The aim of this study is to simulate the unsteady flow around rotating or oscillating airfoils. This will help to understand the rotor aerodynamics, which is essential in turbines and propellers. In this study, a pre-existing Euler solver with finite volume method that is developed in the Mechanical Engineering Department of Middle East Technical University (METU) is improved. This structured pre-existing code was developed for 2-D internal flows with Lax-Wendroff scheme. The improvement consist of firstly, the generalization of the code to external flow / secondly, implementation of first order Roe&rsquo / s flux splitting scheme and lastly, the implementation of rotation with the help of Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method. For the verification of steady and unsteady results of the code, the experimental and computational results from literature are utilized. For steady conditions, subsonic and transonic cases are investigated with different angle of attacks. For the verification of unsteady results of the code, oscillating airfoil case is used. The flow is assumed as inviscid, unsteady, adiabatic and two dimensional. The gravity is neglected and the air is taken as ideal gas. The developed code is run on computers housed in METU Mechanical Engineering Department Computational Fluid Dynamics High Performance Computing (CFD-HPC) Laboratory.

No description available.

This thesis aims to explore the potential for using large eddy simulation (LES) as a predictive tool for gas-turbine compressor flows. Compressors present a significant challenge for the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) based CFD methods commonly used in industry. RANS models require extensive calibration to experimental data, and thus cannot be used predictively. This thesis explores how LES can offer a more predictive alternative, by exploring the sensitivity of LES to sources of uncertainty. Specifically, the importance of the numerical scheme, the Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) model, and the correct specification of inflow turbulence is examined. The sensitivity of LES to the numerical scheme is explored using the Taylor-Green vortex test case. The numerical smoothing, controlled by a user defined smoothing constant, is found to be important. To avoid tuning the numerical scheme, a locally adaptive smoothing (LAS) scheme is implemented. But, this is found to perform poorly in a forced isotropic turbulence test case, due to the intermittency of the dispersive error. A novel scheme, the LAS with windowing (LASW) scheme, is thus introduced. The LASW scheme is shown to be more suitable for predictive LES, as it does not require tuning to a known solution. The LASW scheme is used to perform LES on a compressor cascade, and results are found to be in close agreement with direct numerical simulations. Complex transition mechanisms, combining characteristics of both natural and bypass modes, are observed on the pressure surface. These mechanisms are found to be sensitive to numerical smoothing, emphasising the importance of the LASW scheme, which returns only the minimum smoothing required to prevent dispersion. On the suction surface, separation induced transition occurs. The flow here is seen to be relatively insensitive to numerical smoothing and the choice of SGS model, as long as the Smagorinsky-Lilly SGS model is not used. These findings are encouraging, as they show that, with the LASW scheme and a suitable SGS model, LES can be used predictively in compressor flows. In order to be predictive, the accurate specification of inflow conditions was shown to be just as important as the numerics. RANS models are shown to over-predict the extent of the three dimensional separation in the endwall - suction surface corner. LES is used to examine the challenges for RANS in this region. The LES shows that it is important to accurately capture the suction surface transition location, with early transition leading to a larger endwall separation. Large scale aperiodic unsteadiness is also observed in the endwall region. Additionally, turbulent anisotropy in the endwall - suction surface corner is found to be important. Adding a non-linear term to the RANS model leads to turbulent stresses that are in better agreement with the LES. This results in a stronger corner vortex which is thought to delay the corner separation. The addition of a corner fillet reduces the importance of anisotropy, thereby reducing the uncertainty in the RANS prediction.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação experimental do escoamento induzido pela interação entre uma pluma de bolhas e um escoamento cruzado oscilatório. Condições de escoamento similares podem ser encontrados em processos de aeração artificial utilizados na mitigação da poluição nos rios e na representação de vazamento de gás natural no fundo dos oceanos. No presente trabalho, ondas superficiais controladas foram inseridas em um canal de água para gerar oscilações na corrente do escoamento cruzado. As ondas foram geradas a partir de uma placa móvel na superfície da água e determinadas condições de escoamento instável foram selecionadas para a investigação. O ar foi injetado pelo fundo do canal para formar a pluma de bolhas. A técnica Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) foi empregada para medir a velocidade do escoamento. Antes da estimativa da velocidade, as imagens foram pré-processadas aplicando-se rotinas desenvolvidas no Matlab a fim de distinguir as partículas traçadoras das bolhas de ar e criar máscaras dinâmicas para as imagens do sistema PIV. Assim, o campo vetorial de velocidade foi estimado utilizando algoritmos padrão do PIV. Além disso, as propriedades das bolhas, como tamanho e velocidade, também foram estimadas a partir das imagens adquiridas. Finalmente, foi analisada a interação entre a pluma de bolhas com o escoamento cruzado instável. / [en] This work presents an experimental investigation of the flow field induced by the interaction between a bubble plume and an oscillating cross flow. Similar flow conditions can be found in artificial aeration processes used for mitigation of pollution contamination in rivers and submarine outfalls in coastal areas. The mixing zone is highly dependent of the flow field near the plume hence the efficiency of aeration processes. In the present work, controlled surface waves were introduced to generate oscillations in streamwise and wall normal components of the cross flow. The waves were excited with a moving paddle and unsteady flow conditions were selected for the investigation. Air was injected in the bottom wall of the water channel to form the bubble plume. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques were employed to measure the velocity flow field. Prior to velocity estimation, images were pre-processed using Matlab routines in order to distinguish tracer particles from air bubbles and to create a dynamic mask for the PIV images. Thus, the velocity vector field was estimated using standard PIV algorithms. In addition, properties of the bubbles, such as size and velocity, were also estimated from the acquired images. Finally, the interaction between the bubble plume with the unsteady cross flow was analyzed.

Lors du fonctionnement des machines hydrauliques, le développement de structures de cavitation peut entraîner une chute de performance. De plus, la cavitation peut être responsable de l'usure des pièces mécaniques par érosion. La taille et la vitesse de rotation des pompes étant fortement dépendantes du niveau de cavitation acceptable, la présence de cavitation dans une installation hydraulique est liée à un compromis technico-économique. La prévision de l'érosion de cavitation serait utile à la fois pour améliorer la conception des matériels en projet mais également pour optimiser les périodes de maintenance de ceux existants. Bien que des essais, permettant de caractériser le comportement à l'érosion d'une machine, soient possibles, ceux-ci restent coûteux. Bénéficiant des progrès de la simulation des écoulements, une prévision par voie numérique de l'érosion de cavitation parait accessible.L'érosion est un phénomène multi-physique et multi-échelle. Multi-physique car elle fait intervenir la mécanique des fluides et la réponse du solide ; multi-échelle car les échelles en temps et en espace vont de celles caractérisant l'écoulement autour du composant hydraulique (0.1 m - 1 ms) jusqu'à celles de la déformation plastique observée sur le matériau (1 µm - 10 ns) . Dans cette thèse, seule la partie fluide est considérée, plus particulièrement, le chargement d'un écoulement cavitant sur une paroi solide, appelé "intensité de cavitation". L'objectif est d'estimer cette intensité à partir de la simulation d'un écoulement cavitant.Des écoulements instationnaires 3D en régime cavitant sont simulés en utilisant un modèle homogène, implémenté dans le Code_Saturne cavitant. Une description du modèle numérique et de l'approche physique considérée est présentée dans le mémoire. Le modèle de prédiction de l'endommagement, basé sur une approche énergétique, est développé et appliqué sur un hydrofoil NACA 65012 testé au LMH-EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) et sur la pompe centrifuge SHF testée au sein d'EDF R&D. Des comparaisons entre des simulations 3D sur différents maillages sont analysées et une bonne estimation qualitative de l'érosion est obtenue via ce modèle à différentes vitesses d'écoulement. Une tentative de validation quantitative pour le cas de l'hydrofoil est mise en place et semble prometteuse.Dans le but d'enrichir le modèle de prévision de l'intensité de cavitation, des simulations à l'échelle d'une bulle sont également menées. Ces simulations permettent une meilleure compréhension des interactions entre une onde incidente et l'implosion d'une bulle en proche paroi. Des phénomènes d'amplification des collapsus de bulles ont pu être simulés, pouvant être à l'origine de fortes ondes de pression dont l'impact serait responsable de l'endommagement des matériaux avoisinants. / The development of cavitation structures can lead to efficiency losses during hydraulic machinery duty. Moreover, cavitation can be responsible for wear of mechanical parts through cavitation erosion. The presence of cavitation in a hydraulic machine is also linked to a technical and economical trade-off, because the size and rotational speed of pumps are highly dependent on the acceptable cavitation level. Therefore, it seems likely that cavitation will remain present in current and future pump designs and its consequences must be dealt with. The prediction of the erosion is important both for the improvement of hydraulic components at the design stage but also for the optimization of maintenance periods of existing machinery. Experimental tests can be carried out to characterize the erosion behaviour of a machine, but are still expensive. With the recent advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics, the numerical prediction of cavitation erosion appears as a reachable and cost-effective alternative.The erosion is a multi-physical and multi-scale phenomenon. Multi-physical because it deals with both fluid and solid mechanics and multi-scale because the length and time scales of the flow around the hydraulic component (0.1 m - 1 ms) and of the plastic deformation observed on the material (1 µm - 10 ns) are not of the same order of magnitude. In this thesis, only the fluid part is considered, more particularly, the mechanical load imposed by a cavitating flow on a material, called "cavitation intensity". The objective is to estimate this intensity from cavitating flow simulations.In this work, 3D unsteady simulations of cavitation regimes are carried out using a homogeneous model, implemented in the CFD code Code_Saturne cavitant. The prediction damage model, based on an energy approach, is developed and applied to a NACA 65012 hydrofoil tested at the LMH-EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) and on the SHF centrifugal pump tested at EDF R&D. Comparisons between 3D simulations on different meshes show that the model provides good qualitative predictions of erosion at different flow velocities. An attempt is made to propose a quantitative validation for the case of the hydrofoil, with promising results.In order to enrich the cavitation intensity prediction model, simulations at the bubble scale are also performed. These simulations allow for a better understanding of the interaction between an incident pressure wave and the implosion of a near-wall bubble. The mechanism of bubble collapse amplification is simulated, and is shown to be associated with high magnitude pressure waves. This amplification phenomenon is suspected to be a strong contributor to the damage of neighbouring materials.

O escoamento hidrodinâmico é descrito por meio das equações da continuidade e da quantidade de movimento em conjunto com as condições iniciais e de contorno. Neste trabalho de pesquisa, o escoamento não permanente na saída de um canal retangular curto de declividade nula, resultante da abertura rápida de uma comporta foi experimentalmente investigado. Para determinar o coeficiente de pressão e o comprimento do trecho a montante da comporta com distribuição de pressão não hidrostática, usou-se um modelo unidimensional, descrito pelas equações de Saint Venant, para representar o fenômeno. Utilizou-se o método de Lax-Wendroff para obter as curvas características do fenômeno e compará-las com os resultados obtidos experimentalmente. Várias comparações foram feitas possibilitando a avaliação de valores para os parâmetros que definem a região com distribuição de pressão não hidrostática. Os resultados calculados para os valores de parâmetros constantes, estão de acordo com os resultados experimentais. Os resultados experimentais ajustam-se melhor quando os valores dos parâmetros variam no decorrer do tempo. / The hydrodynamic flow is described by means of the equations of the continuity and momentum together with the initial conditions, the boundary conditions. In this research work, the unsteady flow at the exit of a short rectangular channel of zero slope, resulting from the fast opening of a floodgate was investigated experimentally. For determining the pressure coefficient and the length of the upstream reach of the floodgate with non-hydrostatic pressure distribution, a one-dimensional model described by Saint Venant equations is used to represent the phenomenon. The Lax-Wendroff method was used to obtain the curves characteristics of the phenomenon and to compare them with the results obtained experimentally. Several comparisons were made to facilitate the evaluation of values for the parameters that define the region with non-hydrostatic pressure distribution. The results calculated for the values of constant parameters are in agreement with the experimental results. The experimental results are better adjusted when the values of the parameters vary in elapsing of the time.

L’introduction de fuselages et de pales de plus en plus légers durant le développement des nouveaux hélicoptères, combinée à une puissance disponible augmentée peut donner lieu à des couplages rotor/structure d’un nouveau genre. Ces instabilités complexes apparaissent à des fréquences plus élevées que les couplages connus et étudiés tels que les résonances sol et air, et impliquent des modes de pale souple, des modes de structure, et des phénomènes aérodynamiques. Des codes de calcul multi-corps aéromécaniques tels que HOST sont capables de déterminer la stabilité de l’hélicoptère, mais sont difficilement modifiables et manipulables. Des modèles analytiques existent également pour les instabilités maîtrisées citées précédemment, mais n’ont pas les capacités de modélisation nécessaires à la prédiction de ces couplages haute fréquence. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur le développement d’un modèle semi-analytique, capable de prédire la stabilité de l’hélicoptère vis-à-vis de ces phénomènes. Cette approche est différente de l’approche multi-corps et a un double avantage car elle permet des études paramétriques rapides et une analyse terme à terme des équations de la dynamique de l’hélicoptère. Ce modèle a été validé à l’aide de HOST et le mécanisme de l'instabilité a été détaillé. Enfin, l’influence des paramètres de rotor, de structure, et de vol a été évaluée et les considérations architecturales pour éviter l'apparition de tels phénomènes sont présentées. / The introduction of lightweight fuselages and blades during new developments, combined with an increased available power, may lead to the triggering of a new kind of rotor/structure coupling. These complex instabilities appear at higher frequencies than known and studied couplings, such as ground and air resonance, and involve elastic blade modes, structure modes, and aerodynamic phenomena. Comprehensive analysis codes, like HOST, are able to determine the helicopter stability but can hardly be tweaked and handled. Rotor/structure coupling analytical models also exist for ground and air resonance, but do not have the modeling capabilities required to predict these high frequency couplings. This research work focuses on the development of a semi-analytical model, able to predict the helicopter stability with respect to these phenomena. This approach has a two-fold advantage since fast parametric studies can be carried out and a term-by-term analysis of the helicopter stability equations can be performed. This model has been validated with HOST and the triggering mechanism has been detailed. Finally, the influence of rotor, structure, and flight parameters has been evaluated and architectural considerations to avoid the appearance of such couplings are presented.

Les solveurs de calcul en mécanique des fluides numérique (solveurs CFD) ont atteint leur maturité en termes de précision et d'efficacité de calcul. Toutefois, des progrès restent à faire pour les écoulements instationnaires surtout lorsqu'ils sont régis par de grandes structures cohérentes. Pour ces écoulements, les solveurs CFD actuels n'apportent pas de solutions assez précises à moins d'utiliser des maillages très fins. De plus, la haute précision est une caractéristique cruciale pour l'application des stratégies avancées de simulation de turbulence, comme la Simulation des Grandes Echelles (LES). Afin d'appliquer les méthodes d'ordre élevé pour les écoulements instationnaires complexes plusieurs points doivent être abordés dont la robustesse numérique et la capacité à gérer des géométries complexes.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions une famille d'approximations compactes qui offrent une grande précision non pour chaque dérivée spatiale traitée séparement mais pour le résidu r complet, c'est à dire la somme de tous les termes des équations considérées. Pour des problèmes stationnaires résolus par avancement temporelle, r est le résidu à l'état stationnaire ne comprenant que des dérivées spatiales; pour des problèmes instationnaires r comprend également la dérivée temporelle. Ce type de schémas sont appelés schémas Compacts Basés sur le Résidu (RBC). Plus précisément, nous développons des schémas RBC d'ordre élevé pour des écoulements instationnaires compressibles, et menons une étude approfondie de leurs propriétés de dissipation. Nous analysons ensuite les erreurs de dissipation et la dispersion introduites par les schémas RBC afin de quantifier leur capacité à résoudre une longueur d'onde donnée en utilisant un nombre minimal de points de maillage. Les capacités de la dissipation de RBC à drainer seulement l'énergie aux petites échelles sous-résolues sont également examinées en vue de l'application des schémas RBC pour des simulations LES implicites (ILES). Enfin, les schémas RBC sont étendus à la formulation de type volumes finis (FV) afin de gérer des géométries complexes. Une formulation FV des schémas RBC d'ordre trois préservant une précision d'ordre élevé sur des maillages irréguliers est présentée et analysée. Des applications numériques, dont la simulation d'écoulements instationnaires complexes de turbomachines régis par les équations de Navier-Stokes moyennées et des simulations ILES d'écoulements turbulents dominés par des structures cohérentes dynamiques ou en décroissance, confirment les résultats théoriques. / Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers have reached maturity in terms of solution accuracy as well as computational efficiency. However, progress remains to be done for unsteady flows especially when governed by large, coherent structures. For these flows, current CFD solvers do not provide accurate solutions unless very fine mesh are used. Moreover, high-accuracy is a crucial feature for the application of advanced turbulence simulation strategies, like Large Eddy Simulation (LES). In order to apply high-order methods to complex unsteady flows several issues needs to be addressed among which numerical robustness and the capability of handling complex geometries.In the present work, we study a family of compact approximations that provide high accuracy not for each space derivative treated apart but for the complete residual r, i.e. the sum of all of the terms in the governing equations. For steady problems solved by time marching, r is the residual at steady state and it involves space derivatives only; for unsteady problems, r also includes the time derivative. Schemes of this type are referred-to as Residual-Based Compact (RBC). Precisely, we design high-order finite difference RBC schemes for unsteady compressible flows, and provide a comprehensive study of their dissipation properties. The dissipation and dispersion errors introduced by RBC schemes are investigated to quantify their capability of resolving a given wave length using a minimal number of grid-points. The capabilities of RBC dissipation to drain energy only at small, ill-resolved scales are also discussed in view of the application of RBC schemes to implicit LES (ILES) simulations. Finally, RBC schemes are extended to the Finite Volume (FV) framework in order to handle complex geometries. A high-order accuracy preserving FV formulation of the third-order RBC scheme for general irregular grids is presented and analysed. Numerical applications, including complex Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes unsteady simulation of turbomachinery flows and ILES simulations of turbulent flows dominated by coherent structure dynamics or decay, support the theoretical results.

The objective of this thesis is verifying estimation of hydraulic parameters of surge waves and compare the possibility to use software in assesing the surge waves caused by small hydropower plants operation. The study is divided to several parts which includederivation of analytic solution, description of numerical solution, verification of selected estimations and aplication on real example.

Cette étude porte sur la dynamique instationnaire d'une bulle de Taylor dans un tube vertical en repère oscillant. L'objectif est de réaliser une étude expérimentale quantitative plus détaillée de cet écoulement instationnaire, très peu abordé dans la littérature. Les résultats expérimentaux sont obtenus pour des grands nombres de Reynolds pour comprendre les effets d'inertie. Deux configurations différentes sont étudiées : 1) tubes avec deux diamètres internes différents (9,8 mm et 20 mm) remplis d'eau, 2) le tube de diamètre D=9,8 mm rempli de quatre fluides peu visqueux. Le nombre de Bond Bo, basé sur la vitesse ascendante en cas stagnant, varie alors entre 13 et 57, où les effets de la tension superficielle peuvent être pris en compte. La bulle est suivie à l'aide d'une caméra rapide. les vitesses moyenne et fluctuante et le déphasage avec le plateau oscillant sont obtenus par traitement d'images et traitement numérique des données. Les résultats principaux montrent que pour les faibles accélérations la vitesse moyenne diminue et la vitesse fluctuante augmente lorsque l'accélération relative augmente. Au delà d'une accélération critique, la vitesse moyenne augmente et l'augmentation de la vitesse fluctuante semble ralentir. Ce changement de comportement semble être lié à la déformation de l'interface (courbure modifiée, ondes de surface) qui devient significative aux accélérations élevées. De plus, les comparaisons avec les résultats numériques obtenus en négligeant les effets capillaires sont effectuées. Des corrélations permettant de calculer les vitesses moyenne et fluctuante sont proposées. L'évolution temporelle de rayon de courbure au voisinage du nez de la poche est également étudiée pour les différentes accélérations et les résultats sont comparés avec le cas stagnant. Pour les accélérations élevées, la formation et la propagation des ondes oscillantes qui affectent la dynamique de l'écoulement sont quantifiées / The present work deals with the motion of a Taylor bubble rising through vertical oscillating pipes. The aim is to perform a more detailed and experimental quantitative study of this unsteady flow, still seldom addressed in the literature. The investigation is restricted to high Reynolds numbers to understand inertia effects. Experimental results are provided for two different configurations : 1) pipes with two different inner diameters (9.8 mm and 20 mm) filled with water, 2) the thinner pipe (D=9.8 mm) filled with four low viscous fluids. So the Bond number Bo, based on the steady rise velocity varies from 13 to 57, where the effects of surface tension can be considered. The bubble trajectory is tracked by using a high-speed video camera. The average terminal and fluctuating velocity, as well as the phase shift with the oscillating plate are obtained by using image processing. The main results show that for weak acceleration, the mean velocity decreases with the relative acceleration as the fluctuating velocity increases in proportion to this acceleration. Beyond a critical relative acceleration, the average velocity increases and the fluctuating velocity increase seems to slow down. This behavior change seems to be related to the interface deformation (modified curvature, surface waves) which becomes significant in high accelerations. Additionally, comparisons are made with the numerical results obtained by neglecting the capillary effects. Correlations allowing the prediction of mean and fluctuating velocities depending on the Bond number and relative acceleration are proposed and compared with our experimental results. The time evolution of the radii of curvature in the vicinity of the bubble nose is also studied for different relative accelerations and the results are compared with the stagnant case. In high accelerations, the formation and propagation of surface waves which may influence the bubble dynamics are quantified