt med de mänskliga rättigheterna och sjukvårdspersonalens yrkesetiska koder. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur sjukvårdspersonal som arbetar inom landstinget kan uppleva vård av gömda flyktingar och vilka etiska konflikter som kan vara kopplade till detta. Studien, som är en intervjustudie med kvalitativ deskriptiv design, baseras på åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer. Informanterna utgjordes av sjuksköterskor och barnmorskor på akutmottagning, BB-avdelning och en vårdcentral för flyktingar. Informanternas erfarenhet av att vårda gömda flyktingar var begränsad. Det framkom av studien att kunskapen om lagar och riktlinjer gällande vård av gömda flyktingar hos den intervjuade sjukvårdspersonalen var bristfällig. Informanterna förutsatte att det skulle vara psykiskt påfrestande om lagen hindrade dem att ge vård till en patient. Den brist på kunskap om lagar och riktlinjer som framkom av intervjuerna, leder till en osäkerhet för både patienten och personalen. Ökad kunskap om lagar och ordentliga riktlinjer på arbetsplatsen skulle underlätta vården av gömda flyktingar.

My thesis analyzes the role of narratives in the consolidation of a Dreamer identity and movement for undocumented youth. The Dream movement, which initially pushed for the DREAM Act, a bill that would grant undocumented youth a pathway to residency and citizenship, has evolved into a collective effort to protect and fight for rights-enabling legislation for the entire undocumented population. This investigation uses narratives to promote an understanding of the Dream movement, taking into account a long-standing strategy of Dreamers: Stories of self lead to a collective story of us that celebrates individual experiences of a common struggle to belong in spite of a lack of papers. This story of us, in turn, leads to a story of now, a narrative of mobilization and advocacy that speaks to Dreamers’ public quest for legal recognition. The articulation of narratives allows for a sense of belonging among Dreamers who, because they are not conferred citizenship, have struggled to find acceptance and recognition as members of the United States. In spite of not having citizenship, Dreamers have been conferred benefits, such as the right to a free K-12 public school education under the 1982 Supreme Court Plyler v. Doe decision and the right to work and remain in the country for a renewable two years under President Obama’s 2012 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) directive. These benefits, utilized by Dreamers to show that they are important members of the national polity, are important elements of their narrative. By adopting a Dreamer identity, undocumented youth have realized that lack of papers is not an impediment to civic and political engagement, even if they are not given the right to vote. Dreamers, in mobilizing and advocating, exercise rights such as the ability to testify and lobby that oftentimes the average citizen does not utilize. By becoming so engaged, undocumented youth have made an important claim to citizenship that has given them a newfound visibility and recognition as rights- bearing individuals. / text

September 11th 2001 led to an increase in the intensity of the already existing discourses surrounding what it means to be an American, with a particular focus on the Southern border of the United States and Mexican immigration as a perceived threat to national security. This study seeks to address the how prejudice towards undocumented Mexican immigrants generalizes to Mexican Americans. This relationship was theorized by Chavez (2008), and is what he calls the Latino threat narrative. Experimental methods will be used to measure how perceptions of Latinos differ as a function of foreignness using a 2 (positive vs. negative scenario) x 4 (Mexican American, undocumented immigrant, Latino and Anglo) X 2 (Group Process: SDO or RWA) between-subjects design. Participants were asked to read scenarios that describes a man (either Mexican American, an undocumented Mexican immigrant, a Latino or White) accidently hitting another car while parking and either leaving a note or not. The results demonstrate that when the immigration status of the man described is unknown, and he does not leave a note, participants high in Social Dominance Orientation attitudes are more likely to identify them as an undocumented Mexican immigrant. The findings of this study contribute to the literature of prejudice through further exploring the mechanisms of prejudice towards immigrant populations. / text

The present study utilizes survey data (n = 415) collected in the Migrant Border Crossing Study from repatriated Mexican migrants to examine three important questions regarding unauthorized migration attempts through southern Arizona. First, what factors explicate migrants' modes of crossing? Second, do coyote fees vary among people who rely on smuggling services to cross the border? If so, what accounts for this variation? Third, what factors shape encounters with bajadores while traversing the desert? The present analyses expand on previous studies examining the unauthorized crossing in multiple ways. For instance, I empirically test the role of a "culture of migration" in explaining modes of crossing, coyote fees, and bajador encounters. I also differentiate between two main types of coyotes: "border business" and "interior." I then examine whether crossing with a coyote mediates the risk of encountering bajadores during the journey. Overall, there are important differences in crossing modes and coyote fees. Women are more likely to travel with both coyote types, while the opposite is true for more experienced migrants. Older migrants and people who cross during summer months are less likely to travel with an "interior" coyote. The strongest predictor of higher smuggling fees is the region of a person's U.S. destination. Higher coyote fees are also associated with immigrants' higher educational attainment, being married, being the sole economic provider for one's household, and higher household income. More experienced migrants, and those crossing in larger groups or during the summer also pay higher fees, however fees do not vary by gender, age, or social capital. These findings are somewhat consistent with the extant literature on human capital and risk tolerance/aversion, but run counter to the vast migration literature emphasizing the importance of social capital in the migration process. Finally, the risk of encountering bajadores is not higher for males, young adults, the less educated, and the more impoverished, which contradicts extant findings in the victimology literature. With the exception of crossing corridor and time spent in the desert, no other factors increase the risk of encountering bandits more than traveling with a coyote. Implications and possible future research are discussed.

This dissertation examines the paradoxes involved in offering medical aid to undocumented migrants in Berlin, Germany. Coinciding with the end of guestworker programs in the 1970s, undocumented migrants have increasingly filled gaps in the German labor market. Political pressures following reunification, along with border militarization in the wake of European Union expansion, have resulted in restrictions on legal entry. However, neoliberal reforms in the labor market and a rapidly aging population have resulted in high demand for undocumented workers in particular sectors of the economy. At the same time, soaring unemployment and nationalist sentiments have made immigration unpopular, with political parties negatively predisposed to assuring the rights of migrant workers. One such right is access to health care services in a nation with a traditionally universal system of coverage. Undocumented migrants are officially denied "medical citizenship" and must rely upon humanitarian aid provided by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).This study examines the experiences of multiple stakeholders, particularly physicians and NGOs that provide medical aid. It draws upon the anthropology of health policy, a critical approach within medical anthropology. Fieldwork in Berlin during 2004-2006 included participant observation at an outpatient clinic, which yielded case studies of 204 undocumented patients, along with sixty-one interviews. Results indicate that in Germany, certain minimal rights are technically available to migrants; however, they are not assured access to these rights. This underscores the importance of utilizing legal status as a unifying measure of analysis. I argue that the state absolves itself of responsibility by handing off the provision of services to the NGO sector. While laws criminalize the provision of medical aid, they are only selectively enforced, and organizations are recognized for their volunteer work through awards and commendations. These paradoxes allow the state to square the contradiction of condemning yet relying upon undocumented migration. This dissertation presents an ethnographic portrait of the single largest source of medical aid for undocumented migrants in Germany, providing an analysis of patient characteristics and illnesses. Prenatal care highlights the interplay between race, reproduction, and citizenship, and offers a particularly poignant window into the challenges of nation-building in contemporary Germany.

abstract: The goal of this exploratory study is to learn how undocumented immigrants remain resilient by adopting new strategies to survive and thrive despite confronting challenges as they legally justify their presence in the United States. This study will focus on three research questions: first, what are the demographic factors that describe undocumented immigrant family resiliency in the United States? Second, how are social service providers; perceptions of the challenges faced by their clients modified by the services they provide? Third, how do resiliency factors identified by their social service providers allow undocumented immigrants to overcome the challenges of criminalization in the United States? The theoretical framework for this study was based on two approaches: first, a symbolic interaction approach which was specifically inspired by Benedict Anderson's classic Imagined Communities (1983, 2006). The second approach is Ecological Risk and Resiliency. This study used mixed methods of research: interviews and descriptive analysis. The qualitative data was drawn from ten social service providers from a faith-based agency, and from a narrative analysis of participants enrolled in an ESL program (English as a Second Language). The subjects for the quantitative design were drawn from a group of undocumented first-generation Hispanic immigrants who received social services during the year 2009 from the same faith-based agency. In summary, this exploration discovered that immigrants show great ability for imaginatively developing strategies in order to survive and thrive under their difficult circumstances. Furthermore, undocumented immigrant survival does not completely depend upon food and shelter and even money, but also on a sense of well being. Noted was that women undocumented immigrants show greater resiliency than their male counterparts. Also discovered was that social services do make a difference in the lives of undocumented immigrants but not all social service providers are fully trained and prepared to assist them beyond normal standards. In conclusion, the Hispanic undocumented immigrant displays remarkable resiliency despite tremendous obstacles and personal difficulties and this resiliency could only improve by social service providers' improved understanding of their needs and personal resources. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Justice Studies 2011