本研究主要在探討30歲至45歲未婚女性的網路購物行為。先從次級資料的分析，來界定所研究的族群與範圍。接者，以深度訪談的質性方式，去了解未婚熟女網路購物的習性與實務(Habits and Practices)。並根據深度訪談的結果來設計問卷，進行量化分析。最後，從126份回收的有效問卷中，去了解未婚熟女的網路購物行為、其在網路購物上未被滿足的需求、及其對現有購物網站的品牌印象及品牌滿意度。 研究發現，未婚熟女族群對於現有購物網站的「個人資料安全性」、「售後服務」、「退換貨服務」、「詳細商品說明」、「網頁整齊不凌亂」等方面，仍有未滿足之處。同時，在以上未滿足的點上，表現較好的購物網站，會有比較高的品牌滿意度。 / This research is about the on-line shopping behavior of 30-45 unmarried women. First of all, the researcher defined the target audience by the analyzing the secondary data collected. Secondly, by deeply interview with 4 unmarried women aged 30-45, the researcher tried to understand the habits and practices of the on-line shopping behavior of 30-45 unmarried women. In addition, based on the deeply interview result, the researcher designed the questionnaire for following quantity analysis. From the 126 effective questionnaires collected, the researcher analyzed the on-line shopping behavior of the target audience, their unmet needs of on-line shopping and their brand image and brand satisfaction of existing shopping websites. The research discovered that personal information security、after-sale service、exchange and refund、detailed product introduction、clean and ordered web page are the unmet needs of the target audience. And those shopping websites which perform better on the unmet needs have higher brand satisfaction.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore how primary care registered nurses address unmet social needs in patients. SPECIFIC AIMS Explore how RNs in a safety-net, primary care setting develop an awareness of and address patient's unmet social needs. Describe how information about unmet social needs are integrated into nursing assessment and intervention activities, and are shared with other members of the health care team. Describe the challenges primary care RNs face when addressing unmet social needs. FRAMEWORK Critical caring theory provided the framework for this study. DESIGN This study used a descriptive, qualitative design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seventeen nurses working in 11 different safety-net primary care clinics within a hospital-based system. RESULTS Three major themes emerged. Key findings included the importance of the nurse-patient relationship, the establishment of trust, and a caring, nonjudgmental approach to patients with unmet social needs. Nurses used knowledge of unmet needs to coordinate patient care, provide social support, and work collaboratively with care team members to refer patients to resources within the health care system and in the community. CONCLUSION Unmet social needs contribute to adverse health outcomes, and addressing social and medical needs is critical to eliminating health inequities and reducing health care costs. In this study, primary care nurses described relationships with patients that allowed for the sharing of sensitive information, leading the nurse to identify and address unmet social needs that could impact patient health.

This dissertation investigates the process of forced eviction (i.e., gentrification) and its influence on Harlem culture. The study quantifies four (4) significant factors involved in the influencing of a paradigm shift. The study explicitly examines the historical and traditional cultures of Harlemites' when framed in the theoretical context of unmet human needs. In this study, unmet human needs in association with theoretical constructs have demonstrated strong correlations in relation to altering attitudes that affect complex thought and human behavior. This study reports the empirical results and the investigated associations of theoretical constructs as they pertain to the various hypotheses outlined in this dissertation. Analytical measurements used in this study include both descriptive and inferential statistics. The sample population was 300 and six (6) statistical tools are used to examine and analyze the data. This study will show that correlations and regression results suggest unmet human needs shape the observation on the preconceptions of culture and the findings are conclusive. Psychological characteristics moderately influence culture and congruent with Maslow's and Burton's human needs theories. The researcher postulates that the theoretical models used in the study and working hypotheses in this exposition can be used in guiding impending research.

Cette thèse porte sur les difficultés d'accès aux soins dentaires dans le marché français semi-régulé. L'analyse cible la barrière financière d'accès aux soins dentaires et ainsi le rôle et le mécanisme de fixation des prix. La première partie permet de contextualiser la délivrance des soins dentaires en France et montre que la profession de chirurgiens-dentistes est particulièrement isolée dans le domaine sanitaire français. L'objet de la seconde partie est d'identifier les déterminants de l'accès aux soins dentaires. Nous montrons que le programme de prévention pour les enfants M'T'dents, entièrement gratuit, n'était utilisé que par les ménages les plus aisés et touchait peu les ménages défavorisés qui en ont le plus besoin. L'importance du support social dans l'accès aux soins est aussi affirmée dans notre seconde étude empirique. L'accès primaire aux soins dentaires des adultes présente la principale barrière d'accès. Une fois cette difficulté surmontée, les patients engagent le plus souvent les traitements suivants nécessaires, avec des niveaux de dépenses qui peuvent être importants même pour les moins aisés. À la suite de ces résultats, nous nous sommes intéressés spécifiquement au rôle du prix. Nous avons montré que plus le prix des prothèses dentaires était élevé, plus le renoncement à ces soins pour raisons financières était important. D'après nos travaux, l'intensité de la concurrence impacte négativement la fixation des prix contrairement à la solvabilité de la demande. Les prix entre concurrents sont aussi des compléments stratégiques. Ce sont autant de facteurs susceptibles d'être régulés pour lutter contre le renoncement aux soins dentaires et les inégalités sociales de santé qui en résultent. / This thesis concerns the difficulties to access dental care in the semi-regulated French market. The analysis targets the financial barrier of access to dental care and so the role and the mechanism of price setting. The first part gives the background of the French dental care delivery and shows that the profession of dental surgeons is particularly isolated in the French sanitary domain. In the second part we identify the decisive factors of the dental care access. We show that the free preventive program for the children Lov'Ur'Teeth was used only by the wealthiest and affected little the most disadvantaged households, which need it much more. The decisive impact of the social support in access to dental care is also a strong result in our second empirical study. The primary access to the dental treatment presents the main barrier of access. When people overcome this difficulty, they mostly continue the ensuing necessary treatments, that could be very expensive. Following these results, we focused in the role of the price. We showed that the more the prosthetic prices are high, the more is the renunciation for these cares. According to our works, the intensity of the competition impacts negatively the price setting, contrary to the demand's solvency. The prices between competitors are also strategic complements. That are many potential factors to be regulated to fight against the dental unmet need and the resulting social health inequalities.

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[pt] A logística humanitária visa salvar vidas e aliviar o sofrimento em desastres. Além disso, suprimentos humanitários são itens essenciais para a sobrevivência humana (como exemplo, água e alimentos) e sua falta pode causar grande impacto. No entanto, os recursos disponíveis podem não ser suficientes para atender a demanda dos beneficiários. O custo de privação quantifica o sofrimento causado as vítimas de desastres pela falta desses itens. Assim, este trabalho objetiva analisar o efeito da inclusão dele na gestão de estoque de suprimentos de alívio a desastres. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, a pesquisa analisa o estado da arte da modelagem deste custo por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura acadêmica. Um modelo de gestão de estoque considerando custos de privação é então formulado como um modelo estocástico de dois estágios. Ademais, as diversas funções de custo de privação encontradas na literatura são analisadas. Finalmente, o modelo é validado empiricamente através de dois estudos de caso. Os resultados sugerem que a escolha da função de privação pode impactar em até 99,9 por cento de diferença nos custos totais da gestão de estoques. O nível de atendimento gerado também possui uma alta amplitude quando as diferentes funções de privação encontradas na literatura são comparadas. Conclui-se que as funções geram níveis de atendimentos distintos, cabendo aos tomadores de decisão escolher qual se adequa melhor ao problema estudado. Como contribuição prática, destaca-se que o modelo de gestão de estoque considerando o custo de privação proposto pode auxiliar os tomadores de decisão e reduzir o sofrimento das pessoas atingidas por desastres. Como contribuição acadêmica, o estudo analisa e compara as principais funções de privação propostas na literatura, o que pode auxiliar a proposição de novas modelagens. / [en] Humanitarian logistics aims to save lives and alleviate human suffering in disasters. Furthermore, humanitarian supplies are essential items for humanity (such as water and food), and their lack can have a great impact. However, the available resources may not be enough to meet the beneficiaries needs. The deprivation cost quantifies the suffering caused to disaster victims by the lack of these items. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the effect of including deprivation costs in disaster relief supplies inventory management. To reach the proposed goal, the research analyzes the state of the art of its modeling through a systematic review of the academic literature. An inventory management model considering deprivation costs is then formulated as a two-stage stochastic model. Furthermore, the various deprivation cost functions found in the literature are analyzed. Finally, the model is empirically validated through a two case studies. The results suggest that the choice of the deprivation function can impact up to a 99.9 per cent difference in the total costs of inventory management. The service level generated also has a high amplitude when the different functions are compared. It is concluded that the functions generate different service levels, and it is up to the decision-makers to choose which one best suits the studied problem. As a practical contribution, we highlight that the proposed inventory management model considering the cost of deprivation may help decision-makers and reduce the suffering of people affected by disasters. As an academic contribution, the study analyzes and compares the main deprivation functions proposed in the literature, which can help to propose new models.

La littérature suggère que le type de mariage joue un rôle important dans l’utilisation des services de planification familiale en Afrique subsaharienne et que les femmes impliquées dans les mariages polygynes sont moins susceptibles d’utiliser des méthodes contraceptives. Certaines d’entre elles s’exposent au risque de grossesses non désirées et de besoins non satisfaits en contraception. Cependant, l’association entre le type de mariage et le besoin non satisfait en planification familiale reste encore peu étudiée. Cette étude vise à analyser l’influence de la polygynie sur le besoin non satisfait en contraception et à explorer également comment elle est associée aux raisons sous-jacentes à ce besoin chez les femmes en union au Bénin. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé les données de l’enquête démographique et de santé (EDS) de 2017-2018 et estimé des modèles de régression logistique binaire et multinomiale. Les résultats indiquent que parmi les femmes en union au Bénin, 38% étaient impliquées dans des mariages polygynes et que 32% avaient un besoin non satisfait en contraception. Ils révèlent que les femmes issues de mariages polygynes, notamment les épouses juniors (RC=1,134; p<0,10) étaient plus susceptibles d’exprimer un besoin non satisfait que les épouses de mariages monogames, mais ce résultat n’est que marginalement significatif. En ce qui concerne les motifs des besoins non satisfaits, ils montrent que les épouses des mariages polygynes avaient un risque plus élevé d’exprimer les besoins insatisfaits en espacement, en particulier les épouses juniors (RRR=1,157; p<0,10), et en report de naissances (RRR=1,196; p<0,10) que les épouses des unions monogames. Toutefois, ces associations sont marginalement significatives. À noter qu’aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les épouses seniors et les épouses en unions monogames. Cette étude souligne la nécessité de mener des recherches complémentaires pour approfondir ce sujet et de fournir des explications précises à ce constat. Les résultats suggèrent aussi qu’on doit prendre en compte le rang des épouses dans les analyses futures. / The literature suggests that the type of marriage plays an important role in the use of family planning services in sub-Saharan Africa, and that women involved in polygynous marriages are less likely to use contraceptive methods. Some of them are at risk of unwanted pregnancies and unmet need for contraception. However, the association between type of marriage and unmet need for family planning remains largely unexplored. This study aims to analyze the influence of polygyny on unmet need for contraception and explore how it is associated with the reasons underlying this need among women in unions in Benin. Therefore, we estimated binary and multinomial logistic regression models using data from the 2017-2018 Demographic and Health Survey (EDS) and estimated. The results indicate that 38% of women in union in Benin were involved in polygynous marriages and 32% had an unmet need for contraception. We also find that women from polygynous marriages, especially junior wives (OR=1.134; p<0.10), were more likely to express an unmet need than wives from monogamous marriages; however, this result is only marginally significant. Regarding the reasons for unmet need, we show that wives in polygynous marriages, particularly junior wives (RRR=1.157; p<0.10), had a higher risk of expressing unmet needs for spacing, and postponement of births (RRR=1.196; p<0.10) than wives in monogamous unions. However, these associations are marginally significant. No significant difference was observed between senior wives and wives in monogamous unions. This study highlights the need for further research to explore this subject, and to provide specific explanations for this finding. The results also suggest that we must consider the rank of wives in future analyses.

Arivia.kom was formed out of a merger of the information technology (IT) departments of Eskom, Transnet and Denel. The aim was to address skilled staff losses and to achieve economies of scale. Agreements were drafted ensuring arivia.kom business patronage for a period of five years. Arivia.kom's commencement was accompanied by problems, affecting its customers to the extent that they indicated dissatisfaction with performance. This study established the extent of those problems, and the reasons for their occurrence. A market analysis was conducted with specific focus on customer and competitor analysis. An investigation was conducted into the quality of service, overall customer impression of the organisation since its inception, as well as performance against competitors. The major findings indicated that performance problems were not isolated incidents but consistent across the organisation. These problems stemmed from poor organisational design, poorly evolved organisational culture, unclear positioning and poor competitor and customer intelligence capability. / Business Management / M. Comm. (Business Management)

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Organizational cynicism is an attitude, characterized by frustration and negatively valenced beliefs, resulting primarily from unmet expectations, which is capable of being directed towards an organization in general and/or more specific facets of the organizational environment (Brockway, Carlson, Jones, & Bryant, 2002). This thesis presents an exploratory study into the causes of organizational cynicism at the United States Naval Academy. The study is based on focus groups involving 30 first class midshipmen (i.e., seniors). Gaps in expectations versus students' reality emerged as a cause of organizational cynicism. Themes such as (1) constraints on decision-making discretion, (2) disappointment in peers' actions, (3) organizational inconsistencies, and (4) emphasis on outside interests versus midshipmen's interests emerged as the strongest precursors to the development of cynicism. The effects of organizational cynicism were reported as (1) lack of organizational commitment and citizenship and (2) deficiencies in decision-making and risk taking skills. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

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