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Background: Markets in Financial Instruments Directive, MiFID, was implemented in Swedish law in 2007 and aimed to increase competition of the securities market in order to achieve efficiency and lower transaction costs and to enhance investor protection. Another aim was to increase confidence in the market. After the implementation of MiFID some doubts had been highlighted regarding its intentional effects. This evoked the authors’ interest to examine the directive’s effects and its impact on investors’ trust. Aim: To examine how various participants in the Swedish securities market experienced changes since the implementation of MiFID in 2007, and its impact on the securities market and minor investors' trust. Method: The study applied a qualitative method with a deductive approach to describe, interpret and understand the problem area. To examine what the market participants think about different events following the implementation of MiFID, semi-structured interviews were used. Furthermore, the participants were divided into three categories: investors, regulatory and investment firms, to represent the Swedish securities market. These are represented by the Aktiespararna, Finansinspektionen, Fondhandlarna and Nordea. Result & conclusions: The study indicates that some of the problems in securities market are related to minor investors' unawareness and lack of knowledge as well as critical thinking. Information overload, as introduced by MiFID, tend to generate more confusion among unprofessional investors. Furthermore, the study finds that minor investors do not have monitoring and control possibilities, yet they tend to trust in the investment firms. This trust is based upon a reliance on regulation, regulatory mechanisms, long-term relationships and past experiences, which though at a closer examination shows some flaws. As the result of this the minor investors may have an unsupportive belief that they are protected and are making the best possible investments, which continues to preserve the confidence in the market as well as the trust between investment firms and investors.

The ramifications of school decline are profoundly serious for the students, staff and community of a school. School decline is the steady downwards spiral that some schools experience when a complex set of influences interact with negative and unresolved outcomes. This study explored the largely unresearched area of school decline and developed a set of potential predictors of decline that could assist in understanding, preventing or dealing effectively with school decline in the future. Grounded theory, selected as a methodology appropriate for exploratory research, was used to guide the process of data collection and theory development. Three schools, labeled by agencies and the media as being in serious decline or “failing”, were selected for the study. Adults who were in significant roles in the schools during the decline periods were interviewed about their experiences. As part of the data analysis and interpretation a set of propositions was drafted and was sent to these interviewees and to fourteen educational advisors who work with schools at risk and in decline. The advisors’ feedback on the propositions, analysis of school related documents, Education Review Office reports and Ministry of Education file documents provided rich additional data. The factors associated with the lead up to school decline, and the process of decline, are multilayered, contextual and complex. Each study school’s experience of decline involved a unique combination and order of occurrence of common factors and influences. Many of the issues that predispose schools towards decline are associated with, and are exacerbated by, unethical or unprofessional attitudes or behaviour by individuals, and unprofessional practices within the schools and between neighbouring schools. Once decline begins it escalates and is difficult to stop. This thesis contributes towards the development of a theory of school decline by identifying potential predictors of school decline and by describing how decline begins and escalates. It also identifies factors that are associated with interventions being insufficient or ineffective. The theory of school decline provides insights for school leaders and educational agencies that may assist in the prediction and prevention of school decline in the future.

As a social endeavour, the practice of nursing is expected to minimise risk of harm to patients. In reality, the risk of breaching or failing to meet a standard of practice, with resultant harm to patients is ever present. Such variations to the expected standard may result in harm to the patient and be viewed as unprofessional conduct within the legislative context. The phenomenon of unprofessional conduct can have significant and sometimes dire outcomes for patients and nurses and provides challenges to understand antecedents to its occurrence and the impact on the nurse. From this realisation, the significance of this study is twofold. Firstly, the literature revealed that an allegation of unprofessional conduct and the associated experience of being reported to a regulatory authority can have significant psycho-social and professional impact on the nurse. Secondly, the phenomenon has received little formal analysis. The purpose of this grounded theory study was to explore the phenomenon of alleged unprofessional conduct, and to develop a theory that provided understanding of the phenomenon and a framework for action. Data was obtained from in-depth interviews of a specialised sample of 21 nurses in any state or territory of Australia who had been the subject of notification by a nursing regulatory authority of alleged unprofessional conduct. Data analysis occurred simultaneously using the constant comparative method. This resulted in the generation of a substantive theory, explaining how nurses dealt with an allegation of unprofessional conduct. This study found that nurses experienced varying degrees and combinations of personal and professional vulnerability. This put them at risk of either making an error, breaching a practice standard, and/or at risk of being reported to a nurse regulatory authority for an allegation of unprofessional conduct. The core social process, a transformation of the personal and professional self is a process that the nurse both 'engages in' and 'goes through', in response to the social problem, being reported to a nurse regulatory authority for alleged unprofessional conduct, and its aftermath. The social process is made up of two categories: loss of the assumptive world: the experience of deconstruction and relearning the world. Loss of the assumptive world is comprised of being confronted, deconstruction of the personal self and deconstruction of the professional self. The category Relearning the world: the experience of reconstruction is constructed of the sub-categories, preserving the self: minimising the unravelling; reconstructing the personal self; reconstructing the professional self; and living within the world. Consequences of the category relearning the world are dynamic and influenced by a number of factors. The ability to transact the deconstructed self and move through the reconstructive processes and experience can be viewed in the following states, stymied, evolving or transacted. The personal and professional transformation of the individual nurse is influenced by the degree of deconstruction initially experienced, the interplay with the influencing factors internal and external support processes; resilience; time; and the constant of vulnerability. The findings of this study have implications for clinical, management, education and research practices in nursing. It also exposes problems with the use of nurse regulatory authorities as a punitive strategy for nurses who err. The uncovering of this substantive theory articulates a process whereby nurses are transformed personally and professionally in response to a traumatic or challenging life event. This substantive theory has value in providing a decision making framework for managing breaches of nursing standards, as a learning tool to identifying and managing risk in nursing and providing a framework for self and external support to nurses who may find themselves in this situation.

This work aims to analyze the production of digital video as ludic tool as well as to investigate its role on the cognitive function. The activity of amateur digital video production was developed at the Instituto Federal de Alagoas - Campus Murici, being done with a group of students from the 2nd year of high school integrated. This choice was due to be in class when the proponent of the study teaches. A class containing 19 students, produced eight videos, which were objects of analysis in this dissertation. The results show that all experiments made use of simple materials and found easily, and provide fun and pleasure.Freedom, willingness and creativity in the production of the videos were striking features and observed that activity. The production of the videos allowed the demonstration of the students from the concrete, common sense, and his language to more rigorous discussion of chemical knowledge involved in an activity with great potential for learning by engaging students cognitively and playfully. Thus, it was possible to explore the involvement of teacher subject to foster discussion of scientific knowledge, making the analysis and discussion of videos a moment of formative assessment and knowledge production. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo compreender as contribuições ao caráter lúdico e à aprendizagem em química de uma proposta de ensino baseada na produção de vídeos digitais amadores de experimentos por estudantes de Ensino Médio. Para isso foi realizada a análise fílmica, incluindo - a função lúdica e a análise químico-conceitual dessa atividade, e a investigação a respeito do envolvimento dos sujeitos no ciclo gnosiológico freiriano. A atividade de produção de vídeo digital amador foi desenvolvida no Instituto Federal de Alagoas - Campus Murici, sendo realizado com uma turma de alunos do 2º ano do Ensino Médio Integrado. Essa escolha ocorreu por ser turma em que a proponente do estudo leciona. A turma, contendo 19 alunos, produziu quatro vídeos, os quais foram objetos de análise na presente dissertação. Os resultados evidenciam que todos os experimentos recorreram a materiais simples e facilmente encontrados, além de proporcionarem o divertimento e o prazer. A liberdade, a voluntariedade e a criatividade na produção dos vídeos também foram características marcantes e observadas na realização da atividade. A produção dos vídeos possibilitou a manifestação dos estudantes a partir do concreto, do senso comum e de sua linguagem para a discussão mais rigorosa do conhecimento químico em questão em uma atividade com grande potencialidade à aprendizagem por envolver cognitivamente e ludicamente os estudantes.

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a comprehensive process for identifying and addressing primarily constitutional, medico-legal and liability issues, and in addition ethical, social and scientific issues related to the psychiatric and psychology professions in South Africa. In fulfilling this purpose, a comprehensive search is conducted of relevant historical, ethical, philosophical and clinical aspects pertaining to psychiatry and psychology, as well as an evaluation of the current juridical framework regarding the legal liability of the psychiatrist and psychologist balanced against the constitutional rights of the mentally disordered patient in South Africa. Recommendations are made for the establishment of any new controls needed to mitigate and prevent the exposure of mentally disordered patients, further attempting to provide specific remedies to adapt the current juridical framework in South Africa. The examination is conducted within the framework of the South African and United Kingdom's legal systems. Focus is placed on aspects of medical law, human rights law (as envisaged in the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996), criminal law and the law of delict and, to a lesser extent, administrative law and the law of evidence. / Law / LL.D.

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a comprehensive process for identifying and addressing primarily constitutional, medico-legal and liability issues, and in addition ethical, social and scientific issues related to the psychiatric and psychology professions in South Africa. In fulfilling this purpose, a comprehensive search is conducted of relevant historical, ethical, philosophical and clinical aspects pertaining to psychiatry and psychology, as well as an evaluation of the current juridical framework regarding the legal liability of the psychiatrist and psychologist balanced against the constitutional rights of the mentally disordered patient in South Africa. Recommendations are made for the establishment of any new controls needed to mitigate and prevent the exposure of mentally disordered patients, further attempting to provide specific remedies to adapt the current juridical framework in South Africa. The examination is conducted within the framework of the South African and United Kingdom's legal systems. Focus is placed on aspects of medical law, human rights law (as envisaged in the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996), criminal law and the law of delict and, to a lesser extent, administrative law and the law of evidence. / Law / LL.D.

Cancer is regarded as a global disease and one of the leading killer diseases in the world. The reason why cancer is so widespread and often misunderstood stems from multiple factors, namely, the lack of knowledge about cancer, unfair discrimination of persons living with cancer, inadequate or inappropriate treatment provided to patients, the stigma attached to cancer, misdiagnosis and late diagnosis of persons living with cancer, as well as the inadequate provision of screening programs to detect cancer at an early stage. The combination of these issues raises alarming medico-legal problems that merit further attention. The thesis will explore the origin, nature, philosophical and clinical aspects pertaining to cancer, as well as legal issues related to cancer and oncology. The study will conclude with recommendations aimed at mitigating and addressing the shortcomings that exist in the medico-legal framework. The study will also draw on a legal comparison of relevant South African, English and American laws and regulations. Since this thesis entails focussing on medico-legal principles, the study will draw on aspects of medical law, labour law, law of contract, law of delict, constitutional law and criminal law. / Private Law / LL. D.