<p>The first objective of this study is to show if diffusion of contraception in areas of traditional high fertility has gone through profound changes. Indeed, we would like to know if contraceptive behaviours have evolved because of new fertility perceptions and also because partners now have greater freedom to make choices in a relationship. The second objective of this study is not only to highlight the levels and trends of contraception and the factors influencing their use (government policies, role of family planning, etc.) in developing countries, but also to consider the population of unmet-needs of contraception. Indeed, the level of contraceptive use depends obviously on users, but also on non-users with no needs and non-users with unsatisfied needs. The understanding of this last category of females is essential to a more accurate estimation of contraception levels, and, therefore for the estimation of fertility levels. This study analyses the contraceptive use in several developing countries in Africa and highlights the unsatisfied needs of contraception, to understand why such needs exist. To do so, we shall analyse available demographic data for thirty-five African countries by using the available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), from the 1980&rsquo / s to 2000&rsquo / s considering the DHS I, DHS II, DHS III and DHS IV. This great variety of surveys, seventy-nine in total, permits one to compare levels of contraception and &ldquo / unmet-needs&rdquo / from country to country. The surveys also, make it possible to compare the evolution over time of specific countries or specific regions, and to subsequently comprehend the determining factors of contraceptive use or non-use.</p>

Bakgrund: Idag finns det cirka 40 000 individer som har diagnosen schizofreni i Sverige. Schizofreni innebär psykisk ohälsa i form av bland annat hallucinationer, vanföreställningar samt apati och passivitet, vilket leder till en försämrad livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa upplevelsen av livskvalitet hos patienter med diagnosen schizofreni. Metod: Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie där sju vetenskapliga artiklar, som var relevanta till syftet, valdes ut, kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i fem olika rubriker. Det visade sig att svåra symtom, civilstatus, socialt nätverk, otillfredsställda behov och ekonomi alla vara direkt relaterade till livskvaliteten hos patienter med schizofreni. Slutsats: Förbättrade levnadsförhållanden betyder inte nödvändigtvis förbättrad livskvalitet. Många faktorer bland annat trygg och lugn omgivning, bra ekonomi och ett bra socialt nätverk påverkar livskvaliteten. Därför bör sjukvårdspersonal tillgodose patienternas behov på ett adekvat sätt och därmed bidra till en förbättrad livskvalitet. / Background: About 40 000 individuals in Sweden lives with the diagnose schizophrenia. Schizophrenia involves psychiatric disease with symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, apathy and passivity, which lead to a decline in quality of life. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to elucidate the experience of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review where seven scientific articles were chosen, critically reviewed and analysed. Result: The result was divided in to five different categories. Severe symptoms, marital status, social network, unmet needs and economy appeared to be all directly related to quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusion: Improved living conditions do not necessarily improve quality of life. Many factors including security, quiet environment, good economy and a good social network affects the quality of life. Therefore, health care professionals should meet patient needs in an adequate manner and thus contribute to an improved quality of life.

<p>The first objective of this study is to show if diffusion of contraception in areas of traditional high fertility has gone through profound changes. Indeed, we would like to know if contraceptive behaviours have evolved because of new fertility perceptions and also because partners now have greater freedom to make choices in a relationship. The second objective of this study is not only to highlight the levels and trends of contraception and the factors influencing their use (government policies, role of family planning, etc.) in developing countries, but also to consider the population of unmet-needs of contraception. Indeed, the level of contraceptive use depends obviously on users, but also on non-users with no needs and non-users with unsatisfied needs. The understanding of this last category of females is essential to a more accurate estimation of contraception levels, and, therefore for the estimation of fertility levels. This study analyses the contraceptive use in several developing countries in Africa and highlights the unsatisfied needs of contraception, to understand why such needs exist. To do so, we shall analyse available demographic data for thirty-five African countries by using the available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), from the 1980&rsquo / s to 2000&rsquo / s considering the DHS I, DHS II, DHS III and DHS IV. This great variety of surveys, seventy-nine in total, permits one to compare levels of contraception and &ldquo / unmet-needs&rdquo / from country to country. The surveys also, make it possible to compare the evolution over time of specific countries or specific regions, and to subsequently comprehend the determining factors of contraceptive use or non-use.</p>

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The first objective of this study is to show if diffusion of contraception in areas of traditional high fertility has gone through profound changes. Indeed, we would like to know if contraceptive behaviours have evolved because of new fertility perceptions and also because partners now have greater freedom to make choices in a relationship. The second objective of this study is not only to highlight the levels and trends of contraception and the factors influencing their use (government policies, role of family planning, etc.) in developing countries, but also to consider the population of unmet-needs of contraception. Indeed, the level of contraceptive use depends obviously on users, but also on non-users with no needs and non-users with unsatisfied needs. The understanding of this last category of females is essential to a more accurate estimation of contraception levels, and, therefore for the estimation of fertility levels. This study analyses the contraceptive use in several developing countries in Africa and highlights the unsatisfied needs of contraception, to understand why such needs exist. To do so, we shall analyse available demographic data for thirty-five African countries by using the available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), from the 1980's to 2000's considering the DHS I, DHS II, DHS III and DHS IV. This great variety of surveys, seventy-nine in total, permits one to compare levels of contraception and 'unmet-needs' from country to country. The surveys also, make it possible to compare the evolution over time of specific countries or specific regions, and to subsequently comprehend the determining factors of contraceptive use or non-use. / South Africa

Background: No previous study has focused on the inter-relationship among alcohol and drug use variables in the past year. This study aimed to classify the past year alcohol and drug use variables and investigate the selected variables in past year alcohol and drug use with the unmet need for mental health services among US adults. Methods: Data came from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Oblique principal component cluster analysis (OPCCA) was used to classify 37 variables on alcohol and drug use in the past year into disjoint clusters. Weighted multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations of selected variables with the unmet need. Results: 37 alcohol and drug use variables were divided into 7 clusters. The variable with the lowest 1-R2 ratio (R2 is the squared correlation) from each cluster was selected as follows: tobacco use, pain reliever use, tranquilizer use, stimulant use, zolpidem products use, illicit drug and alcohol use, and benzodiazepine tranquilizers misuse. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that pain reliever use (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.17–1.50), tranquilizer use (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 2.16–2.86), stimulant use (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.01–1.47), and illicit drug and alcohol use (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.34–1.77) revealed positive associations with the unmet need for mental health services. Conclusion: This is the first study using OPCCA to reduce the dominations of alcohol and drug use; several alcohol and drug use variables in the past year were associated with unmet need of mental health services.

Non-monetary deprivation indicators are now widely used for studying and measuring poverty in Europe. However, despite their prevalence, the empirical performance of existing deprivation scales has rarely been examined. This thesis i) identifies possible conceptual problems of existing deprivation scales such as indexing, missing dimensions and threshold; ii) empirically assesses the extent of possible error in measurement related to these conceptual problems; and iii) offer an alternative way for constructing deprivation measures to mitigate the identified conceptual problems. The thesis consists of four stand-alone papers, accompanied by an overarching introduction and conclusion. The first three papers provide empirical evidence on the empirical consequences of the missing dimensions and threshold problems for the measurement and analysis of poverty, while the fourth paper exemplifies a concept-led multidimensional design that can reduce the error introduced by these conceptual problems. The analysis is generally held for 25 EU countries using European Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC); only in the second paper, the analysis is done for the UK using British Household Panel Survey (BHPS).

Tous mes travaux ont été réalisés à l'aide du logiciel stata 11. / La présente thèse étudie la relation entre le niveau de vie, la fécondité des femmes en union et leurs besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Les données qui ont servi aux analyses proviennent des fichiers individuels de deux enquêtes démographiques et de santé (DHS) réalisées en Guinée en 1999 et 2005. Le niveau de vie est mesuré par un indicateur composite créé à partir des caractéristiques du logement et certains biens possédés par le ménage. Nous avons adopté deux stratégies d’analyse : analyses descriptives et multi-variées. Nous avons examiné à cet effet les niveaux et les tendances de ces deux comportements de fécondité dans les grandes villes, petites villes et villes secondaires, en milieu rural et à l’échelle nationale. Des méthodes statistiques appropriées ont été utilisées : (modèle de régression de Poisson et des modèles de régression logistique binaire et multinomiale). Les résultats des analyses descriptives montrent une faible fécondité chez les femmes issues des classes riches par rapport aux femmes pauvres et une diminution de leurs besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Ces relations qui se sont révélées très statistiquement significatives en 1995-1999 quelque soient les milieux de résidence, ont disparu presque dans les analyses multi-variées, après avoir contrôlé certaines caractéristiques socio-économiques, démographiques et culturelles. Dans ces analyses multi-variées, l’éducation de la femme et la pratique contraceptive se sont révélées particulièrement déterminantes pour la fécondité. Par ailleurs, l’éducation de la femme, a été également un facteur important pour les besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Il en est de même pour son âge, sa parité, sa religion, la discussion du couple sur la planification familiale, l’attitude du conjoint vis-à-vis de la planification familiale et de l’exposition aux messages sur la planification familiale qui restent aussi d’importants facteurs des besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Le terme d’interaction groupe d’âge et le nombre d’enfants en vie, s’est avéré, lui aussi fortement significatif indiquant que l’effet de la parité sur les besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale ne prend pas le même sens selon le groupe d’âge auquel appartient la femme. En définitive, nos analyses, nos analyses ont mis en évidence que la relation négative entre le niveau de vie, la fécondité et les besoins non satisfaits se vérifie mais avec des degrés variés selon les milieux de résidence et les périodes d’enquête. Les écarts entre les groupes contigus sont également très faibles. / The goal of this thesis is to study the relationship between the married women standard of living, their fertility and their unmet need for family planning. The data used for the analysis have been taken from two individual demographic survey files (DHS) carried out in Guinea in 1999 and 2005. The standard of living is measured using a composite indicator established from the housing characteristics and some capital goods of the family. We have adopted two strategies of analysis: Descriptive and Multivariate Analysis. Thus, we have studied the levels and tendencies of these two behaviors of fertility in the large cities, small or secondary cities, rural places, and at the national scale. Statistics appropriate methods of regression (Poisson regression method, logistic binary method and multinomial method). The results of descriptive analysis have confirmed a weak fertility in women from rich classes in comparison with poor women and a reduction of their unmet need for family planning. The relationship which proved very statistically significant in 1995-1999 whichever the place of residence was not observed with the multivariate analysis method, after controlling some socioeconomic, demographic and cultural characteristics. In the multivariate analysis, the woman education and her behavior in terms of contraception were particularly important in her fecundity. Moreover, the woman’s education, her age, parity (married status), her religion, the discussion of the couple about the family planning, the husband attitude concerning the family planning constitute some important factors of unmet need for family planning. The term of Interaction age group and number of living children turns out strongly significant, indicating that the parity (man-woman) effect can change according to the age group of the woman.   In fact, our analysis have shown with clearly that the negative relationship between the standard of living, the fertility and the unmet need is confirmed with various degrees according to the place of residence and the survey period. The differences between the closely related groups are too weak.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The purpose of this research is to study the effect of different demographic and socio economic factors on the contraceptive use among currently married women of age 15-49 in the two regions of Ethiopia, Amhara (17,214,056) and Oromiya (27,158,471). Data are obtained from the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Information on contraceptive use was provided by current use 1334 (14.7), future use 4017 (52.0), unmet need for spacing 1817 (20.0) and limiting 1249 (13.3) currently married women aged 15-49 interviewed in the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). / South Africa

Due to the demanding structure of caring for a child with a life-threatening disease (LTD), parents experience psychosocial distress. Studies have shown that stress in parents of children with LTDs can be increased by unmet needs or fragmented care and may be mitigated by coordinated and comprehensive care. Limited literature exists about unmet needs of parents of children with LTDs and the barriers they encounter to accessing mental health resources within pediatric palliative care (PPC) programs. This research study applied quantifiable descriptive methods including a purposive sample of ninety-eight (98) PPC and other pediatric practitioners through the distribution of anonymous online surveys in order to examine unmet needs for mental health resources as they relate to parents of children with LTDs who experience psychological distress exacerbated from psychosocial stressors of care giving. Influenced by Andersen’s predisposing, enabling, and need factors, this study found that PPC practitioners perceived parents encountering waitlists and/or denials when referred to community mental health resources as demonstrating resistance against seeking help.

La présente thèse étudie la relation entre le niveau de vie, la fécondité des femmes en union et leurs besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Les données qui ont servi aux analyses proviennent des fichiers individuels de deux enquêtes démographiques et de santé (DHS) réalisées en Guinée en 1999 et 2005. Le niveau de vie est mesuré par un indicateur composite créé à partir des caractéristiques du logement et certains biens possédés par le ménage. Nous avons adopté deux stratégies d’analyse : analyses descriptives et multi-variées. Nous avons examiné à cet effet les niveaux et les tendances de ces deux comportements de fécondité dans les grandes villes, petites villes et villes secondaires, en milieu rural et à l’échelle nationale. Des méthodes statistiques appropriées ont été utilisées : (modèle de régression de Poisson et des modèles de régression logistique binaire et multinomiale). Les résultats des analyses descriptives montrent une faible fécondité chez les femmes issues des classes riches par rapport aux femmes pauvres et une diminution de leurs besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Ces relations qui se sont révélées très statistiquement significatives en 1995-1999 quelque soient les milieux de résidence, ont disparu presque dans les analyses multi-variées, après avoir contrôlé certaines caractéristiques socio-économiques, démographiques et culturelles. Dans ces analyses multi-variées, l’éducation de la femme et la pratique contraceptive se sont révélées particulièrement déterminantes pour la fécondité. Par ailleurs, l’éducation de la femme, a été également un facteur important pour les besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Il en est de même pour son âge, sa parité, sa religion, la discussion du couple sur la planification familiale, l’attitude du conjoint vis-à-vis de la planification familiale et de l’exposition aux messages sur la planification familiale qui restent aussi d’importants facteurs des besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale. Le terme d’interaction groupe d’âge et le nombre d’enfants en vie, s’est avéré, lui aussi fortement significatif indiquant que l’effet de la parité sur les besoins non satisfaits en matière de planification familiale ne prend pas le même sens selon le groupe d’âge auquel appartient la femme. En définitive, nos analyses, nos analyses ont mis en évidence que la relation négative entre le niveau de vie, la fécondité et les besoins non satisfaits se vérifie mais avec des degrés variés selon les milieux de résidence et les périodes d’enquête. Les écarts entre les groupes contigus sont également très faibles. / The goal of this thesis is to study the relationship between the married women standard of living, their fertility and their unmet need for family planning. The data used for the analysis have been taken from two individual demographic survey files (DHS) carried out in Guinea in 1999 and 2005. The standard of living is measured using a composite indicator established from the housing characteristics and some capital goods of the family. We have adopted two strategies of analysis: Descriptive and Multivariate Analysis. Thus, we have studied the levels and tendencies of these two behaviors of fertility in the large cities, small or secondary cities, rural places, and at the national scale. Statistics appropriate methods of regression (Poisson regression method, logistic binary method and multinomial method). The results of descriptive analysis have confirmed a weak fertility in women from rich classes in comparison with poor women and a reduction of their unmet need for family planning. The relationship which proved very statistically significant in 1995-1999 whichever the place of residence was not observed with the multivariate analysis method, after controlling some socioeconomic, demographic and cultural characteristics. In the multivariate analysis, the woman education and her behavior in terms of contraception were particularly important in her fecundity. Moreover, the woman’s education, her age, parity (married status), her religion, the discussion of the couple about the family planning, the husband attitude concerning the family planning constitute some important factors of unmet need for family planning. The term of Interaction age group and number of living children turns out strongly significant, indicating that the parity (man-woman) effect can change according to the age group of the woman.   In fact, our analysis have shown with clearly that the negative relationship between the standard of living, the fertility and the unmet need is confirmed with various degrees according to the place of residence and the survey period. The differences between the closely related groups are too weak. / Tous mes travaux ont été réalisés à l'aide du logiciel stata 11.