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In recent years, Sweden has received a huge amount of immigrants and the number of people who have been granted residence permits has been record high. At the same time, the statistics show high unemployment among immigrants and many of them experience ethnic discrimination by not being called to employment interviews. The purpose of this essay is to investigate whether the active measures that oblige the employer to counter discrimination are an adequate measure to break the power structures in the workplace, or if any form of unidentification of job applications should be required to ensure the legal protection in the recruitment process for people with different ethnicity than Swedish. In order to answer the purpose of the essay, the doctrinal method has been used. This method is based on establishing the current law through a systematic and critical interpretation. The material obtained in this essay is further examined through an intersectional perspective based on the power structures in society. The result of the study shows that the method of unidentifying jobapplications can be a reliable complement to the employer’s work with the active measures,as this method ensures that discrimination does not occur during the first recruitment phase and that issues of discrimination and diversity arise through the practice of the method. From there, the employer can focus the active measures on the second phase of recruitment. Furthermore, the study has shown that both the active measures and the method are insufficient to break the power structures in society, but that they together to some extent contributes to this.

Cette thèse porte sur les effets des croyances dans la production des faux souvenirs, phénomène qui présente une importance toute particulière dans le contexte judiciaire. Nous avons trouvé avec le CNES (Centre National d’Études Spatiales) un terrain d’étude particulièrement fonctionnel pour comprendre les mécanismes de la production des faux souvenirs. En effet, le CNES a créé un service, le GEIPAN (Groupe d’Études et d’Informations sur les Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés), chargé de recueillir les témoignages à propos de PAN (Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non identifiés) sur le territoire français. Le GEIPAN reçoit un volume conséquent de témoignages (en moyenne deux par jour) qui présentent bien souvent une grande homogénéité. Cette collaboration avec le CNES a permis de réaliser des études de terrain qui, articulées avec des études expérimentales de laboratoire, ont permis de mettre en évidence les conditions de production des faux souvenirs. Nous observons que les faux souvenirs sont dus à l’impact des croyances (ici à propos des OVNI) dès lors qu’un délai a permis une confusion entre différentes sources du souvenir. Dans une dernière partie de la thèse, nous montrons que l’adaptation d’une technique d’entretien judiciaire (l’entretien cognitif sur internet) à la problématique de ces témoignages permet de résoudre en partie la production des faux souvenirs. Nous évoquons dans la discussion les pistes d’utilisation des travaux de cette thèse dans le contexte des enquêtes judiciaires. / This doctoral dissertation focuses on the impact of beliefs on the development of false memories. Such memories have been reported to be important as far as the judicial system is concerned. The CNES (Centre National d’ Études Spatiales) has been an ideal study site for a depth understanding of the development of false memories. Indeed, the CNES has developed the GEPAN (Groupe d’Études et d’Informations sur les Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés), a service aiming to collect French testimonies regarding PAN (Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non identifiés). The GEIPAN receive plenty of testimonies (2 testimonies per day). This collaboration with the GEIPAN allowed to conduct both field researches and experimental studies aiming to highlight processes leading to false memories. False memories were related to beliefs about UFOs as long as a period led to a confusion between the several sources memories. In a last part of this doctoral dissertation, the adaptation of judicial interview (cognitive interview on the Internet) for these testimonies will be presented as well as its utility to for solving a part of false memories. These findings and their utility in criminal investigation will be discussed in the discussion section.

AFRIKAANS: Die Antieke ruimtevaarder-teorie stel voor dat wesens uit die ruimte die Aarde in die antieke verlede besoek het. Hierdie wesens was betrokke by die vroeë geskiedenis van die planet. Hulle het bewoonbare toestande geskep asook menslike intelligensie deur 'n proses van genetiese ingenieurswese. Hul besoeke is opgeteken en deur mense oorgelewer in godsdienste, mitologieë en antieke legendes. Hul teenwoordigheid is ook nog waarneembaar in antieke fisiese oorblyfsels. Voorstanders van die Ruimtevaarderteorie bied dit aan as 'n wetenskaplike hipotese en as die "mees perfekte algemene noemer van alle tye" wat 'n moderne verklaring vir die oer-godsdiens bied. Afdeling A van die studie bied 'n oorsig oor die teorie en die bewyse wat daarvoor aangebied word. Daar word aangetoon dat, hoewel die meeste van die postulate nie deur die moderne wetenskap as "onsinnig" beskou word nie, dit nie oortuig as 'n werkbare wetenskaplike teorie nie. Omdat daar weinig verskille tussen die basiese onderneming van die wtenskap en die godsdiens bestaan (beide vertrek vanaf onbewysbare aannames om waargenome data te verklaar) word daar vermoed dat die Antieke ruimtevaarder-teorie eerder funksioneer op die vlak van religieusiteit. Hierdie tese word ondersoek in Afdeling B van die studie: Daar word voorgestel dat die Fenomenologiese metode van godsdienswetenskaplike ondersoek, wat poog om 'n fenomeen te verstaan nie soos dit manifesteer nie, maar op die dieper vlak van die funksie en betekenins daarvan, die mees paslike metode vir die ondersoek is. (p> Met gebruikmaking van die insigte van 'n Fenomenologiese benadering, word aangedui dat die Antieke ruimtevaarder-teorie funksioneer as 'n godsdienstige beweging met eienskappe van 'n kulte en 'n nieu-mitologie. Die aanvaarbaarheid van die teorie vir die vele volgelinge daarvan, en die gepaardgaande groei van die bcweging wat dit propageer, word verklaar uit 'n kombinasie van sosiologiese en psigologiese faktore wat aan die werk is in die moderne Westerse beskawing. Vanuit 'n fenomenologiese gesigspunt word gekonkludeer dat die Ruimtevaardcrteorie baie suksesvol op religieuse vlak is. Dit slaag daarin om die Bybel weer "geloofwaardig" te maak en skep weer 'n "kosmiese raamwerk" vir die betekenis van die menslike bestaan. Die teorie kan ook beskou word as 'n prysenswaardige poging tot die sintetisering van godsdiens en die modeme wetenskap vir die aanhangers daarvan, en om die geestelike behoeftes van mense in 'n verwarrende en verwarde wêreld aan te spreek. In 'n slotafdeling word die bevindinge van die studie teologies oorweeg en word die waarde daarvan vir die Chrislelike godsdiens aangetoon. ENGLISH: The Ancient astronaut theory proposes that beings from outer space came to Earth in the distant past. These beings were involved in the early history of the planet: They created habitable conditions and human intelligence by genetic engineering. Their visits were recorded and handed down by humans in their religions, mythologies and ancient legends. Their presence is also visible in ancient physical remains. Proponents present the Astronaut theory as a scientific hypothesis and as "the most perfect common denominator of all time", allowing a modem explanation for old-time religion: Section A of the study provides an overview of the theory and the evidence presented in support of it. It is shown that, although many of the postulates are being accepted by modem science as "not unreasonable", it is not convincing as a workable scientific theory. Since there is little difference between the basic enterprises of science and religion (both departing from unproven suppositions to explain perceived data) it is suspected that the Astronaut theory rather functions on a level of religiosity. This thesis is investigated in Section 8 of the study: It is proposed that the Phenomenological method of studying religion, which attempts to understand a phenomenon not in the way it manifests itself, but on the deeper level of its function and meaning, is the most appropriate for this investigation. Using the insights of a Phenomeno!ogical approach, it is shown that the Ancient astronaut theory functions as a religious movement with attributes of a cult and a new-mythology. The acceptability of the theory for its many followers and the resulting growth of the movement that proposes it, is explained from a combination of social and psychological factors at work in Western society. From a phenomenological point of view it is concluded that the Astronaut theory may be considered very successful on a religious level: It succeeds in making the Bible "respectable" again and it recreates a "cosmic framework" for the meaning of human existence. The theory may also be considered a praiseworthy attempt to synthesise religion and modem science for its supporters and to address the spiritual needs of man in a confusing and confused world. In a final section of the study, the results are being considered theologically and their value. being shown for Christianity. / Thesis (PhD (Science of Religion))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Science of Religion and Missiology / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joserobertolopesferrazfilho_tese.pdf: 1409103 bytes, checksum: de6715f2f3059b0c5617f571b89bfdbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-21 / Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) in children and adolescents is frequently associated with the appearance of focal lesion hyperintensities on T2-weighted images seen in the brain which are called Unidentified Bright Objects (UBOs). These lesions are not an accepted criterion in the diagnosis of NF1 and the exact nature of UBOs remains unclear. Objectives: article 1: This study employed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to evaluate the relation among fractional anisotropy (FA) patterns with the findings of T2 sequences in individuals with NF1; article 2: To evaluate the evolution of UBOs in individuals with NF1 by serial MRI, and to relate this to regional fractional anisotropy (FA); article 3: To evaluate the metabolic patterns by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the brain, in the presence of UBOS in patients with NF1. Methods: article 1: Forty-four individuals with NF1 and 20 control subjects were evaluated. The comparative analysis of FA between NF1 and control groups was based on four pre-determined anatomic regions of the brain and related to the presence or absence of UBOs; article 2: The signal pattern of the T2-weighted sequences in the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum for 27 NF1 individuals and a control group were analyzed by DTI. The presence or absence of UBOs in 2 consecutive MRI examinations were related to FA. article 3: Forty-two individuals with NF1 and 25 control subjects were evaluated by examination of ERM univoxel placed in the region of the globus pallidus. Automated quantitative analysis was made of the relationship of the metabolites choline/creatine (Co / Cr), N-acetyl aspartate/creatine (NAA / Cr) and myoinositol/creatine (MI / Cr) and related to the occurrence of UBOS in region of the globus pallidus. Results: article 1: The FA values between the groups demonstrated statistically significant differences (p &#8804; 0.05) for the cerebellum and thalamus in NF1 patients, independent of the occurrence of UBOs; article 2: We demonstrated statistically significant differences in FA for the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus between NF1 patients and controls (P &#8804; 0.05), even with a reduction or disappearance of UBOs; article 3: We demonstrated statistically significant differences between of patients with NF1 and control groups as the average values Mi/Cr and Co/Cr (P<0.05) in the region of the globus pallidus. Conclusions: article 1: MR imaging using DTI technique suggests that UBOs are due to microstructural defect of the brain tissue in NF1 patients. article 2: MRI allows for adequate monitoring of the temporal and spatial distribution of UBOs in patients with NF1. DTI confirmed changes in FA despite the disappearance or reduction of UBOs. article 3: MR spectroscopy allows the characterization of the tissue abnormalities not demonstrable in the conventional MR sequences of patients with NF1 by analysis of metabolites Co and Mi. / A neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) em crianças e adolescentes está frequentemente associada com o aparecimento ou desaparecimento de lesões focais de hipersinal no encéfalo na ponderação T2 (FHE-T2). Estas lesões não são aceitas como critério diagnóstico para NF1 e sua natureza exata ainda não está clara. Objetivos: artigo 1: Avaliar a relação entre a presença dos FHE-T2 e padrões de anisotropia fracionada (FA) em uma série de pacientes com NF1; artigo 2: Demonstrar o padrão de evolução dos FHE-T2 por exame de Ressonância Magnética (RM) em indivíduos com NF1 e relacionar com o valor regional de FA; artigo 3: Avaliar os padrões metabólicos por meio da espectroscopia por ressonância magnética (ERM) do encéfalo na presença dos FHE-T2 em pacientes com NF1. Métodos: artigo 1: Analisou-se uma série de 44 indivíduos com NF1, e 20 controles. A análise quantitativa do FA foi definida em quatro regiões anatômicas pré-determinadas e relacionada à presença de FHE-T2; artigo 2: Analisou-se com imagem de tensor de difusão (DTI) a evolução dos FHE-T2 nas regiões de núcleos da base, tálamos, cerebelo e tronco encefalico de um grupo de 27 pacientes com NF1 e 20 controles. A presença de FHE-T2 em dois exames de RM encefálica consecutivos foram relacionados com o valor de FA; artigo 3: Analisou-se 42 indivíduos com NF1, e 25 controles saudáveis por exame de ERM univoxel na região do globo pálido. Foi feita análise automatizada quantitativa da relação dos metabólitos colina/creatina (Co/Cr), N-acetil aspartato/creatina (Naa/Cr) e Mioinositol/creatina (Mi/Cr) e relacionada à ocorrência de FHE-T2 na região do globo pálido. Resultados: artigo 1: Os FHE-T2 foram diagnosticados em 50% dos pacientes com NF1. Observou-se redução do valor de FA nas regiões do cerebelo e tálamo de aparência normal ou com FHE-T2 de pacientes com NF1 em relação ao controle (P &#8804;.05); artigo 2: Houve redução significativa no valor de FA nas regiões de núcleos da base, cerebelo e tálamos em pacientes com NF1 em relação ao grupo controle (P &#8804;.05) mesmo com redução ou desaparecimento dos FHE-T2; artigo 3: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos de pacientes com NF1 e o controle quanto aos valores médios ( ) de Mi/Cr e Co/Cr (P<0,05) na região do globo pálido. Conclusões: artigo 1: A técnica de DTI confirma que os FHE-T2 estejam relacionados às alterações da microestrutura do tecido cerebral em pacientes NF1. artigo 2: A RM possibilita o adequado monitoramento da distribuição no tempo e espaço dos FHE-T2 em pacientes com NF1. DTI evidencia alterações no valor de FA mesmo com o desaparecimento ou redução dos FHE-T2; artigo 3: A ERM permite a caracterização de anormalidades teciduais não demonstráveis nas sequências convencionais de RM de pacientes com NF1 por meio da análise dos metabólitos Co e Mi.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie proefskrif word daar gekonsentreer op die bewyslas in die nywerheidshof omdat die nywerheidshof se benadering met betrekking tot die bewyslas verskil van geval tot gevaL afhangende van die aard van die regshulp waarvoor die party je die nywerheidshof nader. In die tweede plek volg 'n bespreking van hoe en deur wie die voorlegging van getuienis aan die nywerheidshof mag geskied, hetsy by wyse van dokumente of getuies en daarbenewens oak 'n bespreking van watter soort getuienis aan die nywerheidshof voorgele mag word met spesifieke verwysing na inter alia, klankopnames, videobande en die resultate van leuenverklikkertoetse. / In this thesis there will be concentrated on the burden of proof in the industrial court because the industrial court's approach in regard to the burden of proof differs from case to case, depending on the nature of the legal aid for which the party /ies approaches the industrial court. In the second place a discussion will follow of how and by whom the presenting of evidence can be done, whether by documents or by witnesses, and in addition thereto also a discussion on which sort of evidence can be presented to the industrial court with specific reference to, inter alia, taperecordings, video tapes and the results of lie-detector tests. / Private Law / LL.M. (Handelsreg)

<p>Epoxides are three-membered cyclic ethers formed in the metabolism of foreign substances and as endogenous metabolites. Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of epoxides to yield the corresponding diols. EHs have been implicated in diverse functions such as detoxification of various toxic epoxides, as well as regulation of signal substance levels.</p><p>The main goal of this thesis was to investigate and characterize the α/β hydrolase fold EH. The first part concerns the identifictaion of an EH in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. The second part involves detailed mechanistic and structural studies of a plant EH from potato, StEH1. </p><p>Despite the important function of EH, no EH has previously been established in <i>S. cerevisiae</i>. By sequence analysis, we have identified a new subclass of EH present in yeast and in a wide range of microorganisms. The <i>S. cerevisiae</i> protein was produced recombinantly and was shown to display low catalytic activity with tested epoxide substrates. </p><p>In plants, EHs are involved in the general defence system, both in the metabolism of the cutin layer and in stress response to pathogens. The catalytic mechanism of recombinantly expressed wild type and mutant potato EH were investigated in detail using the two enantiomers of <i>trans</i>-stilbene oxide (TSO). The proposed catalytic residues of StEH1 were confirmed. StEH1 is slightly enantioselective for the <i>S,S</i>-enantiomer of<i> trans</i>-stilbene oxide. Furthermore, distinct pH dependence of the two enantiomers probably reflects differences in the microscopic rate constants of the substrates. The detailed function of the two catalytic tyrosines was also studied. The behavior of the tyrosine pair resembles that of a bidentate Lewis acid and we conclude that these tyrosines function as Lewis acids rather then proton donors.</p><p>The three dimensional structure of StEH1 was solved, representing the first structure of a plant EH. The structure provided information about the substrate specificity of StEH1.</p>

Epoxides are three-membered cyclic ethers formed in the metabolism of foreign substances and as endogenous metabolites. Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of epoxides to yield the corresponding diols. EHs have been implicated in diverse functions such as detoxification of various toxic epoxides, as well as regulation of signal substance levels. The main goal of this thesis was to investigate and characterize the α/β hydrolase fold EH. The first part concerns the identifictaion of an EH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The second part involves detailed mechanistic and structural studies of a plant EH from potato, StEH1. Despite the important function of EH, no EH has previously been established in S. cerevisiae. By sequence analysis, we have identified a new subclass of EH present in yeast and in a wide range of microorganisms. The S. cerevisiae protein was produced recombinantly and was shown to display low catalytic activity with tested epoxide substrates. In plants, EHs are involved in the general defence system, both in the metabolism of the cutin layer and in stress response to pathogens. The catalytic mechanism of recombinantly expressed wild type and mutant potato EH were investigated in detail using the two enantiomers of trans-stilbene oxide (TSO). The proposed catalytic residues of StEH1 were confirmed. StEH1 is slightly enantioselective for the S,S-enantiomer of trans-stilbene oxide. Furthermore, distinct pH dependence of the two enantiomers probably reflects differences in the microscopic rate constants of the substrates. The detailed function of the two catalytic tyrosines was also studied. The behavior of the tyrosine pair resembles that of a bidentate Lewis acid and we conclude that these tyrosines function as Lewis acids rather then proton donors. The three dimensional structure of StEH1 was solved, representing the first structure of a plant EH. The structure provided information about the substrate specificity of StEH1.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie proefskrif word daar gekonsentreer op die bewyslas in die nywerheidshof omdat die nywerheidshof se benadering met betrekking tot die bewyslas verskil van geval tot gevaL afhangende van die aard van die regshulp waarvoor die party je die nywerheidshof nader. In die tweede plek volg 'n bespreking van hoe en deur wie die voorlegging van getuienis aan die nywerheidshof mag geskied, hetsy by wyse van dokumente of getuies en daarbenewens oak 'n bespreking van watter soort getuienis aan die nywerheidshof voorgele mag word met spesifieke verwysing na inter alia, klankopnames, videobande en die resultate van leuenverklikkertoetse. / In this thesis there will be concentrated on the burden of proof in the industrial court because the industrial court's approach in regard to the burden of proof differs from case to case, depending on the nature of the legal aid for which the party /ies approaches the industrial court. In the second place a discussion will follow of how and by whom the presenting of evidence can be done, whether by documents or by witnesses, and in addition thereto also a discussion on which sort of evidence can be presented to the industrial court with specific reference to, inter alia, taperecordings, video tapes and the results of lie-detector tests. / Private Law / LL.M. (Handelsreg)